Johann Friedrich
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{{For|the 7th Duke of Württemberg see |Johann Frederick, Duke of Württemberg}}
{{For|the Electors of Saxony called Johann Friedrich see |John Frederick}}
'''Johann Friedrich''' ([[May 5]], [[1836]]–[[1917]]), was a [[Germany|German]] [[theology|theologian]]. He was born at [[Poxdorf]] in [[Upper Franconia]], and was educated at [[Bamberg]] and at the [[University of Munich]], where in 1865 be was appointed professor extraordinary of [[theology]].
In 1869 he went to the [[Vatican Council]] as secretary to [[Cardinal Hohenlohe]], and took an active part in opposing the [[dogma]] of [[papal infallibility]], notably by supplying the opposition bishops with historical and theological material. He left [[Rome]] before the council closed.
:"No German ecclesiastic of his age appears to have won for himself so unusual a repute as a theologian and to have held so important a position, as the trusted counsellor of the leading German cardinal at the Vatican Council. The path was fairly open before him to the highest advancement in the Church of Rome, yet he deliberately sacrificed all such hopes and placed himself in the van of a hard and doubtful struggle" (''[[The Guardian (Anglican newspaper)|The Guardian]]'', 1872, p. 1004).
A sentence of [[excommunication]] was passed on Friedrich in April 1871, but he refused to acknowledge it and was upheld by the [[Bavaria]]n government. He continued to perform ecclesiastical functions and maintained his academic position, becoming an ordinary professor in 1872. In 1882 he was transferred to the philosophical faculty as professor of history. By this time he had to some extent withdrawn from the advanced position which he at first occupied in organizing the [[Old Catholic]] Church, for he was not in agreement with its abolition of enforced [[celibacy]].
Friedrich was a prolific writer; among his chief works are:
*''Johann Wessel'' (1862)
*''Die Lehre des Johann Hus'' (1862)
*''Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands'' (1867-1869)
*''Tagebuch während des Vatikan. Concils geführt'' (1871)
*''Zur Verteidiguizg meines Tagebuchs'' (1872)
*''Beiträge zür Kirchengeschichte des 18ten Jahrh.'' (1876)
*''Geschichte des Vatikan. Konzils'' (1877-1886)
*''Beitrage zur Gesch. des Jesuitenordens'' (1881)
*''Das Papsttum'' (1892)
==References==
*{{1911}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Friedrich, Johann}}
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:German theologians]]
[[de:Liste der Herrscher namens Johann]]