John Frum 341871 223771784 2008-07-05T18:50:21Z Russavia 253448 Removed category "United States-Oceania relations" (using [[WP:HOTCAT|HotCat]]) [[Image:John Frum gathering area.jpg|thumb|John Frum gathering area]] '''John Frum''' (or '''Jon Frum''', or '''John From''') is a figure associated with [[cargo cult]]s on the island of [[Tanna (island)|Tanna]] in [[Vanuatu]]. He is depicted as an [[United States|American]] [[World War II]] serviceman, who will bring wealth and prosperity to the people if they follow him. He is sometimes portrayed as black, sometimes as white; from [[David Attenborough]]'s report of an encounter: "'E look like you. 'E got white face. 'E tall man. 'E live 'long South America."<ref name="Dawkins">Richard Dawkins (2005). ''The God Delusion''.</ref> The religion arose in the 1930s, when Vanuatu was known as the [[New Hebrides]]. It is not known whether it arose spontaneously or was deliberately created; nor is it clear whether an individual named "John Frum" existed. The name is sometimes considered a corruption of "John from (America)", which the natives heard from US [[GI (military)|GI]]s during [[World War II]].<ref>[http://www.southpacific.org/text/finding_vanuatu.html Vanuatu Travel Guide, South Pacific Islands<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="Dawkins"/> The surname Frum is rare in the English-speaking world; it does not appear at all in either the 1851 or 1901 censuses of the United Kingdom,<ref>[http://www.1901census.nationalarchives.gov.uk 1901 Census of England and Wales Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> although there may have been a John "Frumm" or "Frumme" or "Fromme," which are common German and Jewish family names. [[Image:JohnFrumCrossTanna1967.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Ceremonial cross of John Frum cargo cult, Tanna island, New Hebrides (now Vanuatu), 1967]] Some people living around [[Sulphur Bay]] on Tanna revere a god named Kerapenmun associated with the extinct volcano [[Mount Tukosmeru]]; the attributes of this god likely influenced the development of the John Frum movement. A native named Manehivi, under the alias of Jon Frum, began the cult by appearing among people and making promises of houses, clothes, food, and transport.<ref>Worsley, Peter (1957). ''The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of 'Cargo' Cults in Melanesia'' London: MacGibbon & Kee. pp. 153-9. [http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/196.html]</ref> He promised the dawn of a new age, in which all white people, including missionaries, would leave the [[New Hebrides]] (as they were then known), and that the native [[Melanesia]]ns would gain access to the material wealth which white people enjoyed. For this to happen, the people of Tanna should reject all aspects of European society ([[money]], Western education, [[Christianity]], work on [[copra]] plantations) and return to traditional ''[[kastom]]'' (a word for native Tannese ''customs''.) In 1941, followers of John Frum rid themselves of their money in a frenzy of spending, left the missionary churches, schools, villages and plantations, and moved further inland to celebrate traditional custom through feasts, dances and rituals. The movement gained traction in the 1940s when some 300,000 [[United States|American]] troops established themselves in Vanuatu. The islanders were impressed both by the [[egalitarianism]] of the Americans and their obvious wealth and power. This led them to conflate perceived benefactors such as [[Uncle Sam]], [[Santa Claus]] and [[John the Baptist]] into a mythic figure who would empower the island peoples by giving them cargo wealth. Followers of John Frum built symbolic landing strips to encourage American aeroplanes to land and bring them "cargo". In 1957, a leader of the John Frum movement, Nakomaha, created the "Tanna Army", a non-violent, ritualistic organisation which organised military-style parades, their faces painted in ritual colours, and wearing white t-shirts with the letters "T-A USA" (Tanna Army USA). This parade still takes place every year on [[February 15]]. The power of John Frum appeared to be confirmed by the post-war influx of tourists to the region, who brought with them a degree of material prosperity to the islands. The cult is still active today. The followers believe that John Frum will come back on a [[February 15]] (the year of his return is not known), a date which is observed as "John Frum Day" in Vanuatu. [[Image:John Frum flag raising.jpg|thumb|John Frum cargo cult and their ceremonial flag raising]] In the late 1970s, John Frum followers opposed the imminent creation of an independent, united nation of Vanuatu. They objected to a centralised government which they feared would favour Western "modernity" and Christianity, felt to be detrimental to local customs. The John Frum movement has its own political party, led by [[Song Keaspai]]. On John Frum Day in February 2007, the John Frum Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary. Chief Isaak Wan Nikiau, its leader, remains strong in his belief in John Frum. He was quoted by the BBC as saying that John Frum was "our God, our Jesus," and would eventually return. <ref name="BBC 50th anniv">{{web cite|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6363843.stm|title=Vanuatu cargo cult marks 50 years|date=2007-02-15|accessdate=2007-02-15|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], is also worshipped in Vanuatu by cargo cult followers, the [[Prince Philip Movement]], following a royal visit to the area in 1974.<ref name="Dawkins"/> He is now regarded as the head of the cargo suppliers. His wife, Queen [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]], was perhaps not deified because she is female. ==Further reading== * Attenborough, D. (1960) Quest in Paradise : ''Lutterworth Press'', (reprinted 1963 Pan Books Ltd.) *{{cite book | author=Rice, Edward | title=John Frum He Come : Cargo Cults & Cargo Messiahs in the South Pacific | location=Garden City | publisher=Dorrance & Co | year=1974 | editor= | id=ISBN 0-385-00523-7}} * Huffer, Elise, ''[[Big man (political science)|Grands Hommes]] et [[Pacific Islands|Petites Îles]]: La Politique Extérieure de [[Fiji|Fidji]], de [[Tonga]] et du [[Vanuatu]]'', Paris: Orstom, 1993, ISBN 2-7099-1125-6 * Theroux, P (1992) 'The Happy Isles of Oceania' Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-015976-2 ==References== * Jarvie, I. C. (1964). ''The Revolution in Anthropology'' (reprinted 1967) pp. 61-63. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/westoc/jonfrum.html Jon Frum Movement] * [http://www.nthposition.com/thelastcargo.php The last cargo cult] * [http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2006/february/john.php In John They Trust] * [http://www.southpacific.org/text/finding_vanuatu.html#cult The Cargo Cults of Tanna Island] * [http://travel.ctomberg.com//SouthPacific2005/journal.php?day=22 Account of a Visit to a John Frum Village in 2005] * [http://www.theworld.org/?q=node/8151 BBC Report on the 50th Anniversary of the John Frum cult] * [http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=788 Damn Interesting] [[Category:Cargo cults]] [[Category:History of Vanuatu]] [[Category:Vanuatu mythology]] [[Category:Foreign relations of Vanuatu]] [[eu:John Frum]] [[fr:John Frum]] [[it:Jon Frum]] [[ru:Джон Фрум]] [[sr:Џон Фрум]]