John Marshall 163584 226167035 2008-07-17T03:19:16Z FlieGerFaUstMe262 2199783 /* State political career */ {{otherpersons}} {{Infobox US Cabinet official | name= John Marshall | image=CJMarshall.jpg | order=4th | title=[[Chief Justice of the United States]] | term_start=[[February 4]], [[1801]] | term_end=[[July 6]], [[1835]] | nominator=[[John Adams]] | predecessor=[[Oliver Ellsworth]] | successor=[[Roger B. Taney]] | order2=4th | title2=[[United States Secretary of State]] | term_start2=[[June 13]], [[1800]] | term_end2=[[February 4]], [[1801]] | president2=[[John Adams]] | predecessor2=[[Timothy Pickering]] | successor2=[[James Madison]] | title3=[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from [[Virginia]] | term_start3=[[March 4]], [[1799]] | term_end3=[[June 7]], [[1800]] | predecessor3= | successor3= | birth_date={{birth date|1755|9|24|mf=y}} | birth_place=[[Germantown, Virginia|Germantown]], [[Virginia]] | death_date={{death date and age|1835|7|6|1755|9|24|mf=y}} | death_place=[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], [[United States|U.S.A.]] | party=[[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]] | spouse=Mary Willis Ambler | profession=[[Lawyer]], [[Judge]] | religion=[[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalian]] }} '''John Marshall''' ([[September 24]], [[1755]] – [[July 6]], [[1835]]) was an [[United States|American]] statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power. Marshall was [[Chief Justice of the United States]], serving from [[February 4]], [[1801]], until his death in 1835. He served in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from [[March 4]], [[1799]], to [[June 7]], [[1800]], and, under President [[John Adams]], was [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] from [[June 6]], [[1800]], to [[March 4]], [[1801]]. Marshall was from the Commonwealth of [[Virginia]] and a leader of the [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist Party]]. The longest serving Chief Justice in [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] history, Marshall dominated the Court for over three decades (a term outliving his own Federalist Party) and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system. Most notably, he established that the courts are entitled to exercise [[judicial review]], the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. Thus, Marshall has been credited with cementing the position of the judiciary as an independent and influential branch of government. Furthermore, Marshall made several important decisions relating to [[Federalism]], shaping the balance of power between the federal government and the states during the early years of the republic. In particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law and supported an expansive reading of the [[enumerated powers]]. ==Early years== John Marshall was born in a log cabin near [[Germantown, Virginia|Germantown]], a rural community on the [[Virginia]] frontier, in what is now [[Fauquier County]] near [[Midland, Virginia]], to Thomas Marshall and Mary Randolph Keith (cousin of [[Thomas Jefferson]]); his family, like many of his class in the Virginia of his time period, owned slaves. John was the oldest of fifteen children (seven boys and eight girls), all of whom survived into adulthood and many of whom were remarkably significant in the development of the republic. Marshall was of [[England|English]] and [[Scotland|Scottish]] descent.<ref name="Britannica">"Marshall, John." (1911) ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref> As a young man, he studied the [[classics]] and English literature, eventually working with a private tutor from [[Scotland]]. He also worked for the Reverend James Thompson. At the age of fourteen, he was sent to a classical academy in [[Westmoreland County, Virginia|Westmoreland County]] for additional instruction. [[James Monroe]], who would later become the fifth President of the United States, studied alongside Marshall. After a year, he returned home to resume studies with the Reverend Thompson. As the [[American Revolutionary War]] began in 1775, Marshall joined the [[Culpeper Minutemen]] and was appointed as a lieutenant. He fought at the [[Battle of Great Bridge]], where the minutemen defeated British troops under [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore|Lord Dunmore]], permanently ending British control of Virginia. In 1776, Marshall's company was attached to the [[11th Virginia Regiment|Eleventh Virginia Continental Regiment]]. He participated in many battles, including [[Battle of Brandywine|Brandywine]], [[Battle of Germantown|Germantown]], [[Battle of Monmouth|Monmouth]], [[Battle of Stony Point|Stony Point]] and [[Battle of Paulus Hook|Paulus Hook]]. In the winter of 1777–1778, he was at [[Valley Forge]], Pennsylvania, with [[George Washington|General George Washington's]] troops.<ref name="EB2004DVD">"John Marshall" Encyclopædia Britannica, from Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2004 [[DVD]]. Copyright © 1994–2003 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. May 30, 2003</ref> During his military service, he became personally acquainted with Washington. Having reached the rank of captain, Marshall returned to Virginia in 1779. He studied law privately, attending lectures conducted by [[George Wythe]] at the [[College of William and Mary]]. He was admitted to the bar in 1780 but returned to the army when British troops invaded Virginia later in the same year. He served under the [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben|Baron von Steuben]] until 1781, when he resigned his army commission in order to begin private law practice. Soon Marshall gained a reputation as a leading lawyer. He married seventeen-year-old Mary Willis Ambler in 1783; the couple would have ten children, of whom six would survive into adulthood. With his new wife, the young lawyer settled in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], the state capital.<ref name="Appleton">"Marshall, John." (1888). ''Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography''. New York: D. Appleton and Company.</ref> ==State political career== In 1782, Marshall entered politics, winning a seat in the [[Virginia House of Delegates]], in which he served until 1789 and again from 1795–1796. The [[Virginia General Assembly]] elected him to serve on the Council of State later in the same year. In 1785, Marshall took up the additional office of Recorder of the Richmond City [[Hustings]] Court.<ref>[http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=1486 "Marshall, John." Federal Judicial Center.]</ref> In 1788, Marshall was selected as a delegate to the [[Virginia Ratifying Convention|Virginia convention]] responsible for ratifying or rejecting the [[United States Constitution]], which had been proposed by the [[Philadelphia Convention]] a year earlier. Together with [[James Madison]] and [[Edmund Randolph]], Marshall led the fight for ratification. He was especially active in defense of Article III, which provides for the Federal judiciary.<ref name="EB2004DVD"/> His most prominent opponent at the ratification convention was [[Anti-Federalist]] leader [[Patrick Henry]]. Ultimately, the convention approved the Constitution by a vote of 89-79. Marshall identified with the new [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist Party]] (which supported a strong national government and commercial interests), rather than Jefferson's [[Democratic-Republican Party (United States)|Democratic-Republican Party]] (which advocated [[states' rights]] and idealized the yeoman farmer and the [[French Revolution]]). Meanwhile, Marshall's private law practice continued to flourish. He successfully represented the heirs of [[Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Lord Fairfax]] in ''[[Hite v. Fairfax]]'' (1786), an important [[Virginia Supreme Court]] case involving a large tract of land in the [[Northern Neck]] of Virginia. In 1796, he appeared before the United States Supreme Court in another important case, ''[[Ware v. Hylton]],'' a case involving the validity of a Virginia law providing for the confiscation of debts owed to British subjects. Marshall argued that the law was a legitimate exercise of the state's power; however, the Supreme Court ruled against him, holding that the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] required the collection of such debts.<ref name="Appleton"/> In 1795, Marshall declined Washington's offer of [[Attorney General of the United States]] and, in 1796, declined to serve as minister to [[France]]. In 1797, he accepted when President [[John Adams]] appointed him to a three-member commission to represent the United States in France. (The other members of this commission were [[Charles Pinckney]] and [[Elbridge Gerry]].) However, when the envoys arrived, the French refused to conduct diplomatic negotiations unless the United States paid enormous bribes. This diplomatic scandal became known as the [[XYZ Affair]], inflaming anti-French opinion in the United States. Hostility increased even further when the [[French Directory|Directoire]] expelled Marshall and Pinckney from France. Marshall's handling of the affair, as well as public resentment toward the French, made him popular with the American public when he returned to the United States.<ref name="Appleton"/> In 1798, Marshall declined a Supreme Court appointment, recommending [[Bushrod Washington]], who would later become one of Marshall's staunchest allies on the Court.<ref name="Ariens">[http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/marshallj.htm Ariens, Michael. "John Marshall."]</ref> In 1799, Marshall reluctantly ran for a seat in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. Although his congressional district (which included the city of [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]) favored the [[Democratic-Republican Party (United States)|Democratic-Republican Party]], Marshall won the race, in part due to his conduct during the XYZ Affair and in part due to the support of [[Patrick Henry]]. His most notable speech was related to the case of Thomas Nash (alias Jonathan Robbins), whom the government had extradited to Great Britain on charges of murder. Marshall defended the government's actions, arguing that nothing in the Constitution prevents the United States from extraditing one of its citizens.<ref name="Britannica"/> On [[May 7]], [[1799]], President Adams nominated Congressman Marshall as [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]]. However, on [[May 12]], Adams withdrew the nomination, instead naming him [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], as a replacement for [[Timothy Pickering]]. Confirmed by the Senate on [[May 13]], Marshall took office on [[June 6]], [[1800]]. As Secretary of State, Marshall directed the negotiation of the [[Convention of 1800]], which ended the [[Quasi-War]] with France and brought peace to the new nation. ==The Marshall Court from 1801 to 1835== It was in 1801 that Marshall embarked upon the most important work of his life, that of leading the Supreme Court of the United States. On [[January 20]] of that year, President Adams nominated him to replace [[Oliver Ellsworth]] as Chief Justice. Adams had first offered the seat to ex-Chief Justice [[John Jay]], who declined on the grounds that the Court lacked "energy, weight, and dignity."<ref>[http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/1/biography Goldman, Jerry. "John Jay." OYEZ Project.]</ref> Marshall was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on [[January 27]] and took office on [[February 4]]. However, he continued to serve as Secretary of State until President Adams' term expired on [[March 4]]. Soon after becoming Chief Justice, Marshall revolutionized the manner in which the Supreme Court announced its decisions. Previously, each Justice would author a separate opinion (known as a ''seriatim'' opinion), as is still done in the 20th and 21st centuries in such jurisdictions as the [[Law of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and [[Law of Australia|Australia]]. Under Marshall, however, the Supreme Court adopted the practice of handing down a single opinion of the Court. As Marshall was almost always the author of this opinion, he essentially became the Court's sole mouthpiece in important cases. His forceful personality allowed him to dominate his fellow Justices; he very rarely found himself on the losing side. (The case of ''[[Ogden v. Saunders]]'', in 1827, was the sole constitutional case in which he dissented from the majority.)<ref name="Ariens"/> The first important case of Marshall's career was ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'' (1803), in which the Supreme Court invalidated a provision of the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] on the grounds that it violated the Constitution by attempting to expand the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. ''Marbury'' was the first case in which the Supreme Court ruled an act of Congress unconstitutional; it firmly established the doctrine of [[judicial review]]. Oddly enough, the Justice-of-the-Peace commissions, which were the subject of the ''Marbury'' case, were to be delivered to the nominees by then-Secretary of State, John Marshall. The Court's decision was opposed by President [[Thomas Jefferson]], who lamented that this doctrine made the Constitution "a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please."<ref>[http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_8_18s16.html Jefferson, Thomas. Letter to Spencer Roane.]</ref> In 1807, he presided, with Judge [[Cyrus Griffin]], at the great state trial of former Vice President [[Aaron Burr]], who was charged with [[treason]] and misdemeanor. Prior to the trial, President Jefferson condemned Burr and strongly supported conviction. Marshall, however, narrowly construed the definition of treason provided in Article III of the Constitution; he noted that the prosecution had failed to prove that Burr had committed an "overt act," as the Constitution required. As a result, the jury acquitted the defendant, leading to increased animosity between the President and the Chief Justice.<ref>[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/burr/burraccount.html Linder, Doug. "The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr."]</ref> During the 1810s and 1820s, Marshall made a series of decisions involving the balance of power between the federal government and the states, where he repeatedly affirmed federal supremacy. For example, he established in ''[[McCulloch v. Maryland]]'' (1819) that states could not tax federal institutions and upheld congressional authority to create the [[Second Bank of the United States]], even though the authority to do this was not expressly stated in the Constitution. Also, in ''[[Cohens v. Virginia]]'' (1821), he established that the Federal judiciary could hear appeals from decisions of state courts in criminal cases as well as the civil cases over which the court had asserted jurisdiction in ''[[Martin v. Hunter's Lessee]]'' (1816). Justices [[Bushrod Washington]] and [[Joseph Story]] proved to be his strongest allies in these cases whereas [[Smith Thompson]] was a strong opponent to Marshall. [[Image:Mccullochvmaryland.png|thumb|250px|The text of the ''McCulloch v. Maryland'' decision, handed down [[March 6]], [[1819]], as recorded in the minutes of the Supreme Court of the United States, in which the Court determined the separate states could not tax the federal government.]] As the young nation was endangered by regional and local interests that often threatened to fracture its hard-fought unity, Marshall repeatedly interpreted the Constitution broadly so that the Federal Government had the power to become a respected and creative force guiding and encouraging the nation's growth. Thus, for all practical purposes, the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] in its most important aspects today is the Constitution as John Marshall interpreted it. As Chief Justice, he embodied the majesty of the [[judiciary]] of the government as fully as the [[President of the United States]] stood for the power of the [[Executive Branch]]. Marshall wrote several important [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] opinions, including: *''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'', 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803) *''[[Fletcher v. Peck]]'', 10 U.S. 87 (1810) *''[[McCulloch v. Maryland]]'', 17 U.S. 316 (1819) *''[[Dartmouth College v. Woodward]]'', 17 U.S. 518 (1819) *''[[Cohens v. Virginia]]'', 19 U.S. 264 (1821) *''[[Gibbons v. Ogden]]'', 22 U.S. 1 (1824) *''[[Worcester v. Georgia]]'', 31 U.S. 515 (1832) *''[[Barron v. Baltimore]]'', 32 U.S. 243 (1833) Marshall served as Chief Justice through all or part of six Presidential administrations ([[John Adams]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]], [[James Monroe]], [[John Quincy Adams]] and [[Andrew Jackson]]), and remained a stalwart advocate of [[Federalism (United States)|Federalism]] and a nemesis of the [[Jeffersonian political philosophy|Jeffersonian]] school of government throughout its heyday. He participated in over 1000 decisions, writing 519 of the opinions himself.<ref name="EB2004DVD"/> ==Other work, later life, legacy== Marshall loved his home in Richmond, Virginia, and spent as much time there as possible in quiet contentment. While in Richmond he attended St. John's Church in [[Church Hill]] until 1814 when he led the movement to hire [[Robert Mills]] as architect of [[Monumental Church]], which commemorated the death of 72 Virginians. The Marshall family occupied pew No. 23 at [[Monumental Church]] and entertained the [[Marquis de Lafayette]] there during his visit to Richmond in 1824. For approximately three months each year, however, he would be away in Washington for the Court's annual term; he would also be away for several weeks to serve on the circuit court in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]]. Between 1805 and 1807, he published a five-volume biography of [[George Washington]]; his ''Life of Washington'' was based on records and papers provided him by the president's family. The first volume was reissued in 1824 separately as ''A History of the American Colonies''. The work reflected Marshall's Federalist principles. In 1823, he became first president of the Richmond branch of the [[American Colonization Society]], which was dedicated to resettling freed [[Slavery in the United States|American slaves]] in [[Liberia]], on the West coast of [[Africa]]. In 1828, he presided over a convention to promote internal improvements in Virginia. In 1829, he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention, where he was again joined by fellow American statesman and loyal Virginians, [[James Madison]] and [[James Monroe]], although all were quite old by that time. Marshall mainly spoke at this convention to promote the necessity of an independent judiciary. On [[December 25]], 1831, Mary, his beloved wife of some 49 years, died. Most who knew Marshall agreed that after Mary's death, he was never quite the same. In 1832, Marshall's revised and condensed two-volume ''Life of Washington'' was published. On returning from [[Washington, D.C.]] in the spring of 1835, he suffered severe contusions resulting from an accident to the stage coach in which he was riding. His health, which had not been good for several years, now rapidly declined, and in June he journeyed to [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] for medical attendance. There he died on [[July 6]], at the age of 79, having served as Chief Justice for over 34 years. He also was the last surviving member of John Adams's Cabinet. Two days before his death, he enjoined his friends to place only a plain slab over his and his wife's graves, and he wrote the simple inscription himself. His body, which was taken to Richmond, lies in [[Shockoe Hill Cemetery]]. <p style="border:1px solid black; padding:10px; width:300px; text-align:center;">JOHN MARSHALL<br> Son of Thomas and Mary Marshall<br> was born the 24th of September 1755<br> Intermarried with Mary Willis Ambler<br> the 3rd of January 1783<br> Departed this life<br> the 6th day of July 1835. Legend has it that Marshall was the last person for whom the [[Liberty Bell]] tolled, but it has been proved that [[William Henry Harrison]] (1841) was the last. However, the famous crack in the bell appeared when it was tolled for Marshall's funeral. ==Monuments and memorials== [[Image:MarshallWash DC 3.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Marshall Memorial by WW Story]] Marshall's home in [[Richmond, Virginia]], has been preserved by [[Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities|APVA Preservation Virginia]]. The United States Bar Association commissioned sculptor [[William Wetmore Story]] to execute the statue of Marshall that now stands [sits] inside the Supreme Court on the ground floor. A copy of the statue also stands at Constitution Ave. and 4th Street in Washington D.C. Story's father [[Joseph Story]] had served as an Associate Justice on the [[United States Supreme Court]] with Marshall. The statue was originally dedicated in 1884. An engraved portrait of Marshall appears on U.S. paper money on the series 1890 and 1891 treasury notes. These rare notes are in great demand by not collecting today. Also, in 1914, an engraved portrait of Marshall was used as the central vignette on series 1914 $500 federal reserve notes. These notes are also quite scarce. Example of both notes are available for viewing on the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco website. Four law schools and one University today bear his name: The [[Marshall-Wythe School of Law]] at the [[College of William and Mary]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]; The [[Cleveland-Marshall College of Law]] in Cleveland, Ohio; [[John Marshall Law School (Atlanta)|John Marshall Law School]] in Atlanta, Georgia; and, [[John Marshall Law School (Chicago)|The John Marshall Law School]] in Chicago, Illinois. The University that bears his name is [[Marshall University]] in Huntington West Virginia. Having grown from a Reformed Church academy, Marshall College, named upon the death of Chief Justice John Marshall, officially opened in 1836 with a well-established reputation. After a merger with Franklin College in 1853, the school was renamed [[Franklin and Marshall College]]. The college went on to become one of the nations foremost liberal arts colleges. John Marshall's birthplace in [[Fauquier County]] is a park, the John Marshall Birthplace Park, and a marker can be seen on [[Virginia Route 28|Route 28]] noting this event. Marshall University began as Marshall Academy in 1837. Marshall became a university in 1961 and has since grown tremendously, particularly in the 1990s which saw the construction of the state-of-the-art Drinko Library, Jomie Jazz Center and the addition of the Graduate College. ==Family== *[[Humphrey Marshall (Senator)|Humphrey Marshall]] — [[U.S. Senator]] is the first cousin and brother-in-law of the chief justice. *[[Thomas F. Marshall]] — [[U.S. Representative]] is a nephew of the Chief Justice. *[[George Marshall]] — [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the U.S. Army]] is a distant relative of the chief justice. *[[Thomas Jefferson]] — [[President of the United States]] distant cousin of Marshall on his mother's side. ==Bibliography== * Beveridge, Albert J., ''The Life of John Marshall,'' Four Volumes (1916–1919). Long, laudatory, biography. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23111125 online edition] * Corwin, Edward W., ''John Marshall and the Constitution: A Chronicle of the Supreme Court'', Yale University Press, 1919. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3291 Online Edition: Project Gutenberg] * Charles Hobson. ''The Great Chief Justice: John Marshall and the Rule of Law'' (University Press of Kansas, 1996). * Herbert Alan Johnson, "John Marshall" in Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds. ''The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions — Vol. 1 '' (1997) pp 180–200 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98824790 online edition] * Johnson, Herbert A. ''The Chief Justiceship of John Marshall from 1801 to 1835.'' U. of South Carolina Pr., 1998. 352 pp. * Newmyer, R. Kent. ''John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court'' Louisiana State U. Pr., 2001. 511 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=64131020447313 online review] * Robarge, David. ''A Chief Justice's Progress: John Marshall from Revolutionary Virginia to the Supreme Court.'' Greenwood 2000. 366 pp. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9780244 online edition] * G. Edward White; ''The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, 1815-1835'' Macmillan, 1988. 1009 pp; abridged ed. Oxford University Press, 1991. 864 pp. * Thomas C. Shevory; ''John Marshall's Law: Interpretation, Ideology, and Interest'' Greenwood Press, 1994 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27509305 online edition] * Simon, James F. ''What Kind of Nation: Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, and the Epic Struggle to Create a United States. '' Simon & Schuster, 2002. 348 pp. * [[Jean Edward Smith]], ''John Marshall: Definer Of A Nation'', Henry, Holt & Company, 1996; 736pp ===Primary sources=== * Collon, Joseph P., Jr., ed., ''Constitutional Decisions of John Marshall'', (New York and London, 1905) * Hobson, Charles F.; Perdue, Susan Holbrook; and Lovelace, Joan S., eds. ''The Papers of John Marshall'' published by the U. of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture; the standard scholarly edition; most recent volume: ''Vol. 11: Correspondence, Papers, and Selected Judicial Opinions, April 1827–December 1830.'' (2002) * [[Joseph Story]], ed., ''The Writings of John Marshall, late Chief Justice of the United States, upon the Federal Constitution'', Boston, 1839. ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== *{{cite book | last = Lossing | first = Benson John | authorlink = Benson John Lossing | coauthors = William Barrit | title = Our countrymen, or, Brief memoirs of eminent Americans. Illustrated by one hundred and three portraits | origyear = 1855 | date = December 21, 2005 | publisher = Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library | location = [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]] | id = ISBN 1-4255-4394-4 }} *{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Jean Edward | authorlink = Jean Edward Smith | title = John Marshall: Definer Of A Nation | origyear = 1996 | edition = Reprint edition | date = March 15, 1998 | publisher = Owl Books | location = [[New York, NY]] | id = ISBN 0-8050-5510-X }} {{CongBio|M000157}} ==See also== *[[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court|United States Supreme Court cases during the Marshall Court]] *[[List of places and things named for John Marshall]] ==External links== {{wikiquote}} * {{gutenberg author| id=Marshall+John | name=John Marshall}} * [http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_chiefs/004.html Supreme Court Historical Society: John Marshall] * [http://richmondthenandnow.com/Newspaper-Articles/Jefferson-Marshall.html "John and Tom — Rivals in Everything" by Georgia Bennett, ''Richmond Times-Dispatch'', February 10, 1935] * [http://www.apva.org/marshall/ The John Marshall House, Richmond, Virginia] *[http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/49marshall/49marshall.htm ''"The Great Chief Justice" at Home,'' a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan] * [http://www.frbsf.org/currency/metal/treasury/index2.html Pictures of US Treasury Notes featuring John Marshall, provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.] * [http://www.frbsf.org/currency/stability/frnotes/710.html Pictures of large size Federal Reserve Notes featuring John Marshall, provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.] *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-67096}} <!-- Succession table --> {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-hs}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Clopton]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Virginia's 13th congressional district]]|years=1799-1800}} {{s-aft|after=[[Littleton Waller Tazewell|Littleton W. 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