Joint
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A '''joint''' is the location at which two or more [[bone]]s make contact.<ref name="titleeMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!">{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/asp/dictionary.asp?keyword=joint |title=eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup! |accessdate=2008-01-29 |format= |work=}}</ref> They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.<ref name="isbn0-443-07168-3">{{cite book |author=Ellis, Harold; Susan Standring; Gray, Henry David |title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice |publisher=Elsevier Churchill Livingstone |location=St. Louis, Mo |year=2005 |pages=38 |isbn=0-443-07168-3 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>
==Classification==
[[Image:Gray298.png|thumb|right|Depiction of an intervertebral disk, a cartilaginous joint.]]
[[Image:Illu synovial joint.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of a synovial (diarthrosis) joint.]]
Joints are mainly classified structurally and functionally. Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other, while functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones. In practice, there is significant overlap between the seven types of classifications.
Terms ending in the [[suffix]] -sis are singular and refer to just one joint, while -ses is the suffix for pluralization.
=== Structural classification ===
Structural classification names and divides joints according to how the bones are connected to each other.<ref name="titleModule - Introduction to Joints3">{{cite web |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_03.html |title=Module - Introduction to Joints |accessdate=2008-01-29 |format= |work=}}</ref> There are three structural classifications of joints:
* [[fibrous joint]] - joined by [[fibrous connective tissue]]
* [[cartilaginous joint]] - joined by [[cartilage]]
* [[synovial joint]] - not directly joined
===Functional classification ===
Joints can also be classified functionally, by the degree of mobility they allow:<ref name="titleModule - Introduction to Joints2">{{cite web |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html |title=Module - Introduction to Joints |accessdate=2008-01-29 |format= |work=}}</ref>
* [[synarthrosis]] - permits little or no mobility. Most synarthrosis joints are [[fibrous joint]]s.
* [[amphiarthrosis]] - permits slight mobility. Most amphiarthrosis joints are [[cartilaginous joint]]s.
* [[diarthrosis]] - permits a variety of movements. All diarthrosis joints are [[synovial joint]]s, and the terms "diarthrosis" and "synovial joint" are considered equivalent by [[Terminologia Anatomica]].<ref>{{Dorlands|d_15|12293929}}</ref>
===Biomechanical classification===
Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy or on their biomechanical properties. According to the anatomic classification, joints are subdivided into ''simple'' and ''compound'', depending on the number of bones involved, and into ''complex'' and ''combination'' joints:<ref name="titleIntroductory Anatomy: Joints">{{cite web |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.html |title=Introductory Anatomy: Joints |accessdate=2008-01-29 |format= |work=}}</ref>
# Simple Joint: 2 articulation surfaces (eg. [[shoulder joint]], [[hip joint]])
# Compound Joint: 3 or more articulation surfaces (eg. [[radiocarpal joint]])
# Complex Joint: 2 or more articulation surfaces and an [[articular disc]] or [[meniscus (anatomy)|meniscus]] (eg. [[knee joint]])
===Anatomical=== <!--joint groups redirects here-->
The joints may be classified anatomically into the following groups:
#[[Articulations of hand]]
#[[Elbow|Elbow joints]]
#[[Wrist|Wrist joints]]
#[[Axillary articulations]]
#[[Sternoclavicular joint]]s
#[[Vertebral articulation]]s
#[[Temporomandibular joint]]s
#[[Sacroiliac joint]]s
#[[Hip joint]]s
#[[Knee joint]]s
#[[Articulations of foot]]
==Arthritis==
{{Main|Arthritis}}
Arthritis and direct [[physical trauma]] to a joint are the causes of joint damage. Arthritis is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the [[joint]]s of the body. Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in people over the age of 55.
There are many different forms of arthritis, each of which has a different cause. The most common form of arthritis, [[osteoarthritis]] (also known as degenerative joint disease) occurs following trauma to the joint, following an infection of the joint or simply as a result of aging. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence that abnormal anatomy may contribute to early development of osteoarthritis. Other forms of arthritis are [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[psoriatic arthritis]], which are [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmune diseases]] in which the body is attacking itself. [[Septic arthritis]] is caused by joint [[infection]]. [[gout|Gouty arthritis]] is caused by deposition of [[uric acid]] crystals in the joint that results in subsequent inflammation. Additionally, there is a less common form of gout that is caused by the formation of rhomboidal shaped crystals of calcium pyrophosphate. This form of gout is known as [[Calcium pyrophosphate dummy disease|pseudogout]].
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
{{commonscat|joints}}
* [[Arthrology]]
* [[Kinesiology]]
* [[Replacement joint]]
* [[Ligament]]
==External links==
* [http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML Illustration of synovial joints at shockfamily.net]
* [http://www.sports-db.com/home/information/joints.html Synovial joints Illustrations and Classification]
{{Joints}}
{{Joints of head and neck}}
{{Joints of upper limbs}}
{{Joints of torso}}
{{Joints of lower limbs}}
[[Category:Joints|*]]
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