Joseph Campbell
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{{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] -->
| name = Joseph Campbell
| image = Jchead.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| caption = Joseph Campbell, circa 1984
| birthname = Joseph John Campbell
| birthdate = {{birth date|1904|3|26}}
| birthplace = [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]],<br> [[New York]],<br> [[United States]]
| deathdate = {{death date and age|1987|10|30|1904|3|26}}
| deathplace = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], [[United States]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| occupation = Scholar
| influences = [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Oswald Spengler]], [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Carl Jung]], [[Heinrich Zimmer]], [[James Joyce]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], [[Leo Frobenius]]
}}
'''Joseph John Campbell''' ([[March 26]], [[1904]] – [[October 30]], [[1987]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[mythology]] [[professor]], [[writer]], and [[lecturer]] best known for his work in the fields of [[comparative mythology]] and [[comparative religion]]. His work is vast and covers many aspects of the human experience, and his philosophy is often identified with the phrase he coined: "Follow Your Bliss".
===Life===
===Childhood and education===
Joseph Campbell was born and raised in [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]], [[New York]]<ref>[http://www.jcf.org/about_jc.php Joseph Campbell Foundation website]</ref> in an upper middle class [[Roman Catholic]] family. As a child, Campbell became fascinated with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[culture]] after his father took him to see the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in [[New York]] where he saw on display featured collections of Native American artifacts. He soon became versed in numerous aspects of Native American society, primarily in [[Native American mythology]]. This led to Campbell's lifelong passion for [[mythology|myth]] and to his study of and mapping of the cohesive threads in mythology that appeared to exist among even disparate human cultures. He graduated from the [[Canterbury School (Connecticut)]] in 1921. While at [[Dartmouth College]] he studied biology and mathematics, but decided that he preferred the humanities. He transferred to [[Columbia University]] where he received his B.A. in [[English literature]] in 1925 and M.A. in [[Medieval literature]] in 1927. Campbell was also an accomplished athlete, receiving awards in [[athletics (track and field)|track and field]] events.
====Europe====
In 1927, Campbell received a [[Scholarship|fellowship]] provided by Columbia to study in Europe. Campbell studied [[Old French]] and [[Sanskrit]] at the [[University of Paris]] in [[France]] and the [[University of Munich]] in [[Germany]]. He quickly learned to read and speak both [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]], mastering them after only a few months of rigorous study. He remained fluent in both languages for the remainder of his life.
He was highly influenced while in Europe by the period of the [[Lost Generation]], a time of enormous intellectual and artistic innovation. Campbell commented on this influence, particularly that of [[James Joyce]], in ''[[The Hero's Journey|The Hero's Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work]]'' (1990, first edition:28):
:CAMPBELL: And then the fact that James Joyce grabbed me. You know that wonderful living in a realm of significant fantasy, which is Irish, is there in the [[King Arthur|Arthurian]] romances; it's in Joyce; and it's in my life.
:COUSINEAU: Did you find that you identified with [[Stephen Daedalus]]...in Joyce's ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]''?
:CAMPBELL: His problem was my problem, exactly...Joyce helped release me into an understanding of the universal sense of these symbols...Joyce disengaged himself and left the labyrinth, you might say, of Irish politics and the church to go to [[London]], where he became one of the very important members of this marvelous movement that Paris represented in the period when I was there, in the '20s.
It was in this climate that Campbell was also introduced to the work of [[Thomas Mann]], who was to prove equally influential upon his life and ideas. Also while in Europe, Campbell was introduced to modern art, becoming particularly enthusiastic about the work of [[Paul Klee]] and [[Pablo Picasso]]. A new world of exciting ideas opened up to Campbell while studying in Europe. Here he also discovered the works and writings of [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Carl Jung]]. It was also during this time, as well, that he met and became friends with the young [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], a friendship which began his lifelong interest in [[Hindu]] philosophy and mythology. In addition, after the death of Indologist [[Heinrich Zimmer]], Campbell was given the task to edit and posthumously publish Zimmer's papers.
===Return to the United States and the Great Depression===
On his return from Europe in 1929, Campbell announced to his faculty at Columbia that his time in Europe had broadened his interests and that he wanted to study [[Sanskrit]] and [[Modern art]] in addition to [[Medieval literature]]. When his advisors did not support this, Campbell decided not to go forward with his plans to earn a [[doctorate]] and never returned to a conventional graduate program (''[[The Hero's Journey|The Hero's Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work]]'', 1990, first edition: 54).
A few weeks later, the [[Great Depression]] began. Campbell would spend the next five years (1929-1934) trying to figure out what to do with his life ([[Stephen Larsen|Larsen]] and Larsen, 2002:160) and he engaged in a period of intensive and rigorous independent study. Campbell discussed this period in
''[[The Hero's Journey|The Hero's Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work]]'' (1990, first edition:52-3). Campbell states that he "would divide the day into four four-hour periods, of which I would be reading in three of the four hour periods, and free one of them...I would get nine hours of sheer reading done a day. And this went on for five years straight."
He also traveled to California for a year (1931-32), continuing his independent studies and becoming close friends with the budding writer [[John Steinbeck]] and his wife Carol ([[Stephen Larsen|Larsen]] and Larsen, 2002, chapters 8 and 9). Campbell also maintained his independent reading while teaching for a year in 1933 at the [[Canterbury School]] during which time he also attempted to publish works of fiction ([[Stephen Larsen|Larsen]] and Larsen, 2002:214) <ref>[http://www.online.pacifica.edu/cgl/Campbellchronology Pacifica Graduate Institute | Joseph Campbell & Marija Gimbutas Library | Joseph Campbell - Chronology<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
Campbell's independent studies led to his greater exploration of the ideas of the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[psychiatrist]] [[Carl Jung]], a contemporary and estranged colleague of [[Sigmund Freud]]. Campbell edited the first [[Eranos]] conference papers and helped to found [[Princeton University Press]]' Bollingen Press. Another dissident member of Freud's circle to influence Campbell was [[Wilhelm Stekel]] (1868 - 1939). Stekel pioneered the application of Freud's conceptions of dreams, fantasies of the [[human mind]], and the unconscious to such fields as [[anthropology]] and [[literature]].
===Sarah Lawrence College===
In 1934, Campbell was offered a position as professor at [[Sarah Lawrence College]] (through the efforts of his former Columbia advisor W.W. Laurence). Campbell married one of his former students, dancer and dance instructor [[Jean Erdman]], in 1938. He retired from Sarah Lawrence College in 1972, after having taught there for 38 years.
===Death===
Joseph Campbell died at the age of 83 on October 30, 1987, at his home in [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, from complications due to esophageal cancer [http://www.folkstory.com/campbell/scholars_life.html] shortly after completing filming of ''[[The Power of Myth]]'' with [[Bill Moyers]].
==Select works==
===James Joyce and early works===
As noted above, [[James Joyce]] was an important influence on Campbell. Campbell's first important book (with [[Henry Morton Robinson]]), ''[[A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake]]'' <ref>[http://www.jcf.org/works.php?id=331 Joseph Campbell Foundation - Works - Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake, A<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> (1944), is a critical analysis of Joyce's final text ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''. In addition, Campbell's seminal work, ''[[The Hero with a Thousand Faces]]'', discusses what Campbell termed the [[monomyth]] -- the cycle of the journey of the [[hero]], an idea which he directly attributes to Joyce's ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''<ref>Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. the Bollingen Foundation, 1949. p. 30, n35. Cambell cites James Joyce, Finnegans Wake. NY: Viking, 1939, p. 581</ref>.
===The Masks of God===
His massive four-volume work ''The Masks of God'' covers mythology from around the world, from ancient to modern. Where ''[[The Hero with a Thousand Faces]]'' focused on the commonality of mythology (the “elementary ideas”), the '' Masks of God'' books focus upon historical and cultural variations the monomyth takes on (the “folk ideas”). In other words, where ''The Hero with a Thousand Faces'' draws perhaps more from psychology, the '' Masks of God'' books draw more from anthropology and history. The four volumes of ''Masks of God'' are as follows: ''Primitive Mythology'', ''Oriental Mythology'', ''Occidental Mythology'', and ''Creative Mythology''.
===The Historical Atlas of World Mythology===
At the time of his death, Campbell was in the midst of working upon a large-format, lavishly illustrated series entitled ''The Historical Atlas of World Mythology''. This series was to build on Campbell’s idea, first presented in ''The Hero with a Thousand Faces'', that myth evolves over time through four stages:
• ''The Way of the Animal Powers'' -- the myths of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers which focus on shamanism and animal totems.
• ''The Way of the Seeded Earth'' -- the myths of Neolithic, agrarian cultures which focus upon a mother goddess and associated fertility rites.
• ''The Way of the Celestial Lights'' -- the myths of Bronze Age city-states with pantheons of gods up ruling from the heavens, led by a masculine god-king.
• ''The Way of Man'' -- religion and philosophy as it developed after the Axial Age (c. 6th century BC), in which the mythic imagery of previous eras was made consciously metaphorical, reinterpreted as referring to psycho-spiritual, not literal-historical, matters. This transition is evidenced in the East by [[Buddhism]], [[Vedanta]], and philosophical [[Taoism]]; and in the West by the [[Mystery Cults]], [[Platonism]] and [[Gnosticism]].
Only the first two volumes were completed at the time of Campbell's death. Both are now out-of-print.
===The Power of Myth===
Campbell's widest popular recognition followed his collaboration with [[Bill Moyers]] on the [[PBS]] series ''[[The Power of Myth]]'', which was first broadcast in 1988, the year following Campbell's death. The series exposed his ideas concerning mythological, religious, and psychological archetypes to a wide audience, and captured the imagination of millions of viewers. It remains a staple of PBS television membership drives to this day. A companion book, ''The Power of Myth'', containing expanded transcripts of their conversations, was released shortly after the original broadcast, and became a best seller.
===Thou Art That: Transforming Religious Metaphor===
A recent compilation of many of his ideas is titled ''Thou Art That: Transforming Religious Metaphor''. In it Campbell writes:"...Mythology is often thought of as ''other people's'' religions, and religion can be defined as mis-interpreted mythology." In other words, Campbell did not read religious symbols literally as historical facts, but instead he saw them as symbols or as metaphors for greater philosophical ideas.
Campbell had previously discussed this idea with [[Bill Moyers]] in ''The Power of Myth'':
:CAMPBELL: That would be a mistake in the reading of the symbol. That is reading the words in terms of prose instead of in terms of poetry, reading the metaphor in terms of the denotation instead of the connotation.
:MOYERS: And poetry gets to the unseen reality.
:CAMPBELL: That which is beyond even the concept of reality, that which transcends all thought. The myth puts you there all the time, gives you a line to connect with that mystery which you are (Campbell, 1988:57).
==Campbell's original voice==
Campbell relied often upon the writings of [[Carl Jung]] as an explanation of psychological phenomena, as experienced through [[archetype]]s. But Campbell did not necessarily agree with Jung upon every issue, and had very definite ideas of his own.
A fundamental belief of Campbell's was that all [[spirituality]] is a search for the same basic, unknown force from which everything came, within which everything currently exists, and into which everything will return. This elemental force is ultimately “unknowable” because it exists before words and knowledge. Although this basic driving force cannot be expressed in words, spiritual rituals and stories refer to the force through the use of "[[metaphor]]s" - these metaphors being the various stories, deities, and objects of spirituality we see in the world. For example, the [[Genesis]] myth in the [[Bible]] ought not be taken as a literal description of actual events, but rather its poetic, metaphorical meaning should be examined for clues concerning the fundamental truths of the world and our existence.
Accordingly, Campbell believed the [[religion]]s of the world to be the various, culturally influenced “masks” of the same fundamental, [[transcendent truth]]s. All religions, including [[Christianity]] and [[Buddhism]], can bring one to an elevated awareness above and beyond a dualistic conception of reality, or idea of “pairs of opposites,” such as being and non-being, or right and wrong. Indeed, he quotes in the preface of ''[[The Hero with a Thousand Faces]]'': "Truth is one, the sages speak of it by many names." which is a translation of the Rig Vedic saying "Ekam Sat Vipra Bahuda Vadanthi."
Campbell was fascinated with what he viewed as basic, universal [[truth]]s, expressed in different manifestations across different cultures. For example, in the preface of ''The Hero with a Thousand Faces'', he indicated that a goal of his was to demonstrate similarities between [[Eastern religions|Eastern]] and [[Western religions]]. In his four-volume series of books "The Masks of God", Campbell tried to summarize the main spiritual threads common throughout the world. Tied in with this, was his idea that many of the belief systems of the world which expressed these universal truths had a common geographic ancestry, starting off on the fertile grasslands of Europe in the [[Bronze Age]] and moving to the [[Levant]] and the "[[Fertile Crescent]]" of [[Mesopotamia]] and back to Europe (and the [[Far East]]), where it was mixed with the newly emerging [[Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] ([[Aryan]]) culture.
===Heroes and the monomyth===
The role of the [[hero]] figured largely in Campbell's comparative studies. In 1949 [[The Hero with a Thousand Faces]] introduced his idea of the [[monomyth]] (as stated above, a word borrowed from Joyce), which outlined some of the archetypal patterns Campbell recognized. Heroes were important to Campbell because, to him, they conveyed universal truths about one's personal self-discovery and self-transcendence, one's role in [[society]], and the relationship between the two.
==Organizations and Archives==
===The Joseph Campbell Foundation===
In 1991, Campbell's widow, choreographer [[Jean Erdman]], worked with Campbell's longtime friend and editor, [[Robert Walter]], to create the [[Joseph Campbell Foundation]]. The mission of the foundation is to preserve, protect and perpetuate Campbell's work, as well as supporting work in his field of study.
Among the initiatives undertaken by the JCF include: [[The Collected Works of Joseph Campbell]], a series of books and recordings that aims to pull together Campbell's myriad-minded work; the [[Erdman Campbell Award for Contributions to the Mythopoetic Imagination | Erdman Campbell Award]]; the Mythological RoundTables®, a network of local groups around the globe that explore the subjects of comparative mythology, psychology, religion and culture; and the collection of Campbell's library and papers housed at the [[OPUS Archive and Research Center]] (see below).<ref>[http://www.jcf.org The Joseph Campbell Foundation Website]</ref>
===The Joseph Campbell Collection===
After Campbell's death, [[Jean Erdman]] and the [[Joseph Campbell Foundation]] donated his papers, books and other effects to the ''Center for the Study of Depth Psychology'' at [[Pacifica Graduate Institute]] in [[Carpinteria, California]]. The 'Center' became [[OPUS Archives and Research Center]] and is the home of the collection. Campbell had frequently lectured at Pacifica, a private school that supports graduate work in [[mythology]] and [[depth psychology]]. The founding curator, psychologist [[Jonathan Young]], worked closely with Ms. Erdman to gather the materials from Campbell's homes in [[Honolulu]] and [[Greenwich Village]], [[New York City]]. The Campbell Collection features approximately 3,000 volumes and covers a broad range of subjects, including anthropology, [[folklore]], [[religion]], literature, and psychology. The collection also includes audio and video tapes of lectures, original manuscripts, and research papers. The current curator and librarian is [[Richard Buchen]].<ref>[http://www.opusarchives.org/ OPUS Archives and Research Center on the campuses of Pacifica Graduate Institute]</ref>.
==Influence==
===Scholars who influenced Campbell===
Campbell often referred to the work of modern writers [[James Joyce]] and [[Thomas Mann]] in his lectures and writings. Anthropologist [[Leo Frobenius]] was important to Campbell’s view of cultural history. He often indicated that the single most important book in his intellectual development was [[Oswald Spengler]]'s ''[[The Decline of the West]]''.
Campbell's ideas regarding myth and its relationship to the human psyche are dependent on the work of [[Carl Jung]], whose studies of human psychology, as previously mentioned, greatly influenced Campbell. Campbell's conception of myth is closely related to the Jungian method of dream interpretation, which is heavily reliant on symbolic interpretation.
Jung's insights into archetypes were in turn heavily influenced by the ''[[Bardo Thodol]]'' (also known as the ''The Tibetan Book of the Dead''). In his 1981 text ''The Mythic Image'', Campbell quotes Jung on the ''Bardo Thodol'', who states that it "belongs to that class of writings which not only are of interest to specialists in Mahayana Buddhism, but also, because of their deep humanity and still deeper insight into the secrets of the human psyche, make an especial appeal to the layman seeking to broaden his knowledge of life"... "For years, ever since it was first published, the ''Bardo Thodol'' has been my constant companion, and to it I owe not only many stimulating ideas and discoveries, but also many fundamental insights" (Campbell 1981:392).
The "follow your bliss" philosophy attributed to Campbell following the original broadcast of ''The Power of Myth'' was possibly influenced by the 1922 [[Sinclair Lewis]] novel ''[[Babbitt (novel)|Babbitt]]''. In ''[[The Power of Myth]]'' Campbell quotes from the novel:
:''Campbell: "Have you ever read Sinclair Lewis' ''Babbit''?''
:''Moyers: "Not in a long time."''
:''Campbell: "Remember the last line? 'I have never done the thing that I wanted to do in all my life.' That is a man who never followed his bliss."'' (Campbell, 1988:117)
Campbell studied mythology under Professor [[Heinrich Zimmer]] while a young student at Columbia. Zimmer taught Campbell that myth (rather than a guru or spiritual guide) could serve in the role of a personal mentor, in that its stories provide a psychological roadmap for the finding of oneself in the labyrinth of the complex modern world. Zimmer relied more on the meanings of mythological tales (their symbols, metaphors, imagery, etc.) as a source for psychological realization than upon psychoanalysis itself. Campbell later borrowed from the interpretative techniques of Jung and then reshaped them in a fashion that followed Zimmer's beliefs- interpreting directly from world mythology. This is an important distinction because as it serves to explain why Campbell did not directly follow Jung's footsteps in applied psychology.
===Campbell's influence on cinema===
[[George Lucas]] was the first [[Hollywood]] filmmaker to openly credit Campbell's influence. Lucas stated following the release of the first ''[[Star Wars]]'' film in 1977 that its story was shaped, in part, by ideas described in ''[[The Hero With a Thousand Faces]]'' and other works of Campbell's. The linkage between ''Star Wars'' and Campbell was further reinforced when later reprints of Campbell's book used the image of [[Mark Hamill]] as [[Luke Skywalker]] on the cover.<ref>[http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/234.html Campbell, J.: The Hero with a Thousand Faces<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Lucas discusses this influence at great length in the official biography of Joseph Campbell, ''Joseph Campbell: A Fire in the Mind'' by [[Stephen Larsen|Stephen]] and Robin Larsen:
:''I [Lucas] came to the conclusion after ''[[American Graffiti]]'' that what's valuable for me is to set standards, not to show people the world the way it is...around the period of this realization...it came to me that there really was no modern use of mythology...[[Western (genre)|The Western]] was possibly the last generically American [[fairy tale]], telling us about our values. And once the Western disappeared, nothing has ever taken its place. In literature we were going off into [[science fiction]]...so that's when I started doing more strenuous research on fairy tales, [[folklore]], and [[mythology]], and I started reading Joe's books. Before that I hadn't read any of Joe's books...It was very eerie because in reading ''[[The Hero with a Thousand Faces]]'' I began to realize that my first draft of ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope|Star Wars]]'' was following classic motifs...so I modified my next draft [of ''Star Wars''] according to what I'd been learning about classical motifs and made it a little bit more consistent...I went on to read 'The Masks of God' and many other books'' (Larsen and Larsen, 2002: 541).
It was not until after the completion of the original ''Star Wars'' [[Star Wars original trilogy|trilogy]] in 1983, however, that Lucas met Campbell or heard any of his lectures.<ref>[http://www.well-rounded.com/movies/reviews/lucas_intv.html George Lucas Interview: Well Rounded Entertainment<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The 1988 documentary ''[[The Power of Myth]]'' was filmed at Lucas' [[Skywalker Ranch]]. During his interviews with [[Bill Moyers]], Campbell discusses the way in which Lucas used ''The Hero's Journey'' in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' films (IV, V, and VI) to re-invent the mythology for the contemporary viewer. Moyers and Lucas filmed an interview 12 years later in 1999 called the ''Mythology of Star Wars with George Lucas & Bill Moyers'' to further discuss the impact of Campbell's work on Lucas' films.<ref>[http://www.films.com/id/11017/The_Mythology_of_Star_Wars_with_George_Lucas_and_Bill_Moyers.htm Films for the Humanities and Sciences - Educational Media - The Mythology of Star Wars with George Lucas and Bill Moyers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In addition, the ''[[National Air and Space Museum]] of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'' sponsored an exhibit during the late 1990s called ''Star Wars: The Magic of Myth'', which discussed the ways in which Campbell's work shaped the ''Star Wars'' films.<ref>[http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/StarWars/sw-unit1.htm Star Wars @ NASM, Unit 1, Introduction Page<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A companion guide of the same name was published in 1997.
[[Christopher Vogler]], a Hollywood screenwriter, was also highly influenced by Campbell. He created a 7-page company memo based on Campbell's work, ''A Practical Guide to The Hero With a Thousand Faces'',<ref>[http://www.online.pacifica.edu/cgl/lucas Pacifica Graduate Institute | Joseph Campbell & Marija Gimbutas Library | Joseph Campbell and the Skywalker: Meetings with George Lucas<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, which led to the development of [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]]'s 1994 film ''[[The Lion King]]''. Vogler's memo was later developed into the late 1990s book ''[[The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure For Writers]]''.
[[John David Ebert]], a former editor who worked with the Campbell Foundation, was also highly influenced by Campbell, and this is especially evident in Ebert's book ''Celluloid Heroes & Mechanical Dragons: Film as the Mythology of Electronic Society'' (Cybereditions, 2005).
==Controversy==
A few years after his death, some of Campbell's critics accused him of [[anti-Semitism]]. The charges began with [[Brendan Gill]]'s article, "The Faces of Joseph Campbell," published in the ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', Vol. 36, Issue 14, [[September 28]], [[1989]], pages 16-19. Gill, who identified himself as a friend of Campbell from the Century Association in New York City, notes in the article that he wrote it in reaction to the enormous popularity of ''[[The Power of Myth]]'' series in 1988. Professor of [[religion]] Robert Segal followed Gill's contention of anti-semitism with the article, "Joseph Campbell on Jews and Judaism" ( ''Religion'' Volume 22, Issue 2, April 1992: 151-170). Later in the article Segal also suggests that this view of Campbell stems, at least in part, from his tendency to be perhaps blunt at times in his critique of certain aspects of various organized religions, which Campbell, in his valedictory series of lectures, ''Transformations of Myth Through Time'' had stated was his job.<ref>Transcribed in book of same name [ISBN 0-06-096463-4]</ref>
Other scholars disagreed both with Gill's general critiques as well as the accusation of anti-Semitism. A few months after Gill's article appeared, the ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', Volume 36, Issue 17, [[November 9]], [[1989]], pages 57-61, published the series of letters "Brendan Gill vs. Defenders of Joseph Campbell" (cover of New York Review), "Joseph Campbell: An Exchange" (title of letter collection). A number of the letters, from former students and colleagues, argue against the accusations. In particular, Professors Roberta and Peter Markman argue that "we were dismayed because this piece of character assassination was unsupported by any evidence." Gill, in a response to these letters, continued to uphold his claims.
[[Stephen Larsen]] and Robin Larsen, the authors of the biography "Joseph Campbell: A Fire in the Mind," (2002) also argued against what they referred to as "the so called anti-Semitic charge" (x). They state that: "For the record, Campbell did not belong to any organization that condoned racial or social bias, nor do we know of any other way in which he endorsed such viewpoints. During his lifetime there was no record of such accusations in which he might have publicly betrayed his bigotry or visibly been forced to defend such a position" (2002:x).
==Bibliography of works by Campbell==
===Books by Joseph Campbell===
*''Where the Two Came to Their Father: A Navaho War Ceremonial'' (1943). with Jeff King and Maud Oakes, Old Dominion Foundation
*''[[A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake]]'' (1944). with Henry Morton Robinson, Harcourt, Brace & Co.
*''[[The Hero with a Thousand Faces]]'' (1949). Pantheon Books. Princeton University Press 1972 paperback: ISBN 0-691-01784-0, Bollingen 2004 commemorative hardcover: ISBN 0-691-11924-4
*''The Flight of the Wild Gander:Explorations in the Mythological Dimension'' (1951). Viking Press
*''The Masks of God'' (1959–1968). Viking Press:
**''Volume 1, Primitive Mythology'' (1959)
**''Volume 2, Oriental Mythology'' (1962)
**''Volume 3, Occidental Mythology'' (1964)
**''Volume 4, Creative Mythology'' (1968)
*''[[Myths to Live By]]'' (1972). Viking Press
*''Erotic irony and mythic forms in the art of Thomas Mann'' (1973)
*''The Mythic Image'' (1974). Princeton University Press
*''The Inner Reaches of Outer Space: Metaphor As Myth and As Religion'' (1986). Alfred van der Marck Editions
*''Historical Atlas of World Mythology''
**''Volume I: The Way of Animal Powers'' (1983). Alfred van der Marck Editions
***reprint in two parts: ''Part 1: Mythologies of the Primitive Hunters and Gatherers'' (1988)
***''Part 2: Mythologies of the Great Hunt'' (1988)
**''Volume II: The Way of the Seeded Earth''
***''Part 1: The Sacrifice'' (1988). Alfred van der Marck Editions
***''Part 2: Mythologies of the Primitive Planters: The North Americas'' (1989). Harper & Row
***''Part 3: Mythologies of the Primitive Planters: The Middle and Southern Americas'' (1989). Harper & Row
*''Transformations of Myth Through Time'' (1990). Harper and Row
*''A Joseph Campbell Companion: Reflections on the Art of Living'' (1991). editor Diane K. Osbon
*''Mythic Worlds, Modern Words: On the Art of James Joyce'' (1993). editor Edmund L. Epstein
*''The Mythic Dimension: Selected Essays (1959-1987)'' (1993). editor Anthony Van Couvering
*''Baksheesh & Brahman: Indian Journals (1954-1955)'' (1995). editors Robin/Stephen Larsen & Anthony Van Couvering
*''Thou Art That: Transforming Religious Metaphor'' (2001). editor Eugene Kennedy, New World Library ISBN 1-57731-202-3. first volume in the Collected Works of Joseph Campbell
*''Sake & Satori: Asian Journals - Japan'' (2002). editor David Kudler
*''Myths of Light: Eastern Metaphors of the Eternal'' (2003). editor David Kudler
*''Pathways to Bliss: Mythology and Personal Transformation'' (2004). editor David Kudler
===Books based upon interviews with Joseph Campbell===
* ''[[The Power of Myth]]'' (1988). with [[Bill Moyers]] and editor [[Betty Sue Flowers]], Doubleday, hardcover: ISBN 0-385-24773-7
* ''An Open Life: Joseph Campbell in Conversation with Michael Toms'' (1989). editors John Maher and Dennie Briggs, forward by Jean Erdman Campbell. Larson Publications, Harper Perennial 1990 paperback: ISBN 0-06-097295-5
* ''This business of the gods: Interview with Fraser Boa'' (1989)
* ''[[The Hero's Journey|The Hero's Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work]]'' (1990). editor [[Phil Cousineau]]. Harper & Row 1991 paperback: ISBN 0-06-250171-2. Element Books 1999 hardcover: ISBN 1862045984. New World Library centennial edition with introduction by Phil Cousineau, forward by executive editor Stuart L. Brown: ISBN 1-57731-404-2
===Audio Tapes of Joseph Campbell===
* ''The Power of Myth'' (With Bill Moyers) (1987)
* ''Transformation of Myth through Time'' Volume 1-3 (1989)
* ''The Hero with a Thousand Faces: The Cosmogonic Cycle'' (Read by Ralph Blum) (1990)
* ''The Way of Art'' (1990—unlicensed)
* ''The Lost Teachings of Joseph Campbell'' Volume 1-9 (With Michael Toms) (1993)
* ''On the Wings of Art: Joseph Campbell; Joseph Campbell on the Art of James Joyce'' (1995)
* ''The Wisdom of Joseph Campbell'' (With Michael Toms) (1997)
* ''Joseph Campbell Audio Collection; Volume 1:Mythology and the Individual'' (1997)
* ''Joseph Campbell Audio Collection; Volume 2:The Inward Journey'' (1997)
* ''Joseph Campbell Audio Collection; Volume 3:The Eastern Way'' (1997)
* ''Joseph Campbell Audio Collection; Volume 4:Man and Myth'' (1997)
* ''Joseph Campbell Audio Collection; Volume 5:The Myths and Masks of God'' (1997)
* ''Joseph Campbell Audio Collection; Volume 6:The Western Quest'' (1997)
* ''Myth and Metaphor in Society'' (With Jamake Highwater) (abridged)(2002)
===Video/DVDs of Joseph Campbell===
* '' Psyche & Symbol 13 part KQED/PBS video series (Executive Producer: Aaron Miller; Director: Diane Dowling) (1976)
* '' Transformations of Myth Through Time'' (1989)
* ''[[Mythos (film)|Mythos]]'' (1987/1998)
* ''[[The Power of Myth|Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth]]'' (1988)
* ''[[The Hero's Journey|The Hero's Journey: The World of Joseph Campbell]]'' (1987) ([[Phil Cousineau]])
* ''Myth and Metaphor in Society'' (With Jamake Highwater) (1993)
* ''Sukhavati'' (2005)
===Books edited by Joseph Campbell===
* [[Mahendranath Gupta|Gupta, Mahendranath]]. ''The Gospel of [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]]'' (1942) (translation from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by [[Nikhilananda|Swami Nikhilananda]]; Joseph Campbell and Margaret Woodrow Wilson, translation assistants - see preface; foreword by [[Aldous Huxley]])
* ''Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization''. [[Heinrich Zimmer]] (1946)
* ''The King and the Corpse: Tales of the Soul's Conquest of Evil''. Heinrich Zimmer (1948)
* ''Philosophies of India''. Heinrich Zimmer (1951)
* ''The Portable Arabian Nights'' (1951)
* ''The Art of Indian Asia''. Heinrich Zimmer (1955)
* ''Man and Time: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks''. Various authors (1954-1969)
* ''Man and Transformation: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks''. Various authors (1954-1969)
* ''The Mysteries: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks''. Various authors (1954-1969)
* ''The Mystic Vision: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks''. Various authors (1954-1969)
* ''Spirit and Nature: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks''. Various authors (1954-1969)
* ''Spiritual Disciplines: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks''. Various authors (1954-1969)
* ''Myths, Dreams, Religion''. Various authors (1970)
* ''The Portable Jung''. [[Carl Jung]] (1971)
==General references==
===On the Life and Work of Joseph Campbell===
''Books''
*Segal, Robert. ''Joseph Campbell an Introduction'', (1987)
*Larsen, Stephen and Robin. ''Joseph Campbell: A Fire in the Mind''. (1991)
*Golden, Kenneth L. ''Uses of Comparative Mythology: Essays on the Work of Joseph Campbell'' (1992)
*Manganaro, Marc. ''Myth, Rhetoric, and the Voice of Authority: A Critique of Frazer, Eliot, Frye, and Campbell''. (1992)
*Madden, Lawrence. (Editor) ''The Joseph Campbell Phenomenon: Implications for the Contemporary Church'' (1992)
*Noel, Daniel C. (Editor) ''Paths to the Power of Myth'' (1994)
*Snyder, Tom. ''Myth Conceptions: Joseph Campbell and the New Age'' (1995)
*Henderson, Mary. ''Star Wars: The Magic of Myth'' (1997)[http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/StarWars/sw-unit1.htm Smithsonian Exhibit]
*Vogler, Christopher. ''The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure For Writers''. (1998)
*Ellwood, Robert. ''The Politics of Myth: A Study of C. G. Jung, Mircea Eliade, and Joseph Campbell'' (1999)
''Articles''
*''Man and Myth: A Conversation with Joseph Campbell.'' Sam Keen. ''Psychology Today'', v. 5 (1971)
*''Living Myths: A Conversation with Joseph Campbell.'' Lorraine Kisly. ''Parabola'', v. 1 (1976)
*''The Professor with a Thousand Faces.'' Donald Newlove. ''Esquire'', v. 88 (1977)
*''Earthrise: The Dawning of a New Spiritual Awareness.'' Eugene Kennedy. ''New York Times Magazine''. (April 15, 1979)
*''Elders and Guides: A Conversation with Joseph Campbell.'' Michael McKnight. ''Parabola'', v. 5 (1980)
*''The Masks of Joseph Campbell.'' Florence Sandler and Darrell Reeck. ''Religion'', v. 11 (1981)
* ''The faces of Joseph Campbell.'' Brendan Gill. ''New York Review of Books'', v. 36, number 14 (September 28, 1989)
*''Brendan Gill vs Defenders of Joseph Campbell-An Exchange.'' Various Authors. ''New York Review of Books'', v. 36, number 17 (November 9, 1989)
* ''Joseph Campbell on Jews and Judaism.'' Robert Segal. ''Religion'', v. 22 (April 1992)
* “Was Joseph Campbell a Postmodernist?’’ Joseph M. Felser. ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'', v. 64 (1998)
* ''Why Joseph Campbell's Psychologizing of Myth Precludes the Holocaust as Touchstone of Reality.'' Maurice Friedman, ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'', v. 67 (1998)
* ''Joseph Campbell as Antisemite and as Theorist of Myth: A Response to Maurice Friedman.'' Robert A. Segal, ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'', v. 66 (1999)
===Secondary References===
''Books''
*Pearson, Carol and Pope, Katherine. ''The Female Hero in American and British Literature.'' (1981)
* Ford, Clyde W. ''The Hero with an African Face: Mythic Wisdom of Traditional Africa.'' (2000)
* Jones, Steven Swann. ''The Fairy Tale: The Magic Mirror of the Imagination.'' (2002)
*Erickson, Leslie Goss. ''Re-Visioning of the Heroic Journey in Postmodern Literature: Toni Morrison, Julia Alvarez, Arthur Miller, and American Beauty'' (2006)
*Joiner, Ann Livingston. ''A Myth in Action: The Heroic Life of Audie Murphy.'' (2006)
==References==
{{reflist}}
== See also ==
* [[Religion and mythology]]
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
''Organizations'':
*[http://www.jcf.org/ Joseph Campbell Foundation]
*[http://www.online.pacifica.edu/cgl/about The Joseph Campbell Library at Pacifica Graduate Institute]
''General'':
*[http://www.folkstory.com/campbell/ Joseph Campbell articles at the Center for Story and Symbol]
*[http://mythosandlogos.com/Campbell.html Myth and Logos]
*[http://monomyth.org/?page_id=16&id=2&mode=view Campbell's Monomyth]
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/josephcampbell/ Joseph Campbell Group]
*[http://bibliotraducciones.com/autores/campbell-joseph.html Bibliography in Spanish]
''Interviews'':
*[http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC12/Campbell.htm Interview] with Tom Collins
*[http://www.yessaid.com/jc1.html Interview] with Jeffery Mishlove
*[http://mythsdreamssymbols.com/functionsofmyth.html Interview1] with Bill Moyers
*[http://www.otmatheist.com/2006/04/02/superstition-of-invisible-hands/ Interview2] with Bill Moyers
''Critical Essays'':
*[http://www.folkstory.com/campbell/scholars_life.html Joseph Campbell, A Scholar's Life] by Jonathan Young, PhD
*[http://web.syr.edu/~dlmiller/FireMind.htm The Fire is in the Mind] by David L. Miller, PhD
*[http://www.mythicjourneys.org/newsletter_apr05_hillman.html An Appreciation of Joseph Campbell] by James Hillman, PhD
*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=3906 The Faces of Joseph Campbell] by Brendan Gill ($)
*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/3846 Joseph Campbell: An Exchange] by Brendan Gill and Various Authors ($)
*[http://logosresourcepages.org/FalseTeachings/campbell.htm Myth Perceptions, Joseph Campbell's Power of Deceit] by Tom Snyder, PhD ([[evangelicalism|evangelical]])
*[http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=766 The Romantic Appeal of Joseph Campbell] by Robert A. Segal, PhD
*[http://jmr.dk/mccary01.htm Joseph Campbell and Anti-Semitism] by Maggie Macary, PhD
''A lecture by Joseph Campbell'':
*[http://www.rawpaint.com/library/jcampbell/jctwoa.html The Way of Art]
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[[Category:Western mystics]]
[[Category:Symbologists]]
[[Category:Comparative mythology]]
[[Category:Mythographers]]
[[Category:People from White Plains, New York]]
[[Category:People from Westchester County, New York]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic writers]]
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