Jubaland
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2008-05-23T21:33:27Z
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{{Infobox_Country|
|native_name = Jubaland
|common_name = Jubaland
|image_flag = Flag of Jubaland.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map = Location jubaland.png
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|capital = [[Kismayo]]
|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= |
|largest_city = [[Kismayo]]
|government_type =
|leader_title1 = President
|leader_name1 = [[Mohamud Ali Magan 2008-]]
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|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = From [[Somalia]]
|established_event1 = Declared
|established_event2 = Ended by [[Juba Valley Alliance|JVA]]
|established_date1 = 1998
|established_date2 = 1999
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'''Jubaland''' ([[Somali language|Somali]]: ''Jubbaland'') or '''Juba Valley''' ([[Somali language|Somali]]: ''Dooxada Jubba''), formerly '''Trans-Juba''' ({{lang-it|Oltre Giuba}}), is the southwesternmost part of [[Somalia]], on the far side of the [[Juba River]] (thus "[[Trans]]"-Juba), bordering on [[Kenya]].
Total population of Jubaland is estimated at 1.3 million inhabitants. Its constituent [[Regions of Somalia|administrative regions]] of [[Gedo]], [[Lower Juba]], and [[Middle Juba]] had estimated populations of 690,000, 400,000 and 240,000, respectively, in 2005.[http://www.fsausomali.org/uploads/Other/962.pdf]
The region has a total area of 87,000 km² (33,000 sq mi). The main city is [[Kismayo]], on the coast near the mouth of the Juba.
The region has been the site of numerous battles in the [[as of 2008|ongoing]] [[Somali Civil War]] and was briefly declared independent in 1998–1999. [[As of 2008|As of early 2008]], the region is under nominal control of the Somali [[Transitional Federal Government]].
==History==
===Precolonial history===
Jubaland was ruled by the Arabian Sultanate of [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] (now in [[Oman]]) from 1836 until 1861 when the new Sultanate of [[Zanzibar]] was split from [[Muscat and Oman]] and given control of its African territories .
===British and Italian rule===
On [[7 November]] 1890, Zanzibar became a [[British Empire|British]] [[protectorate]] and, on [[1 July]] 1895, ceded all its coastal possessions in continental East Africa to its protector. Together with Zanzibar's other former possessions in the area, Jubaland became part of the British colony of [[British East Africa]] (present day [[Kenya]])
Jubaland was ceded to [[Italy]] [[29 June]] 1925, purportedly as a reward for joining the Allies in [[World War I]] and had a brief existence as the [[Italian Empire|Italian colony]] of Trans-Juba (''Oltre Giuba''), under governor ([[16 July]] 1924 - [[31 December]] 1926) Corrado Zoli (b. 1877 - d. 1951). It was incorporated into the neighboring colony of [[Italian Somaliland]] on [[30 June]] 1926. The colony had a total area of 87,000 km² (33,000 sq mi), and in 1926 a population of 120,000.
===Jubaland as part of Somalia===
On [[1 July]] 1960, Jubaland, along with the rest of Italian Somaliland and [[British Somaliland]], became part of the independent republic [[Somalia]].
Some of the major recent history events of the Jubba Regions included internal migration after Somali Independence in 1960. The two Jubba regions were mainly inhabited by the Somali Ogaden and Marehan clans. The Somali military government established a resettlement program for people from the devastating 1974 famine which hit the northern Somalia and Ogaden region or Western Somalia.
The programme created farming communities in [[Lower Jubba]] and [[Middle Jubba]] regions. These settlements were named ''Dajuma'', ''Kuntuwaareey'' and ''Sablaale''. The ressetlment program was known as the "Danwadaagaha" or "Collective Duty." These new communities were mainly populated with northern tribes of Isaq and Dhulbahante. Ogaden subclans from drought prone and disputed Ogaden region took part of another resettlement progam in late 1978 to early 1979.
The Soviet Union which had strategic relations with Somalia used its army planes to airlift the drought-affected people of [[Hobyo]] and [[Caynaba]] and bring them to government-built village-camps in the Lower Jubba Region. Aside from the three main resettlement areas, which were in Dajuuma, Sablaale and Kuntuwaareey, Horogle, near Dajuuma, became the 4th largest settlement.
'''Horogle''' is a river-fed lake. Dajuma is in the Middle Jubba Region. Vast majority of the settlers in the mid 1970s, have returned to their former homes after they had re-established their lives and the economic lives for their individual families.
===Somali Civil War===
<!-- Please verify and incorporate into text
The general existence of Jubaland was to the benefit of Sade tribes of Marehan and Facaye. Before the clan based civil was erupted in 1991, the Sade family had shared the idea of greater Somalia with the rest of Somalis but when Hawiye and some Darod clans started singling out Sade tribe of Somalia. Then Sade clan for the first time decided to first look after themselves instead of thinking about just the greater good of Somalia when in fact no one else besides them had any interest in keeping Somalia a place of civility. Sade settled in Marehan country of Jubaland starting later 19th century. President Said Barre was affiliated with Marehan but he had always cared for the good
Marehan clan and their cousin Facaye forged an autonomous Jubaland region consisting of Gedo, Lower Jubba and Middle Jubba. Each region was to retain its administration but had to contribute to ideas and efforts that would boost the common good for Sade families. Non-Sade tribes in the Jubaland get the most respect in Sade hands. Since that early times of Somali history, the Marehan had played leadership roles. Marehan’s were the chieftains in Nugal and Galgadud Somali regions. The last president of Somalia was member of Marehan. Col Barre Aden Shire Hiiraale of Marehan became the first leader of Jubaland while Sheikh Mohamed Ali Facaye of Facaye was the judicial branch leader of Jubaland since June 2004.[http://www.allgedo.com/Gedo/timajilic.htmexample.com New Kismayo Judicial Leader]
-->
In [[December 1993]], [[Mohammed Said Hersi]]'s troops captured [[Kismayo]], and awaited the departure of Belgian UN [[peacekeeper]]s who were stationed there. His troops had taken advantage of the UN's preoccupation with [[Mohamed Farah Aidid]] and had rearmed and regrouped.<ref name=SPINNING-DUNKIRK-THE-PENTAGON-QUITS-SOMALIA>[http://www.etext.org/Politics/Somalia.News.Update/Volume.2/snu-2.36 Spinning Dunkirk: The Pentagon Quits Somalia] Somalia News Update</ref> Mohammed Said Hersi, supported by the [[Marehan]] clan, remained in control of [[Kismayo]] until 1999. In that period Hersi Morgan cooperated with his former enemies, the [[Majerteen]] of the [[Somali Salvation Democratic Front]] (SSDF).Operating from Kismayo Mohammed Said Hersi was also active in the Kenyan border area . His militia rarely fought those of Siyad Hussein, Col. Omar Jess, Ahmed Hashi which also operated in this region. Instead, they devoted most of their energies to preying upon [[internally displaced person|IDPs]] and [[refugee]]s. The area around Dobley refugee camp earned a reputation as one of the most dangerous and violent places in the entire region; women gathering firewood in the bush were routinely raped by predatory militiamen, aid convoys were looted, and refugees subjected to extortion and shakedowns.<ref>US-Aid Kenya-Somalia Border Conflict Analysis, p. 39, August 2005 by Dr Ken Menkhaus ( In 2003 Dobley became the victim of JVA atrocities, p. 41)</ref>
====Declaration of independence====
{{see also|Consolidation of states within Somalia (1998–2006)}}
After the [[SNF]] had split up between [[Marehan]] and other factions Hersi had lost his position as leader in that faction. He then joined the [[Somali Patriot Movement]] (SPM), which consisted of [[Darod]] tribe militias, the [[Rahanweyn Resistance Army]], and the [[South Somali National Movement]] (SSNM).
Hersi Morgan was head of the self created entity called Jubaland between [[September 3]] [[1998]]—[[June 11]], [[1999]]. However he lost the territory to the [[Juba Valley Alliance]] (JVA) under [[Ahmed Warsame]] in 1999 and only briefly recaptured Kismayo on 6-7 Aug 2001. The town remained in the hands of the JVA until 2006.
====Juba Valley Alliance rule====
{{main|Juba Valley Alliance}}
A separate administration under the [[Juba Valley Alliance]] (''Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba'' or JVA) fought against General [[Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan]]. The leader of the JVA is Colonel [[Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale]], who later became Defense Minister for the TFG. The militia commander of the JVA is Col. [[Abdulahi Sheik Ismael Fara-Tag]]. JVA's senior security chief Ahmed Mohamed Gannow remains in Kismayo.
On [[June 18]], [[2001]], an 11-member interclan council decided to ally the JVA with the newly establishing [[Transitional National Government]] (TNG).<ref name=>[http://www.afrol.com/html/Countries/Somalia/documents/un_sg_111001.htm Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia, 11 Oct 2001, Document S/2001/963] [[United Nations Security Council]]</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Somalia | work=World Statesmen | url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html#Jubaland | accessdate=March 9 | accessyear=2006}} - also shows Italian colonial flag & links to [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/eastafrica/somalia1925.gif map]</ref>
On [[August 6]], [[2001]], after 10 days of heavy fighting in a battle involving 40 [[Technical (fighting vehicle)|technical]]s and 1,000 militiamen, the JVA moved north from Kismayo and took the town of [[Jilib]] from the [[Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council]] ([[SRRC]]).<ref name=SIMULTANEOUS-HEAVY-FIGHTINGS-ERUPT-IN-SOMALIA>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200108/06/eng20010806_76593.html Simultaneous Heavy Fightings Erupt in Somalia] People's Daily</ref> Through [[2002]], the JVA battled with the SRRC, which opposed the TFG, resulting in 6,000 refugees fleeing Bulo Hawa. In 2003, there were 15,000 [[internally displaced person]]s (IDPs) accommodated in Kismayo. Fighting throughout southern and central Somalia resulted in 86,000 IDPs by 2004.<ref name=RECURRENT-DISPLACEMENTS-IN-SOUTHERN-AND-CENTRAL-SOMALIA>[http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/452AAC4569EA73FE802570B8005AADD2?OpenDocument Recurrent displacements in southern and central Somalia due to intermittent inter-factional conflicts (2004)] IDMC</ref> Landmines were cited as a problem affecting the area due to the fighting between the JVA and SRRC.<ref name=SOMALIA-LAND-MINE-MONITOR>[http://www.icbl.org/lm/2002/somalia.html SOMALIA] Land Mine Monitor</ref>
Eventually the leader of the SRRC, [[Hussein Mohammed Farah Aidid]], son of the late warlord [[Mohammed Farah Aidid]], settled his differences with the JVA and the TNG, and in 2004 became the Interior Minister in the new Transitional Federal Government, which succeeded the TNG.
====Rise and fall of the Islamic Courts Union====
{{see also|Juba Valley Alliance|Rise of the Islamic Courts Union (2006)|War in Somalia (2006-present)}}
In late August 2006, the [[Islamic Courts Union]] seized control of all of Lower and Middle Juba, including the key city of Kismayo, and established its own administration.
The JVA suffered the loss of Kismayo in [[September 2006]] to an array of ICU forces with 130 [[Technical (fighting vehicle)|technical]]s<ref name=SOMALIAS-ISLAMISTS-RESUME-THEIR-MOMENTUM>[http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_printable&report_id=560&language_id=1 Somalia's Islamists Resume Their Momentum and Embark on a Diplomatic Path] PINR</ref><ref name=WITNESSES-SOMALI-ISLAMIST-ADVANCE-ON-KEY-PORT>[http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=283959 Witnesses: Somali Islamists advance on key port]. ''[[Associated Press]]'', [[13 September]] [[2006]]</ref>, and further defeat during [[Islamic Court Union]]'s takeover of the Juba Valley in [[October 2006]].<ref name=WAR-CLOUDS-LOOM-OVER-SOMALIA>[http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_printable&report_id=569&language_id=1 War Clouds Loom over Somalia as Military Fronts Open Up Amid a Flurry of Diplomacy] PINR</ref>
The JVA ruled only in Gedo and suffered a number of defections and surrenders of their commanders and militias. However, in late December 2006 the JVA, now incorporated into the [[Transitional Federal Government]] (TFG), with the military support of [[Ethiopia]], retook the Juba Valley. After the [[Battle of Baidoa]] ([[December 20]]–[[December 26|26]]), the JVA began to reassert control over the Juba Valley. On [[December 27]], the ICU abandoned its positions at [[Salagle]] and [[Sakow]], north of [[Bu'aale]].<ref name=INSECURITY-RAGES-IN-ISLAMIST-ABANDONED-AREAS>[http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne1952.htm Somalia: Insecurity rages in Islamist abandoned areas] Shabelle Media Network</ref>
After their defeat at the [[Battle of Jilib]] north of the city, the ICU forces withdrew, and on [[January 1]], [[2007]], [[Fall of Kismayo|Kismayo fell to the TFG and Ethiopian forces]] without armed conflict.
=== Stamps and postal history of Trans-Juba ===
<!-- Image is only used to show status of territory as a postal authority-->
[[Image:JubalandPostageStamps.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Trans-Juba postage stamps of 1926.]]
Italy issued its first [[postage stamp]]s for Jubaland on [[July 29]], 1925, consisting of contemporary Italian stamps [[overprint]]ed "'''OLTRE GIUBA'''" (Trans-Juba). The same process was followed for the Italian commemorative issues of the time - the "[[Victor Emmanuel]]" issue, the "[[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis]]" issue. On [[April 21]], 1926, Italy issued a set of seven stamps printed specifically for the colony, depicting a map of the territory and inscribed "'''COMMISSARIATO GENLE / DELL' OLTRE GIUBA'''", then on [[June 1]] the omnibus [[Colonial Institute issue]] included a set inscribed "'''OLTRE GIUBA'''".
Only a couple of the higher values have more than a minimal price for collectors, although as usual for remote colonies of brief existence, genuine usages on cover are seldom seen.
[[Category:History of Somalia]]
{{States of Somalia}}
==Sources and References ==
<references />
[[Category:History of Somalia]]
[[Category:Disputed territories]]
[[Category:Former British colonies]]
[[Category:Former Italian colonies]]
[[Category:Regions of Somalia]]
[[Category:Former countries in Africa]]
[[ca:Jubaland]]
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[[fi:Jubamaa]]