Judith Rich Harris 1545088 198897083 2008-03-17T17:34:47Z Pete.Hurd 247615 <references/> '''Judith Rich Harris''' (born [[February 10]], [[1938]]) is a [[psychologist]] and the author of ''[[The Nurture Assumption]]'', a book criticizing the belief that parents are the most important factor in child development, and presenting evidence which contradicts that belief. ==Early life and education== Harris spent her early childhood moving around the USA until her parents eventually settled in [[Tucson]], [[Arizona]]. The dry climate suited her father, who suffered from [[ankylosing spondylitis]], an [[autoimmune disease]]. Harris graduated from Tucson High School and attended the [[University of Arizona]] and [[Brandeis University]], from where she graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1959. In 1961 she received a master's degree in [[psychology]] from [[Harvard University]]. ==Marriage and illness== She married Charles S. Harris in 1961; they have two daughters (one adopted) and four grandchildren. Since 1977, Harris has suffered from a chronic autoimmune disorder, diagnosed as a combination of [[lupus]] and [[systemic sclerosis]]. ==Research: 1977-1995== In the late 1970s, Harris developed a mathematical model of visual [[information processing]] which formed the basis for two articles in the journal Perception and Psychophysics (1979, 1984). After 1981 she focused on textbooks about [[developmental psychology]]. With [[Robert Liebert]], she co-authored ''The Child'' (Prentice-Hall, 1984) and ''Infant and Child'' (1992). In 1994 she formulated a new theory of [[child development]], focusing on the [[peer group]] rather than the family. This formed the basis for a 1995 article in the Psychological Review for which she received the [[American Psychological Association]]'s [[George Armitage Miller|George A. Miller]] Award for an Outstanding Recent Article in General Psychology. Ironically, it was George A. Miller, then chair of the Department of Psychology that formally dismissed Harris from the PhD program at Harvard in 1960, on the grounds that her 'originality and independence' did not live up to Harvard's standards.<ref>Ridley, M. 2003. [[Nature via Nurture: Genes, Experience, & What Makes Us Human]], Harper COllins, ISBN 0-00-20066304 </ref><ref>Harris, J. R. (2006). No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality. W.W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-05948-9</ref> ==The Nurture Assumption== {{main|The Nurture Assumption}} Harris's most famous work, ''The Nurture Assumption'', was published in 1998. In this book, she challenges the idea that the personality of adults is determined chiefly by the way they were raised by their parents. She looks at studies which claim to show the influence of the parental environment and claims that most fail to control for genetic influences. For example, if aggressive parents are more likely to have aggressive children, this is not necessarily evidence of parental example; it may also be that aggressiveness has been passed down through the genes. Harris also argues against the effects of [[birth order]]. The book looks outside the family and points at the [[peer group]] as an important shaper of the child's psyche. Harris argues that children identify with their classmates and playmates rather than their parents, modify their behavior to fit with the peer group, and this ultimately helps to form the character of the individual. ==No Two Alike== ''[[No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality]]'', was published in February 2006. Harris attempts to explain why people are so different in personality, even identical twins who grow up in the same home. She proposes that three distinct systems shape personality: *A relationship system allows us to distinguish family from strangers and tell individuals apart. *A socialization system helps us to become members of a group and absorb the group's culture. *A status system enables us to acquire self-knowledge by measuring ourselves against others. ''No Two Alike'' expands on some of the ideas from The ''Nurture Assumption'' and attempts to answer some of the criticisms leveled at the former book. ==Selected publications== *Harris, J. R., & Liebert, R. M. (1984, 1987, 1991). ''The Child: Development from Birth through Adolescence.'' Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0-131-31046-9 *Harris, J. R., Shaw, M. L., & Altom, M. J. (1985). Serial position curves for reaction time and accuracy in visual search: Tests of a model of overlapping processing. Perception & Psychophysics, 38, 178-187. *Harris, J. R. (1995). [http://www.apa.org/journals/features/rev1023458.pdf Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development.] Psychological Review, 102, 458-489. *Harris, J. R. (1998). The ''nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do.'' Free Press, ISBN 978-068-484409-1. *Harris, J. R. (2000). [http://home.att.net/~xchar/tna/devpsyjh.htm Socialization, personality development, and the child's environments.] Developmental Psychology, 36, 699-710. *Harris, J. R. (2000). Context-specific learning, personality, and birth order. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 174-177. *Harris, J. R. (2002, January 17). [http://xchar.home.att.net/tna/birth-order/believe.htm Why do people believe that birth order has important effects on personality?] The Nurture Assumption Web Site. Retrieved 2007-08-27 *Harris, J. R. (2006). [http://xchar.home.att.net/n2a/medhyp.htm Parental selection: A third selection process in the evolution of human hairlessness and skin color.] Medical Hypotheses, 66, 1053-1059. *Harris, J. R. (2006). ''No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality.'' W.W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-05948-9 ==References== <references/> ==See also== *[[Nature versus nurture]] ==External links== *[http://home.att.net/~xchar/tna/ The Nurture Assumption Web Site] *[http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct98/peers.html Blame your peers, not your parents, author says], ''APA Monitor'' 29(10), October 1998, p. 9 *[http://home.att.net/~xchar/tna/newswk1.htm The Parent Trap], ''Newsweek'' September 7 1998, pp. 52-59. *[http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/13/reviews/980913.13tavrist.html Peer Pressure], ''New York Times Book Review'' September 13 1998, pp. 14-15 {{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Judith Rich}} [[Category:Psychologists]] [[Category:1938 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[de:Judith Rich Harris]] [[pt:Judith Rich Harris]]