Judo 15601 225721454 2008-07-15T02:09:54Z YuryKirienko 3103605 Misprint {{sprotected}} {{Refimprove|date=July 2007}} {{otheruses4|the martial art and sport|the computer programming environment|JUDO (computer programming environment)}} {{Infobox_martial_art | logo = | logocaption = | logosize =spc | image = 050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg | imagecaption = Execution of a judo throw (''[[Ouchi Gari|ōuchi-gari]]''). The player in blue is being thrown. | imagesize = 200px | name = Judo<br>(柔道) | aka = | focus = [[Grappling]] | country = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan]] | creator = [[Kano Jigoro]] | parenthood = Various [[jujutsu]] schools, principally [[Tenjin Shinyo-ryu|Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū]], [[Kito-ryū]], and [[Fusen-ryū]] | famous_pract = [[Mitsuo Maeda]], [[Kyuzo Mifune]], [[Keiko Fukuda]], [[Masahiko Kimura]], [[Gene LeBell]], [[Anton Geesink]], [[Yasuhiro Yamashita]], [[Neil Adams (judoka)|Neil Adams]], [[Hidehiko Yoshida]], [[Vladmir Putin]], [[Kosei Inoue]] <!-- ordered by date-of-birth --> | olympic = Since 1964<ref>[[Judo at the 1964 Summer Olympics|Introduction of men's judo to the Olympics.]]</ref> ([[man|men]]) and 1992<ref>[[Judo at the 1992 Summer Olympics|Introduction of women's judo to the Olympics.]]</ref><ref>The first Olympic competition to award medals to women judoka was in 1992; in 1988, women competed as a demonstration sport.</ref> ([[women]]) | website = }} {{Nihongo|'''Judo'''|[[wikt:柔道|柔道]]|jūdō}}, meaning "gentle way", is a modern [[Japanese martial art]] (''[[gendai budō]]'') and [[combat sport]], that originated in [[Japan]] in the late nineteenth century. Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the object is to either [[Throw (grappling)|throw]] one's opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue one's opponent with a [[grappling]] maneuver, or force an opponent to submit by joint locking the elbow or by applying a choke. [[Strike (attack)|Strikes]] and [[wiktionary:Thrust|thrusts]] (by hands and feet) - as well as weapons defences - are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms ([[kata]]) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice ([[randori]]). Ultimately, the philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for almost all modern Japanese martial arts that developed from "traditional" schools (''[[koryū]]''). Practitioners of judo are called ''jūdōka''. {{TOClimit|limit=3}} {{clear}} == History and philosophy == [[Image:Kano Jigoro.jpg|thumb|left|Kano Jigoro.]] ===Early life of the founder=== The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[polymath]] and educator [[Kano Jigoro]] (嘉納 治五郎 ''Kanō Jigorō'', 1860&ndash;1938). Kano was born into a well-to-do Japanese family. His grandfather was a self-made man: a [[sake]] brewer from [[Shiga prefecture]] in central Japan. However, Kano's father was not the eldest son and therefore did not inherit the business. Instead, he became a [[Shinto]] priest and government official, with enough influence for his son to enter the second incoming class of [[Tokyo Imperial University]]. ===Founder pursues jujutsu=== Kano was a small, frail boy, who, even in his twenties, did not weigh more than a hundred pounds (45&nbsp;kg), and was often picked on by bullies. He first started pursuing ''[[jujutsu]]'', at that time a dying art<ref>"Jujitsu fell into disuse with the abolition of the feudal system (1860-1865) and became almost extinct" - ''2000 YEARS: Jujitsu and Kodokan Judo'' by Dennis Helm</ref>, at the age of 17, but met with little success. This was in part due to difficulties finding a teacher who would take him on as a student. When he went to university to study literature at the age of 18, he continued his martial arts studies, eventually gaining a referral to Fukuda Hachinosuke (c.1828&ndash;c.1880), a master of the ''[[Tenjin Shinyo-ryu|Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū]]'' and grandfather of [[Keiko Fukuda]] (born 1913), who is Kano's only surviving student, and the highest-ranking female ''jūdōka'' in the world. Fukuda Hachinosuke is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis of free practice (''[[randori]]'') in judo. A little more than a year after Kano joined Fukuda's school, Fukuda became ill and died. Kano then became a student in another ''Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū'' school, that of Iso Masatomo (c.1820&ndash;c.1881), who put more emphasis on the practice of pre-arranged forms (''[[kata (martial arts)|kata]]'') than Fukuda had. Through dedication, Kano quickly earned the title of master instructor (''[[shihan]]'') and became assistant instructor to Iso at the age of 21. Unfortunately, Iso soon took ill, and Kano, feeling that he still had much to learn, took up another style, becoming a student of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835&ndash;1889) of ''[[Kito-ryū|Kitō-ryū]]''. Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on free practice. On the other hand, ''Kitō-ryū'' emphasized throwing techniques to a much greater degree than ''Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū''. ===Founding=== By this time, Kano was devising new techniques, such as the "shoulder wheel" (''kata-guruma'', known as a fireman's carry to Western wrestlers who use a slightly different form of this technique) and the "floating hip" (''uki goshi'') throw. However, he was already thinking about doing far more than just expanding the canons of ''Kitō-ryū'' and ''Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū''. Full of new ideas, Kano had in mind a major reformation of jujutsu, with techniques based on sound scientific principles, and with focus on development of the body, mind and character of young men in addition to development of martial prowess. At the age of 22, when he was just about to finish his degree at the University, Kano took nine students from Iikubo's school to study jujutsu under him at the Eisho-ji, a Buddhist temple in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], and Iikubo came to the temple three days a week to help teach. Although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name "[[Kodokan]]", or "place for teaching the way", and Kano had not yet been accorded the title of "master" in the ''Kitō-ryū'', this is now regarded as the Kodokan's founding. Judo<ref>Prior to Kano's use of the term, there was ''Jikishin-ryū Judo'', which is an old school dating from 1724, rarely seen outside of Japan.</ref> was originally known as ''Kano Jiu-Jitsu'' or ''Kano Jiu-Do'', and later as ''Kodokan Jiu-Do'' or simply ''Jiu-Do'' or ''Judo''. In the early days, it was also still referred to generically simply as ''Jiu-Jitsu''.<ref>For example, Tsunejiro Tomita himself co-authored a book called ''Judo: The Modern School of Jiu-Jitsu'' in around 1906 (by Gregory, O.H. and Tomita, Tsunejiro. Published in Chicago by O.H. Gregory.)</ref> <!-- to be continued --> ===Meaning of "judo"=== [[Image:Judo03.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Formalism and strict conduct are typical of traditional judo.]] The word "judo" shares the same root [[ideogram]] as "jujutsu": {{Nihongo|"''jū''"|柔}}, which may mean "gentleness", "softness", "suppleness", and even "easy", depending on its context. Such attempts to translate ''jū'' are deceptive, however. The use of ''jū'' in each of these words is an explicit reference to the martial arts principle of the {{Nihongo|"soft method"|柔法|jūhō}}. The soft method is characterized by the indirect application of force to defeat an opponent. More specifically, it is the principle of using one's opponent's strength against him and adapting well to changing circumstances. For example, if the attacker was to push against his opponent he would find his opponent stepping to the side and allowing his [[momentum]] (often with the aid of a foot to trip him up) to [[throw (grappling)|throw]] him forwards (the inverse being true for pulling.) Kano saw jujutsu as a disconnected bag of tricks, and sought to unify it according to a principle, which he found in the notion of "maximum efficiency". Jujutsu techniques that relied solely on superior strength were discarded or adapted in favour of those that involved redirecting the opponent's force, off-balancing the opponent, or making use of superior [[leverage]]. The second characters of judo and jujutsu differ. Where {{Nihongo|jujutsu|柔術|jūjutsu}} means the "art" or "science" of softness, {{Nihongo|judo|柔道|jūdō}} means the "way" of softness. The use of {{Nihongo|"''[[Dō (Way)|dō]]''"|道}}, meaning way, road or path (and is the same character as the Chinese word "[[tao]]"), has spiritual or philosophical overtones. This is the same distinction as is made between [[Budo#Budō vs. Bujutsu|Budō and Bujutsu]]. Use of this word is a deliberate departure from ancient martial arts, whose sole purpose was for killing. Kano saw judo as a means for governing and improving oneself physically, mentally, emotionally and morally. He even extended the physical principle of maximum efficiency into daily life, evolving it into "mutual prosperity". In this respect, judo is seen as a holistic approach to life extending well beyond the confines of the dojo. <!-- also will be continued --> ==Judoka (practitioner)== {{See also|List of judoka|List of celebrity judoka}} {{See also|List of Olympic medalists in judo}} A practitioner of judo is known as a '''judoka''' or 'judo player', though traditionally only those of 4th Dan or higher were called "judoka". The suffix '''-ka''', when added to a noun, means a person with expertise or special knowledge on that subject. For example, ''Benkyo-ka'' means "scholar". Other practitioners below the rank of 4th dan were called ''kenkyu-sei'' or "trainees". However, today the term judoka is used worldwide to refer to any practitioner of judo without any particular level of expertise being implied. A judo teacher is called '''[[sensei]]'''. The word sensei comes from ''sen'' or ''saki'' (before) and ''sei'' (life) &ndash; i.e. one who has proceeded you. In Western dojos it is common to call any instructor of ''dan'' grade ''sensei''. Traditionally, that title was reserved for instructors of 4th ''dan'' and above. [[Image:Judo orange belt.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The ''jūdōgi'' is of a heavy weave in order to withstand the stresses of throwing and grappling.]] ==Judogi (uniform)== {{Main|Judogi}} Judo practitioners traditionally wear white uniforms called ''[[judogi|jūdōgi]]'', which simply means "judo uniform", for practising judo. Sometimes the word is seen shortened simply to ''[[keikogi|gi]]'' (uniform). The ''jūdōgi'' was created by Kano in 1907, and similar uniforms were later adopted by many other martial arts.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} The modern ''jūdōgi'' consists of white or blue cotton drawstring pants and a matching white or blue quilted [[cotton]] [[jacket]], fastened by a belt (''[[obi (sash)|obi]]''). The belt is usually coloured to indicate rank. The jacket is intended to withstand the stresses of grappling, and as a result, is much thicker than that of a karate uniform (''[[karategi]]''). The modern use of the blue judogi was first suggested by [[Anton Geesink]] at the 1986 Maastricht IJF DC Meeting.<ref name="judogi">{{cite web| url=http://www.judoontario.ca/events/articles/bluejudogi.htm | title=Introduction of the Blue Judogi | publisher=International Judo Federation}}</ref> For competition, a blue ''jūdōgi'' is worn by one of the two competitors for ease of distinction by judges, referees, and spectators. In Japan, both judoka still use a white judogi and the traditional red sash (based on the colours of the Japanese flag) is affixed to the belt of one competitor. Outside Japan, a coloured sash may also be used for convenience in minor competitions, the blue ''jūdōgi'' only being mandatory at the regional or higher levels. Japanese practitioners and purists tend to look down on the use of blue ''jūdōgi''.<ref name="judogi" /> ==Techniques & practice== : ''For images, videos, and descriptions of Judo techniques see'' [http://judoinfo.com/techjudo.htm Techniques of Judo - Judo Information Site] {{see also|Judo techniques|List of Kodokan Judo techniques}} While judo includes a variety of rolls, [[breakfalls|falls]], throws, hold downs, chokes, joint-locks, and strikes, the primary focus is on {{Nihongo|throwing|投げ技|nage-waza}}, and groundwork (''ne-waza''). Throws are divided in two groups of techniques, standing techniques (''tachi-waza''), and {{Nihongo|sacrifice techniques|捨身技|sutemi-waza}}. Standing techniques are further divided into {{Nihongo|hand techniques|手技|te-waza}}, {{Nihongo|hip techniques|腰技|koshi-waza}}, and {{Nihongo|foot and leg techniques|足技|ashi-waza}}. Sacrifice techniques are divided into {{Nihongo|those in which the thrower falls directly backwards|真捨身技|ma-sutemi-waza}}, and {{Nihongo|those in which he falls onto his side|橫捨身技|yoko-sutemi-waza}}. The [[ground fighting]] techniques are divided into {{Nihongo|attacks against the joints or joint locks|関節技|kansetsu-waza}}, {{Nihongo|strangleholds or chokeholds|絞技|shime-waza}}, and {{Nihongo|holding or pinning techniques|押込技|osaekomi-waza}}. A kind of sparring is practised in judo, known as {{Nihongo|''randori''|乱取り}}, meaning "free practice". In ''randori'', two adversaries may attack each other with any judo throw or grappling technique. Striking techniques (''atemi-waza'') such as kicking and punching, along with knife and sword techniques are retained in the ''kata''. This form of pedagogy is usually reserved for higher ranking practitioners (for instance, in the ''[[kime-no-kata]]''), but are forbidden in contest, and usually prohibited in ''randori'' for reasons of safety. Also for reasons of safety, chokeholds, joint locking, and the sacrifice techniques are subject to age or rank restrictions. For example, in the United States one must be 13 or older to use chokeholds, and 16 or older to use armlocks. In ''randori'' and tournament (''shiai'') practice, when an opponent successfully executes a chokehold or joint lock, one submits, or "taps out", by tapping the mat or one's opponent at least twice in a manner that clearly indicates the submission. When this occurs the match is over, the tapping player has lost, and the chokehold or joint lock ceases. ===Kata (forms)=== {{Main|Kata}} Forms (''kata'') are pre-arranged patterns of attack and defence, which in judo are practised with a partner for the purpose of perfecting judo techniques. More specifically, their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in competition, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo. Knowledge of various kata is a requirement for the attainment of a higher rank. There are seven ''kata'' that are recognised by the Kodokan today: *Free practice forms (''Randori no Kata''), comprising two ''kata'': **Throwing forms (''[[Nage-no-kata|Nage no Kata]]'') **Grappling forms (''[[Katame no kata|Katame no Kata]]'') *Old style self-defence forms (''[[Kime no kata|Kime no Kata]]'') *Modern self-defence forms (''[[Kodokan Goshin Jutsu]]'') *Forms of "gentleness" (''[[Ju no Kata]]'') *The five forms (''[[Itsutsu no Kata]]'') *Ancient forms (''[[Koshiki no Kata]]'') [http://www.judo-educazione.it/video/koshiki_en.html] *Maximum-efficiency national physical education kata (''[[Seiryoku Zen'yo Kokumin Taiiku no Kata|Seiryoku Zen'yō Kokumin Taiiku no Kata]]'') There are also other kata that are not officially recognised by the Kodokan but that continue to be practised. The most prominent example of these is the [[Go-no-sen-no-kata|Go no sen no kata]], a kata that focuses on counter-attacks to attempted throws. ===Randori (sparring)=== Judo emphasizes a free-style [[sparring]], called ''randori'', as one of its main forms of training. Part of the combat time is spent sparring standing up, called ''tachi-waza'', and the other part on the ground, called ''ne-waza''. Sparring, even subject to safety rules, is much more practically effective than only practicing techniques on their own, which is what jujutsuka were used to doing. Using full strength develops the [[muscle]]s and [[cardio-vascular system]] on the physical side of things, and it develops strategy and reaction time on the mental side of things, and helps the practitioner learn to use techniques against a resisting opponent. A common saying among judoka is "The best training for judo is judo." There are several types of sparring exercises, such as ''ju renshu'' (both judoka attack in a very gentle way where no resistance is applied); and ''kakari geiko'' (only one judoka attacks while the other one relies solely on defensive and evasive techniques, but without the use of sheer strength.) ==Combat phases== [[Image:Judo01cropped.jpg|thumb|220px|''Tachi-waza'' ends and ''ne-waza'' begins once the ''jūdōka'' go to the ground.]] In judo, there are two main phases of combat: the standing (''[[grappling#Stand-up grappling|tachi-waza]]'') and the ground (''[[grappling#Ground grappling|ne-waza]]'') phase. Each phase requires its own (mostly separate) techniques, strategies, ''randori'', [[conditioning]] and so on. Special training is also devoted to "transitional" techniques to bridge the gap. ''Jūdōka'' may become quite skilled in one phase and be rather weak in the other, depending on where their interests most lie, although most are balanced between the two. Judo's balance between both the standing and ground phases of combat gives judoka the ability to take down opponents who are standing up and then [[grappling hold#Pinning hold|pin]] and [[submission (combat sport term)|submit]] them on the ground. This ''balanced theory of combat'' has made judo a popular choice of martial art or combat sport. ===Standing phase=== In the standing phase, which has primacy according to the contest rules, the opponents attempt to throw each other. Although standing [[joint-lock]] and [[chokehold|choke]]/[[chokehold|strangulation]] [[grappling hold#Submission hold|submission techniques]] are legal in the standing phase,<ref>[http://www.ijf.org/rule/rule_referee.asp?Code=2 Shiai rules]</ref> they are quite rare due to the fact that they are much harder to apply standing than throws are. Some ''jūdōka'', however, are very skilled in combining [[takedown (grappling)|takedowns]] with submissions, where a submission technique is begun standing and finished on the ground. [[strike (attack)|Strikes]] (i.e. [[punch (strike)|punches]], [[kick]]s, etc...) are not allowed due to their certainty of [[injury]], but an athlete is supposed to "take them into consideration" while training by, for example, not fighting in a bent-over position for long, since this position is vulnerable to [[knee (strike)|knee-strikes]] and other striking attacks. The main purpose of the throwing techniques (''[[nage waza]]'') is to take an opponent who is standing on his feet, mobile and dangerous, down onto his back where he cannot move as effectively. Thus, the main reason for throwing the opponent is to control the opponent and to put oneself in a [[grappling position|dominant position]]. In this way the practitioner has more potential to render a decisive outcome. Another reason to throw the opponent is to shock his body through smashing him forcefully onto the ground. If an opponent executes a powerful yet fully controlled throw, he can win a match outright (by ''ippon'') on the basis that he has displayed sufficient superiority. A lower score is given for lesser throws. A score for a throw is only given when executed starting from a standing position. In keeping with Kano's emphasis on scientific analysis and reasoning, the standard Kodokan judo pedagogy dictates that any throwing technique is theoretically a four phased event: off-balancing (''[[kuzushi]]''); {{Nihongo|body positioning|作り|tsukuri}}; {{Nihongo|execution|掛け|kake}}; and finally {{Nihongo|the finish or [[coup de grâce]]|極め|kime}}. Each phase follows the previous one with great rapidity - ideally they happen almost simultaneously. ===Ground phase=== [[Image:Judo newaza.jpg|thumb|left|220px|When practicing ''ne-waza'', the practitioners may start from their knees.]] In competition, combat may continue on the ground after a throw occurs or if the contestants otherwise legally end up on the ground; a contestant is not allowed to simply drop to the ground to commence ground fighting.<ref>Legal ways that contestants may commence ground fighting are as a result of a throw; or of a 'skillful' takedown; or if one contestant is dragged to the ground; or if a contestant otherwise loses balance and falls to the ground. (Of course, if an Ippon is scored from the throw, the match is immediately terminated.)</ref> On the ground, the contestants aim to either obtain a [[Grappling hold#Pinning hold|hold down]], or to get their opponent to submit either by using a choke or strangulation or [[armlock]] (locks on joints other than the elbow are not allowed for safety reasons.) ====Hold downs==== {{Nihongo|Hold downs|押さえ込み|osaekomi}} are important since in a real fight the person who has control of his opponent can hit him with punches, knees, [[headbutts]], and other strikes. If ''osaekomi'' is maintained for twenty-five seconds, the person doing the holding down wins the match. An ''osaekomi'' involves holding an opponent principally on their back, and free of their legs. According to the rules as they stood in 1905, it was only necessary to hold down an opponent, on his shoulders, for two seconds - said to reflect the time necessary for a samurai to reach his knife or sword and dispatch his held opponent. The newer longer requirements reflect the combat reality that a fighter must immobilize his opponent for a substantial amount of time in order to strike effectively. The score for a hold down is determined by how long the hold down is held. A hold down may sometimes result in a submission if the opponent cannot endure the pressure from the hold down. ====The 'guard' and 'body scissors'==== If the person being held down has wrapped his legs around any part of his opponent's lower body or trunk, he is pinning his opponent as much as he is being pinned, because his opponent cannot get up and flee unless the person on the bottom lets go. While his legs are wrapped around his opponent, the person on the bottom can employ various attacking techniques, including [[strangle]]s, armlocks and "body scissors" (''[[asphyxia#Compressive asphyxia|do-jime]]''), while controlling the opponent so that he cannot effectively strike from above. In this position, often referred to as the "[[Guard (grappling)|guard]]" in English, the person on top does not have enough control over his adversary for the position to be considered ''osaekomi''. (Note that while the guard is commonly used, ''do-jime'' is no longer legal in competition judo.) The person on top can try to pass his opponent's legs and in turn hold down or submit him, or he may try to break out of his opponent's guard and stand up. The person on the bottom can try to submit his opponent from his guard or roll his opponent over to get on top of him. [[Image:Juji.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Armbar#Juji-gatame|Juji gatame]], ''cross armlock'']] ====Joint locks==== [[Joint locks]] (''kansetsu-waza'') are effective combat techniques because they enable a ''jūdōka'' to control his opponent through [[Grappling hold#Pain compliance hold|pain-compliance]], or if necessary, to cause breakage of the locked joint. Joint locks on the elbow are considered safe enough to perform at nearly full-force in competition to force submission from one's opponent. Judo has, in the past, allowed leglocks, [[wristlock]]s, [[spinal lock]]s and various other techniques that have since been disallowed in competition to protect athletes' safety. It was decided that attacking those other [[joint]]s would result in many injuries to the [[Sportsperson|athletes]] and would cause a gradual deterioration of these joints. Even so, some ''jūdōka'' still enjoy learning and fighting each other informally using these techniques that are banned from formal competitions, and many of these techniques are still actively used in other arts such as [[sambo (martial art)|sambo]], [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]], and [[jujutsu]]. ====Chokes and strangulations==== {{Nihongo|Chokes and strangulations|締め技|shime-waza}} enable the one applying the choke to force the adversary into unconsciousness and even [[death]]. Strangulation cuts off the [[blood]] supply to the [[brain]] via compression on the sides of the neck, while a choke blocks the [[airway]] from the front of the neck. The terms are frequently interchangeable in common usage, and a formal differentiation is not made by most ''jūdōka''.<ref>[http://www.judoinfo.com/shimewaza.htm The Challenges of Shimewaza] by Elie A. Morrell, Shichidan (judoinfo.com)</ref> In competition, the ''jūdōka'' wins if the opponent submits or becomes unconscious. A strangle, once properly locked in, can render an opponent unconscious in only a few seconds, but normally causes no injury. ==As a sport== [[Image:Judo pictogram.svg|50px|left]] [[Image:石井と鈴木.jpg|thumb|200px|[[All-Japan Judo Championships]], 2007 men's final.]] Although a fully featured martial art, judo has also developed as a sport. The first time judo was seen in the Olympics was at the 1932 Games in Los Angeles, where Kano and about 200 judo students gave a demonstration.<ref>[http://www.judoinfo.com/kano.htm The Contribution of Judo to Education] by Kano Jigoro (judoinfo.com)</ref> Judo became an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] sport for men in the 1964 [[Tokyo]] games. With the persistence of an American woman by the name of [[Rusty Kanokogi]] and many others, judo became an Olympic sport for women as well in 1988. It is often stated that the men's judo event in 1964 was a demonstration event, but according to the [[International Judo Federation]] (IJF) and [[International Olympic Committee]], Judo was in fact an official sport in the 1964 games. At that Games Dutchman [[Anton Geesink]] won the gold medal in the open division defeating Aiko Kaminaga of Japan. Judo then lost the image of being "Japanese only" and went on to become one of the most widely practised sports in the world. The women's event was a demonstration event in 1988, and became an official medal event 4 years later. Men and women compete separately, although they often train together. Judo has been a [[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] sport (for the visually impaired) since 1988. Judo is also one of the sports at the [[Special Olympics World Games|Special Olympics]]. [[Collegiate]] competition in the [[United States]], especially between [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] and [[San Jose State]], contributed towards refining judo into the sport seen at the [[Olympic Games]] and World Championships. In the 1940s Henry Stone and [[Yosh Uchida]], the head coaches at Cal and SJSU, developed a [[weight class]] system for use in the frequent competitions between the schools. In 1953, Stone and Uchida successfully petitioned the [[Amateur Athletic Union]] to accept judo as a sport, with their weight class system as an official component. In 1961, Uchida represented the United States at the IJF meetings in [[Paris]], where the IJF adopted weight classes for all future championships. The IJF was created largely based on the earlier European Judo Union, where weight classes had also been used for many years. ===Weight divisions=== {{Main|Judo weight divisions}} There are currently seven weight divisions, subject to change by governing bodies, and may be modified based on the age of the competitors: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="7" | Men |- | Under 60&nbsp;kg | 60~66&nbsp;kg | 66~73&nbsp;kg | 73~81&nbsp;kg | 81~90&nbsp;kg | 90~100&nbsp;kg | Over 100&nbsp;kg |- ! colspan="7" | Women |- | Under 48&nbsp;kg | 48~52&nbsp;kg | 52~57&nbsp;kg | 57~63&nbsp;kg | 63~70&nbsp;kg | 70~78&nbsp;kg | Over 78&nbsp;kg |} ===Rules=== {{Main|Judo rules}} The traditional rules of judo are intended to avoid injuries to the participants and ensure proper etiquette. Some later additions to the rules were motivated by a desire to make the sport more interesting to observers. Penalties may be given for being inactive during the match, or for using illegal techniques. Fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat (''tatami''). If the referee and judges need to discuss something during groundwork, the referee will call ''sonomama'' (which means "do not move") and both fighters must stop in the position they are in. When they are done, the referee says ''yoshi'' and the match continues. All scores and penalties are given by the referee. The judges can make a decision that changes the score or penalty given by the referee. There are slight differences to IJF rules to accommodate [[Paralympic Judo|blind judo]]. ===Competition scoring=== The object in a judo match is to either throw the opponent to the ground on his back; to pin him to the ground principally on his back; or to force him to submit to a choke, strangle or an armlock. Any of these score ippon (一本), immediately winning the match. Judo has four grades of score: ''ippon'', ''waza-ari'', ''yuko'', and ''koka''. An ''ippon'' literally means "one point" and wins the match. An ''ippon'' is awarded for (a) a throw that lands the opponent largely on their back in a controlled manner with speed and force; (b) for a mat hold of sufficient duration (twenty five seconds); or (c) for opponent submission. A ''waza-ari'' is awarded for a throw that does not quite have enough power or control to be considered ''ippon''; or for a hold of twenty seconds. A ''waza-ari'' is a half-point, and, if two are scored, they constitute the full point needed for a win. ''Yuko'' and ''koka'' are lower grades of score, and only count as tie-breakers - they are not cumulative with one another. Scoring is [[lexicographic]]; a ''waza-ari'' beats any number of ''yuko'', but a ''waza-ari'' and a ''yuko beat'' a ''waza-ari'' with no ''yuko''. It is not uncommon for a match to be decided based on ''koka''. A fifteen-second hold down scores ''yuko'' and a ten-second hold down scores ''koka''. If the person who secured the hold down already has a ''waza-ari'', they only need to hold the hold down for twenty seconds to score ''ippon'' by way of two ''waza-ari'' (''waza-ari-awasete-ippon''). Throws further lacking the requirements of an ''ippon'' or a ''waza-ari'' might score a ''yuko'' or a ''koka''. So-called "skillful takedowns" are also permitted (e.g. the [[armlock#Flying_armbar|flying arm-bar]]) but do not score. If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is resolved by the ''Golden Score'' rule. ''Golden Score'' is a sudden death situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and the first contestant to achieve any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the winner is decided by ''Hantei'', the majority opinion of the referee and the two corner judges. ====Representation of scores==== Judo scoreboards show the number of ''waza-ari'', ''yuko'' and ''koka'' scores scored by each player. Often an ''ippon'' is not represented on the scoreboard, because upon award of an ''ippon'' the match is immediately terminated. Some computerised scoreboards will briefly indicate that an ''ippon'' has been scored. Scoreboards normally also show the number of penalties imposed on each player, and sometimes the number of medical visits for each. (Only two "medical" attentions are allowed for each competitor during a match &mdash; most often for minor bleeds.) Electronic scoreboards also usually include timers for measuring both competition time and ''osekomi'' time. A match with the first player scoring one ''waza-ari'', two ''yukos'', and two ''kokas'', beating his opponent who scored one fewer ''kokas'' would be displayed on the scoreboard as: "122" vs. "121"; while in print such a result would often be represented as: "1W2Y2K" vs. "1W2Y1K". ==As self-defence== In 1902, [[Edward William Barton-Wright|Barton-Wright]] wrote: "Judo and [[jujitsu]] were not designed as primary means of attack and defence against a boxer or a man who kicks you, but were only to be used after coming to close quarters, and in order to get to close quarters it was absolutely necessary to understand boxing and the use of the foot."<ref>Barton-Wright, E.W. "Ju-jitsu and judo." ''Transactions of the Japan Society,'' 1902, v. 5, p. 261.</ref> While throws executed with proper break falls on soft mats may seem relatively light and graceful, their more practical application on a hard surface can be very dangerous (especially with greater intent to harm.) Furthermore, ground grappling had been proven to be an effective form of self-defence. That fact was demonstrated by the success of the [[Fusen-ryū]] [[jujutsu]]ka against early Kodokan judoka in a challenge match held in 1900, and again nearly 100 years later when [[Royce Gracie]] beat all-comers in the [[UFC 1|first UFC tournament]] (in 1993) with [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]. Though the sport is in itself an effective means of self-defence, the amount of training offered that adapts it more specifically to self-defence situations varies from dojo to dojo, ranging from very little in some dojos through to a strong emphasis in others (especially with Russian Judo.) ==In mixed martial arts== Using their knowledge of [[ne-waza]]/[[grappling]] and [[tachi-waza]]/standing-grappling, accomplished judo practitioners have also competed in [[mixed martial arts]] matches. Former Russian national judo champion [[Fedor Emelianenko]] is usually ranked as mixed martial arts' best heavyweight. [[Karo Parisyan]] fights in [[UFC]]'s welterweight division, and [[Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou]] and [[Hidehiko Yoshida]], an Olympic gold medalist in 1992 and World Judo Champion in 1999, were also fighters in the now defunct [[PRIDE FC]]. Other Olympic gold medalist and world champion judokas such as [[Pawel Nastula]], [[Yoon Dong-Sik]] and [[Jung Bu-Kyung]] also fight in MMA. Undefeated [[World Extreme Cagefighting|WEC]] middleweight champion [[Paulo Filho]] has credited judo and jiu-jitsu for his success.<ref name="Paulo Filho Youtube interview">{{cite web | title = ''entrevista a paulo filho'' (interview with Paulo Filho) | publisher = youtube.com | language = Portuguese | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Jdx0WEckkM }}</ref> Fighters [[Sanae Kikuta]] and [[Hayato Sakurai]] also come from judo backgrounds. ==Styles== Kano Jigoro's Kodokan Judo is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved&mdash;some now widely considered to be distinct arts: *''Olympic Judo'': This is the predominant form of Kodokan judo. *''[[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]'': [[Mitsuyo Maeda]] introduced judo to [[Brazil]] in 1914. Maeda taught judo to [[Carlos Gracie]] (1902&ndash;1994) and others in Brazil. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu did not follow later changes in international judo rules that were added to emphasise the standing phase of the fight, nor those rules that were introduced to ban the more dangerous techniques. Although all the techniques are virtually the same, BJJ's quite different point scoring system and absence of judo's various rules that require the competitors to recommence fighting from a standing position are largely responsible for giving it its different character. BJJ is closer to the original early 1900s judo than current Olympic judo is. *''[[Judo-do]]'': In [[Austria]], [[Julius Fleck]] and others developed a system of throwing intended to extend judo that they called "judo-do". *''[[Kawaishi-ryū jujutsu]]'': Teaching in [[France]], [[Mikonosuke Kawaishi]] developed Kawaishi-ryū jujutsu as an alternative approach to instruction that continued to teach many techniques banned in modern Olympic/Kodokan judo competition. *''{{Nihongo|[[Kosen Judo]]|高專柔道}}'': As a sub-style of Kodokan Judo that became popularised in early 20th century Japanese inter-scholastic competition, Kosen style has the same range of techniques but greater latitude is permitted for ground technique. Like BJJ, this style of judo is closer to the original early 1900s judo than current Olympic judo is. *''[[Russian Judo]]'': This distinctive style of judo was influenced by Sambo. It is represented by well-known coaches such as [[Alexander Retuinskih]] and [[Igor Yakimov]], and [[mixed martial arts]] fighters such as [[Igor Zinoviev]], [[Fedor Emelianenko]] and [[Karo Parisyan]]. In turn, Russian judo has influenced mainstream judo, with techniques such as the flying armbar being accepted into Kodokan judo. *''[[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]]'' (especially Sport Sambo): Vasili Oshchepkov was the first European judo black belt under Kano. Oshchepkov went on to create Sambo from judo's influence, integrating other combative techniques into his new system. Oshchepkov died during the political [[Great Purge|purges]] of 1937 for refusing to deny his education in Japanese judo under Kano.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} In their ''History of Sambo'', Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson wrote that in Russia "judo and SOMBO were considered to be the same thing" - albeit with a different uniform and some differences in the rules.<ref>"The History of Sombo - European Judo is really Japanese Sambo?" by Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson[http://members.tripod.com/stratfordsombo/articles/history-2.html] [http://members.tripod.com/stratfordsombo/articles/history-3.html] [http://members.tripod.com/stratfordsombo/articles/hisref.html]</ref> ==Safety== Research shows that judo is a particularly safe sport for youths, though adult competitive judo has a relatively higher incidence of injuries compared to non-collision or non-contact ball-sports for example, but similar to other competitive contact sports.<ref>[http://www.usjudo.org/SportsMedicineIssuesintheYoungJudoAthlete.asp Sports Medicine Issues in the Young Judo Athlete] - by Robert S. Nishime, M.D., USA Judo Sports Medicine Subcommittee (usjudo.org)</ref><ref>http://www.judoinfo.com/research24.htm Judo Research Abstracts] - on performance, safety, etc (from the Judo Information Site)</ref> ===Chokes=== Although chokes are potentially lethal techniques, a properly-applied chokehold, if released soon enough after submission or unconsciousness, causes no injury.<ref name="judoinfochokes">[http://www.judoinfo.com/chokes.htm Principles of Judo Choking Techniques] - by Neil Ohlenkamp (judoinfo.com)</ref><ref>[http://www.judoinfo.com/chokes1.htm Judo Choking Techniques] (judoinfo.com)</ref> There is ample data demonstrating the safety of applying chokeholds,<ref>[http://www.judoinfo.com/chokes2.htm How Safe is Choking in Judo?] by E. K. Koiwai, M.D. (judoinfo.com)</ref><ref>[http://www.judoinfo.com/chokes3.htm The Safety of Judo Chokes] by Leonard I. Lapinsohm M.D. (judoinfo.com)</ref><ref>[http://www.judoinfo.com/chokes5.htm Deaths Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza)] by E. K. Koiwai, M.D. (judoinfo.com)</ref> and training includes emergency care<ref>[http://www.judoinfo.com/chokes4.htm Emergency Care for Choke Holds] by John Boulay (judoinfo.com)</ref> and resuscitation (''kappo''.)<ref name="judoinfochokes" /> ==Organisations== :''{{main|List of judo organisations}}'' The international organization for judo is the International Judo Federation (IJF). Although it has no official standing in judo, the [[International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles]] (FILA) defines judo as one of the four main forms of amateur competitive [[wrestling]] practised internationally (the other three being [[Greco-Roman wrestling]], [[Freestyle wrestling]] and [[sambo (martial art)|sambo]]). ==Rank and grading== Judo rank is generally not of primary importance among ''jūdōka'' who participate in tournaments. Modern judo is primarily practised as a sport, so there tends to be more emphasis on tournament records than on rank. Since rank does not determine competitive performance, and since tournaments are not structured by rank (except at the lowest novice levels), it is not uncommon to see lower-ranked competitors defeat higher-ranked opponents. An active competitor may not pursue high ranks, preferring to focus on preparation for competition; for example, a silver medal was won by an ikkyu (brown belt) female competitor, [[Judo in the 2004 Summer Paralympics|Lorena Pierce]], in the -70&nbsp;kg category at the [[2004 Paralympics]]. Apart from knowledge and ability, rank requirements typically include a minimum age.<ref name="CAN_Kyu">[http://www.judocanada.org/doc/doc/00000534_KyuSylE.pdf Canadian ''National Kyu Grading Syllabus'']</ref> Therefore, it is not uncommon to find teenage competitors at national-level competition who have been practicing judo for 10 years who can beat adult practitioners, but who are only purple or brown belts due to being too young to qualify for a ''dan'' rank. Once an individual attains the level of a [[dan rank]], further promotions can be granted for a variety of reasons including skill level, competition performance and/or contributions to judo such as teaching and volunteering time.<ref name="CAN_Dan">[http://www.judocanada.org/doc/doc/00000535_DanSylE.pdf Canadian ''National (Dan) Grading Syllabus'']</ref> Therefore, a higher dan rank does not necessarily mean that the holder is a better fighter (although often it does.) ''Jūdōka'' are ranked according to skill and knowledge of judo, and their rank is reflected by their belt colour. There are two divisions of rank: below-[[Black belt (martial arts)|black-belt]]-level "grades" (''[[kyū]]''), and black-belt-level "degrees" (''[[dan rank|dan]]''). This ranking system was introduced into the martial arts by Kano and has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} As initially designed, there were six student grades ranked in descending numerical order, with 1st ''kyū'' being the last before promotion to first degree black belt (''[[shodan]]''). There are ordinarily 10 ''dan'' ranks, which are ranked in ascending numerical order, though in principle there is no limit to the number of ''dan'' ranks. The tenth degree black belt (''jūdan'') and those above it have no formal requirements. The president of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano (''Kano Yukimitsu''), decides on individuals for promotion. Only fifteen individuals have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan. On [[January 6]] [[2006]], three individuals were promoted to 10th ''dan'' simultaneously: Toshiro Daigo, Ichiro Abe, and Yoshimi Osawa. This is the most ever at the same time, and the first in 22 years. No one has ever been promoted to a rank higher than 10th ''dan'', but: {{quote|Theoretically the Judo rank system is not limited to 10 degrees of black belt. The original English language copy (1955) of Illustrated Kodokan Judo, by Jigoro Kano, says: "There is no limit...on the grade one can receive. Therefore if one does reach a stage above 10th dan... there is no reason why he should not be promoted to 11th dan." However, since there has never been any promotion to a rank above 10th dan, the Kodokan Judo promotion system effectively has only 10 dans. There have only been 15 10th dans awarded by the Kodokan in the history of Judo.<ref> {{cite web | last = Ohlenkamp | first = Neil | title = The Judo Rank System | url = http://www.judoinfo.com/obi.htm }}</ref>|}} Although ''dan'' ranks tend to be consistent between national organisations there is more variation in the ''kyū'' grades, with some countries having more ''kyū'' grades. Although initially ''kyū'' grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used. ===Belt colours=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;" |+Judo belt colours in Brazil |- | Width=60 | White || Width=80 style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture blanche.png|55px]] |- | | Blue || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture bleue.png|55px]] |- | | Yellow || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture jaune.png|55px]] |- | | Orange || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture orange.png|55px]] |- | | Green || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture verte.png|55px]] |- | | Purple || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture violette.png|55px]] |- | | Brown || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture marron.png|55px]] |- | | Black || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture noire.png|55px]] |} {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;" |+Judo belt colours in Australia, Europe, Canada (Seniors only) |- | width="60"|White || width="80" style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture blanche.png|55px]] |- | |Yellow || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture jaune.png|55px]] |- | |Orange || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture orange.png|55px]] |- | |Green || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture verte.png|55px]] |- | |Blue || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture bleue.png|55px]] |- | |Brown || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture marron.png|55px]] |- | |Black || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Ceinture noire.png|55px]] |} In Japan, the use of belt colours is related to the age of the student. Some clubs will only have black and white, others will include a brown belt for advanced ''kyū'' grades and at the elementary school level it is common to see a green belt for intermediate levels. For ''dan'' ranks, the first five are coloured black, 6th, 7th, and 8th ''dan'' have alternating red and white panels, and for 9th and 10th ''dan'' the belts are solid red. However, holders of grades above ''godan'' (5th ''dan'') will often wear a plain black belt in regular training. Some countries also use colored tips on belts, to indicate junior age groups. Historically, women's belts had a white stripe along the centre.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Examination requirements vary depending on country, age group and of course the grade being attempted. The examination itself may include competition and kata. The ''kyū'' ranks are normally awarded by local instructors (''[[sensei]]''), but ''dan'' ranks are usually awarded only after an exam supervised by independent judges from a national judo association. For a rank to be recognized, it must be registered with the national judo organization or the [[Kodokan]]. ====Australia and Europe==== For [[Australia]] and most of [[Europe]], the belt colours in ascending order are white, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and finally black. Some European countries additionally use a red belt to signify a complete beginner, whereas other European countries such as the UK use a red belt as the belt one grade above a beginner to show that the person is a full member of a club. ====Brazil==== [[Brazil]]ian belt rankings are normally white, blue, yellow, orange, green, purple, brown and black. Additionally, a grey belt may be given to very young judoka (under 11 or 13 years old) just before the blue. Competitors are organised into two categories depending on grading; the first is from white to green, and the second is purple through black. ====Canada==== In [[Canada]] belt rankings for Seniors are, in ascending order: white, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and finally black. Belt rankings for Juniors use white, white-yellow, yellow, yellow-orange, orange, orange-green, green, green-blue, blue, blue-brown, and brown.<ref name="CAN_Kyu" /> {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;" |+Judo ''kyū'' belt colours in the United States |- | Japanese<br>''kyū'' names || USJF<br>Senior || USJF<br>Junior || USJA<br>Senior || USJA<br>Junior || USJA Junior<br>level names |- | ''Jūnikyū'' || || || || [[Image:Judo yellow belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Yellow || Junior 1st Degree |- | ''Jūichikyū'' || || [[Image:Judo white belt.PNG|45px]]<br>White || || [[Image:Judo yellow belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Yellow || Junior 2nd Degree |- || ''Jūkyū'' || || [[Image:Judo white-yellow belt.PNG|45px]]<br>White-<br>yellow || || [[Image:Judo orange belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Orange || Junior 3rd Degree |- || ''Kūkyū'' || || [[Image:Judo yellow belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Yellow || || [[Image:Judo orange belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Orange || Junior 4th Degree |- || ''Hachikyū'' || || [[Image:Judo yellow-orange belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Yellow-<br>orange || || [[Image:Judo green belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Green || Junior 5th Degree |- || ''Nanakyū'' || || [[Image:Judo orange belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Orange || || [[Image:Judo green belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Green || Junior 6th Degree |- || ''Rokkyū'' || [[Image:Judo white belt.PNG|45px]]<br>White || [[Image:Judo orange-green belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Orange-<br>green || [[Image:Judo yellow belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Yellow || [[Image:Judo blue belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Blue || Junior 7th Degree |- || ''Gokyū'' || [[Image:Judo green belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Green || [[Image:Judo green belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Green || [[Image:Judo orange belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Orange || [[Image:Judo blue belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Blue || Junior 8th Degree |- || ''Yonkyū'' || style="background:white;" | [[Image:Judo blue belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Blue || [[Image:Judo green-blue belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Green-<br>blue || [[Image:Judo green belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Green || [[Image:Judo purple belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Purple || Junior 9th Degree |- || ''Sankyū'' || [[Image:Judo brown belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Brown || [[Image:Judo blue belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Blue || [[Image:Judo brown belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Brown || [[Image:Judo purple belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Purple || Junior 10th Degree |- || ''Nikyū'' || [[Image:Judo brown belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Brown || [[Image:Judo blue-purple belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Blue-<br>purple || [[Image:Judo brown belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Brown || [[Image:Judo brown belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Brown || Junior 11th Degree |- || ''Ikkyū'' || [[Image:Judo brown belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Brown || [[Image:Judo purple belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Purple || [[Image:Judo brown belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Brown || [[Image:Judo brown belt.PNG|45px]]<br>Brown || Junior 12th Degree |} <tr> <td> </table> ====United States==== In the [[United States|US]] only senior players (adults, usually those age 16 and over) are allowed to earn ''dan'' levels, signified by wearing a black belt. The USJF and USJA recognise ''dan'' grades awarded by the other organization. Advanced ''kyū'' levels can be earned by both seniors and juniors (children under the age of about 16) and are signified by wearing belts of various colours other than black. The order of belt colours can vary from dojo to dojo, depending on the dojo's organizational affiliation. =====Seniors===== For senior players, both the [[United States Judo Federation]] (USJF)<ref name="USJF">{{cite web | title = United States Judo Federation Rank Requirements | url = http://www.usjf.com/public/rank_requirement.pdf }}</ref> and The United States Judo Association (USJA)<ref name="USJA">{{cite web | title = United States Judo Association Rank Requirements | url = http://www.usja-judo.org/Docs2004/National%20Judo%20Rank%20System.pdf }}</ref> specify four belt colours for the six ''kyū'', as listed in the table. The USJA also specifies wearing a patch specifying the practitioner's level. This is true for both ''kyū'' and ''dan'' levels. =====Juniors===== The USJF Juniors ranking system specifies ranks to 11th ''kyū'' (''jūichikyū''). The USJA Juniors ranking system specifies twelve levels of ''kyū'' rank, beginning with "Junior 1st Degree" (equivalent to ''jūnikyū'', or 12th ''kyū'') and ending with "Junior 12th Degree" (equivalent to ''ikkyū''). As with the senior practitioners, the USJA specifies that juniors wear a patch specifying their rank. [[Image:Obi-gokyū.jpg|thumb|left|320px|The style of [[Belt (clothing)|belt]] commonly worn in modern judo.]] {{clear}} ==See also== {{wiktionary|judo}} {{commons}} *[[Hard and soft (martial arts)]] *[[Judo at the Summer Olympics]] *[[Judo techniques]], full list of judo techniques *[[The Canon Of Judo]], a book by [[Kyuzo Mifune]] (1960) *[[The Principle of Ju]] *[[World Judo Championships]] {{Martial arts}} ==Footnotes== <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> {{reflist|2}} ==Sources== *Anderson, Victor [http://www.fightingarts.com/reading/article.php?id=146 ''The Four Pillars Of Judo'']. Fighting Arts website. *[http://judoforum.com/index.php?act=Attach&type=post&id=2809 ''Bibliography of over 1500 Judo books''.] *[http://www.bstkd.com/JudoHistory/HistoryOne.htm History of the Kodokan] - University of Montana Judo website. *Kano, Jigoro (1994) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/4770017995 ''Kodokan Judo''] is the standard reference on judo. ISBN 4-7700-1799-5. *Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006) [http://judounleashed.com ''Judo Unleashed''] another basic reference on judo. ISBN 0-0714-7534-6. == External links == '''Governing bodies''' *[http://www.kodokan.org/ Kodokan Judo Institute] - Headquarters of judo (Kano Jigoro's school) *[http://www.ijf.org/ IJF International Judo Federation.] The worldwide [[governing body]] for judo '''General''' *[http://www.judoinfo.com/ Judo Information Site] - Judo Techniques, History, Principles, Videos, etc. *[http://www.usja-judo.org/users/judo.stamps/ Judo stamps] - a comprehensive list of judo (and other martial arts) featured on stamps *[http://www.ippon.org/ Ippon.org] - Tournament Results *[http://www.judoinfo.com/contacts/browse2.php?Country=&sort=Country Worldwide Judo Clubs, Dojos, & Contacts Database] '''Videos''' *[http://www.judo-snijders.nl/engels/video-technique-judo.html categorized judo techniques on video] *[http://www.kusu.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~judo/library/pv300.asf Demonstration of judo techniques from Kyoto University] - primarily throwing techniques *[http://www.judoinfo.com/video/okcdt.wmv Demonstration of judo techniques from Oklahoma City] - primarily throwing techniques and transitions into newaza (matwork) *[http://www.judovision.org/ Judo clips from Judo Vision] - over 1,250 clips available *[http://judoinfo.com/video.htm Judo clips from the Judo Information Site] *[http://www.judo-educazione.it/video/koshiki_en.html Koshiki no kata - Kano Jigoro and Yamashita Yoshiaki] [[Category:Combat sports]] [[Category:Gendai budo]] [[Category:Individual sports]] [[Category:Japanese martial arts terms]] [[Category:Judo|*]] [[Category:Olympic sports]] [[Category:Japanese martial arts]] [[Category:Sport in Japan]] [[Category:Grappling]] [[ar:جودو]] [[an:Judo]] [[frp:Judo]] [[ast:Yudu]] [[az:Cüdo]] [[bs:Judo]] [[bg:Джудо]] [[ca:Judo]] [[cs:Judo]] [[da:Judo]] [[de:Judo]] [[et:Judo]] [[el:Τζούντο]] [[es:Judo]] [[eo:Ĵudo]] [[fa:جودو]] [[fr:Judo]] [[gl:Judo]] [[ko:유도]] [[hr:Judo]] [[id:Judo]] [[is:Júdó]] [[it:Jūdō]] [[he:ג'ודו]] [[ka:ძიუდო]] [[ht:Jido]] [[la:Ziudo]] [[lv:Džudo]] [[lt:Dziudo]] [[hu:Dzsúdó]] [[ms:Judo]] [[mn:Жүдо]] [[nl:Judo]] [[ja:柔道]] [[no:Judo]] [[nn:Judo]] [[oc:Judo]] [[pl:Judo]] [[pt:Judô]] [[ro:Judo]] [[rm:Judo]] [[ru:Дзюдо]] [[simple:Judo]] [[sk:Džudo]] [[sl:Judo]] [[sr:Џудо]] [[sh:Džudo]] [[fi:Judo]] [[sv:Judo]] [[th:ยูโด]] [[vi:Judo]] [[tr:Judo]] [[uk:Дзюдо]] [[zh-yue:柔道]] [[zh:柔道]]