Julius Evola
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{{Infobox_Person
| name = Julius Evola
| residence =
| other_names =
| image = Julius Evola.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Evola sporting his trademark [[monocle]].
| birth_name = Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola
| birth_date = [[19 May]] [[1898]]
| birth_place = [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
| death_date = [[11 June]] [[1974]]
| death_place = [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
| death_cause =
| known =
| occupation = author, metaphysician, political philosopher
| title = Baron
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| influences = [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Oswald Spengler]], [[Rene Guenon]], [[Joseph de Maistre]], [[Ernst Junger]]
| influenced = [[Savitri Devi]], [[Miguel Serrano]], [[Daniel Pinchbeck]]
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'''Julius Evola''', also known as ''' Baron Giulio Cesare Evola''', ([[May 19]], [[1898]]–[[June 11]], [[1974]]) was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[philosopher]], [[esotericism|esotericist]], [[occultism|occultist]], [[author]], [[artist]], [[poet]], [[political activist]], [[soldier]] and most significantly described as a [[Traditionalist School|Radical Traditionalist]]. Evola is primarily known for his involvement in Italian [[Fascist]] politics until the movement was defeated in [[World War II]]; since the war, his works have inspired a succession of [[New Right]] and [[neo-fascist]] groups in Italy and beyond.<ref>Drake, Richard. "The Red and the Black: Terrorism in Contemporary Italy," ''International Political Science Review''. 1984 5: 279-298.</ref><ref>Ferraresi, Franco. "The Radical Right in Postwar Italy," ''Politics & Society'' 1988 16: 71-119.</ref><ref>Weinberg, Leonard, ed. ''Political Parties and Terrorist Groups''. Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy, 1992.</ref>
His theories were often mixed in with his [[occult]] writings, with themes such as [[Hermeticism]], the metaphysics of [[sex]], [[Tantra]], [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[mountaineering]], the [[Holy Grail]], the essence and history of [[civilizations]], [[decadence]] and various philosophic and religious Traditions from [[the East]] and [[the West]]. He considered himself a representative and upholder of "[[Tradition]]" in an age of spiritual oblivion and organized deviancy. Evola's core trilogy of works are commonly regarded to be ''[[Revolt Against the Modern World]]'', ''[[Men Among the Ruins]]'' and ''[[Ride the Tiger]]''.
Evola attempted to influence both [[Italian Fascism]] and [[National Socialism]] from the late 1920s through the collapse of the Italian Fascist regime in 1943, although only with a brief period of success in 1942. After the regime's collapse, Evola fled to [[Nazi]]-ruled [[Germany]]. He opposed the [[Salò Republic]], and worked with the [[SS Ahnenerbe]] on research on [[Freemasonry]]. In the post-war period, he returned to Italy where his writings enjoyed popularity among some on the [[far right]], especially young [[neo-fascist]] groups. Many [[Traditionalist School|Radical Traditionalist]], [[Nouvelle Droite]], [[Conservative Revolution]]ary, [[Aryanist]], and [[Third Positionist]] groups and intellectuals have been influenced by Evola to various degrees. According to one scholar, "Evola’s thought can be considered one of the most radically and consistently antiegalitarian, antiliberal, antidemocratic, and antipopular systems in the twentieth century."<ref>Ferraresi, Franco. "The Radical Right in Postwar Italy," ''Politics & Society'', 1988 16:71-119, Pg. 84</ref>
==Biography==
===Early years===
Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola was born in [[Rome]] to a [[aristocracy|noble]] [[Sicily|Sicilian]] family (his father, [[Vincenzo Evola]], was born in [[Cinisi]]). He fought in [[World War I]] as an [[artillery]] officer on the [[Asiago plateau]]. After the war, attracted to the [[avant-garde]], Evola briefly associated with [[Filippo Marinetti]]'s [[Futurism (art)|Futurist]] movement, but became a prominent representative of [[Dada]]ism in Italy through his painting, poetry, and collaboration on the shortly published journal, ''[[Revue Bleu]]''. In 1922, after concluding that avant-garde art was becoming [[commercialized]] and stiffened into [[academic]] convention, he reduced his focus on artistic expression such as painting and poetry.<ref>G.Evola, ''Il Camino del Cinabro'', 1963</ref>).
===Entry into esotericism===
Around 1920, his interests led him into [[Spirituality|spiritual]], [[transcendental]] and "supra-rational" studies. He began reading various [[esoteric]] texts and gradually delved deeper into the [[occult]], [[alchemy]], [[magic (paranormal)|magic]], and [[Oriental]] studies, particularly [[Tibet]]an [[Lamaism]] and [[Vajrayana|Vajrayanist]] [[tantric]] [[yoga]].
In 1927, along with other Italian esotericists, he founded the [[Gruppo di Ur]]. The group's aim was to provide a "soul" to the burgeoning Fascist movement of the time through the revival of an ancient Roman [[Paganism]].<ref>Isotta Poggi. "Alternative spirituality In Italy." In :James R. Lewis, J. Gordon Melton. ''Perspectives on the New Age.'' SUNY Press, 1992. Page 276.</ref>
===Involvement with Fascism===
In the late 1920s, Evola expressed his support for a [[Radicalization|Radical]] [[Fascist]] [[revolution]] to sweep modern [[Judeo-Christianity]] out of Italy and replace it with a "Pagan Imperialism" (à la [[Ancient Rome]]).<ref>Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. ''Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity''. New York University Press, New York 2003. {{54-56}}</ref> He was one of a number of fascist ideologues who opposed [[Mussolini]]'s [[Lateran Accords]] with the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and rejected the Fascist party's [[nationalism]] and its focus on [[mass movement]] mob politics; he hoped to influence the regime toward his own variation on fascist racial theories and his [[Tradition|"Tradionalist"]] philosophy. Early in 1930, Evola launched ''[[Torre]]'', a bi-weekly review, to voice his conservative-revolutionarism and denounce the [[demagogic]] tendencies of official fascism; government [[censors]] suppressed the journal and engaged in [[character assassination]] against its staff (for a time, Evola retained a [[bodyguard]] of like-minded radical fascists) until it died out in June of that year. From 1934 to 1943, he edited the cultural page of [[Roberto Farinacci]]'s journal ''Regime Fascista''.
[[Mussolini]] read Evola's ''[[Sintesi di dottrina della razza]]'' in August 1941, and was impressed enough to personally meet with Evola and offer him his praise. Evola later recounted that Mussolini had found in his work a uniquely Roman form of fascist racism distinct from that found in Nazi Germany. With Mussolini's backing, Evola launched the journal ''Sangue e Spirito.'' While not always in agreement with German racial theorists, Evola traveled to Germany in February 1942 and obtained support for German collaboration on ''Sangue e Spirito'' from leading Nazi race theorists.<ref>Aaron Gillette. ''Racial Theories in Fascist Italy.'' London Routledge 2002.</ref>
Evola supported Fascism for his own ends, but was rebuked by the regime because his ends were not always theirs. When [[World War II]] broke out, he volunteered for military service in order to fight the Communists on the [[Russia]]n front; he was rejected because he had too many detractors in the bureaucracy (Hansen 2002). Italian Fascism went into decline when, during the midst of the War, Mussolini was deposed and imprisoned. Evola, although not a member of the Fascist Party, and despite his apparent problems with the Fascist regime, was one of the first people to greet Mussolini when the latter was broken out of prison by Nazi [[commando]]s in 1943.
After the Italian surrender to the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] in [[September 8]], [[1943]], Evola moved to [[Germany]], where he spent the remainder of World War II, also working as a researcher on [[Freemasonry]] for the [[SS]] Ahnenerbe in Vienna.
It was Evola's custom to walk around the city during [[bombing raid]]s in order to better 'ponder his destiny'. During one such [[Soviet]] raid, in March or April 1945, a [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] fragment damaged his [[spinal cord]] and he became [[paralysis|paralyzed]] from the waist down, remaining so throughout his life (Stucco 1992, xiii).
===Evola and the SS===
:"But in spite of all these negative aspects, there was something in National Socialism that attracted Evola: the concept of a state ruled by an Order, which he felt was embodied by the SS. 'We are inclined to the opinion that we can see the nucleus of an Order in the higher sense of tradition in the 'Black Corps,' he wrote in Vita Italiana (August 15, 1938). Again in Vita Italiana (August 1941, 'Per una profonda alleanza italo-germanica' [For a Deep Italian-Germanic Alliance]) he writes: 'Beyond the confines of the party and of any political-administrative structure, an elite in the form of a new 'Order'—that is, a kind of ascetic-military organization that is held together by the principles of 'loyalty' and 'honor,' must form the basis of the new state.' As mentioned, Evola held the SS, which Himmler strove to design according to the model of the [[Teutonic Order]], to be this elite.
:The castles of the SS Order, with their 'initiations,' the emphasis on transcending the purely human element, the prerequisite of physical valor, as well as the ethical requirements (loyalty, discipline, defiance of death, willingness to sacrifice, unselfishness), strengthened Evola in his conviction. He also was of the opinion that the ethics of the SS were borrowed from the Jesuits" (Dr. H. T. Hansen in "Julius Evola's Political Endeavors" introduction to "Men Among the Ruins: Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist" p. 61-22).
===Post-World War II===
After World War II, Evola continued his work in esotericism. He wrote a number of books and articles on sexual magic and various other esoteric studies, including ''[[The Yoga of Power|The Yoga of Power: Tantra, Shakti, and the Secret Way]]'' (1949), ''[[Eros and the Mysteries of Love|Eros and the Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex]]'' (1958), ''[[Meditations on the Peaks|Meditations on the Peaks: Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest]]'' (1974), ''[[The Path of Enlightenment|The Path of Enlightenment According to the Mithraic Mysteries]]'' (1977). He also wrote his two explicitly political books ''[[Men Among the Ruins|Men Among the Ruins: Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist]]'' (1953), ''[[Ride the Tiger|Ride the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocrats of the Soul]]'' (1961), and his autobiography ''[[Il Cammino del Cinabro]]'' (1963).
In the post-war years, Evola's writings were held in high esteem by members of the [[Neo-fascist]] movement in Italy, and because of this, he was put on trial from June through November of 1951 on the charge of attempting to revive [[Fascism]] in Italy. He was acquitted because he could prove that he was never a member of the Fascist party, and that all accusations were made without evidence to prove that his writings glorified Fascism (Evola - "Autodifesa/Self-Defence" in appendix to "Men Among the Ruins: Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist"/1953).
===Death===
Evola died unmarried, without children, on [[June 11]], [[1974]] in Rome. His ashes were deposited in a hole cut in a [[glacier]] on [[Mt. Rosa]].
==Philosophy==
===Tradition===
Evola's systematic and detailed references to ancient and modern texts make it difficult to speak about influences, though affinities could exist between Evola and [[Plato]], [[Oswald Spengler]], [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]], [[Arthur de Gobineau]], [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Meister Eckhart]], [[Homer]], [[Jacob Boehme]], [[René Guénon]] and certain [[Catholic]] thinkers like [[Juan Donoso Cortés]] and [[Joseph de Maistre]]. Italian philosopher of history [[Giambattista Vico]] provided Evola with the concepts of primordial [[epic hero|heroic]] law, "natural heroic rights" and the meaning of the Indo-European Latin term ''vir'' as indicative of "wisdom, priesthood and kingship." Crucial to Evola's formulation of the idea of "solar masculinity" versus "chthonic masculinity" and [[matriarchal]] regression was the maverick 19th century Swiss scholar [[Johann Jakob Bachofen]]. Other prominent, philosophically foundational influences for Evola include the ancient Aryo-[[Hindu]] scripture that teaches the concept of "detached violence", the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and the [[Aryan]] [[kshatriya]] sage Siddartha Gotama, the historical [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] (Evola, "Il Camino del Cinabro" 1963).
Like Guénon, he believed that mankind is living in the [[Kali Yuga]] of the [[Hindu]] tradition, the Dark Age of unleashed, materialistic appetites. The Kali Yuga is the last of four ages, which form a cycle from the [[Satya Yuga]] or [[Golden Age]] through the Kali Yuga or the [[Hesiod]]ic [[Iron Age]]. Evola argued that both Italian fascism and National Socialism held hope for a reconstitution of the primordial "celestial race."<ref>A. James Gregor. ''Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.</ref>
For Evola, the word Tradition had a meaning very similar to that of Truth. The doctrine of the four ages, a broad characterization of the attributes of Tradition and their manifestations in traditional societies makes up the first half of Evola's major work ''[[Revolt Against the Modern World]]''. In ''Revolt Against the Modern World'', he expounds according to the ancient texts that there is not one Tradition, but two: An older and degenerate tradition that is feminine, matriarchal, unheroic, associated with the telluric negroid racial remnants of [[Lemuria (continent)]]; and a higher one that is masculine, [[epic hero|heroic]], "Uranian" and purely Aryo-[[Hyperborean]] in its origin. The latter one later gave rise to an ambiguous [[Western world|Western]]-[[Atlantic]] tradition, which combined aspects of both through the historical Hyperborean migrations and their degenerating assimilation of exotic spiritual influences from the South.
According to Evola, in the [[Golden Age]] there existed in the dominating elites, the "Divine Kings", a convergence of the two powers, namely the spiritual principle and the royal principle. From the Aryo-Hindu tradition, he sees the human type of the [[Rajarshi]] as an embodiment of the [[Golden Age]] ideal and quotes the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] (1.4.11): "This is why nothing is greater than the warrior nobility; the priests themselves venerate the warrior when the consecration of the king occurs." Evola argues that in the Hindu tradition there are plenty of instances of kings who already possess or eventually achieve a spiritual knowledge greater than that possessed by the later-times degenerated brahmana. This is the case, for instance, of King Jaivala, whose knowledge was not imparted by any priest, but rather reserved to the warrior caste; also, in [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] (4.3.1) King [[Janaka]] teaches the brahmana [[Yajnavalkya]] the doctrine of the transcendent Self. Evola explains that, according to tradition, the primordial [[gnosis]] was handed down, starting from [[Ikshvaku]], in regal succession (cf. [[Bhagavadgita]], 4. 1-2); the same [[Sun Dynasty]] (''surya-vamsa'') was connected with blue-eyed, fair-skinned <ref>http://www.hsuyun.org/Dharma/zbohy/Literature/essays/czs/bluelotus.html</ref> [[Gautama Buddha]]'s aristocratic Aryan family ([[Sutta Nipata]], 3). In the laws of the second or Silver Age, the [[Laws of Manu]], the text states "rulers do not prosper without priests and priests do not thrive without rulers" and that "the priest is said to be the root of the law, and the ruler is the peak" (11.321-2;11.83-4).
In reference to Christianity, Evola distinguished between 1) the mystical character of primitive Christianity and its later social history on the one hand, and 2) the primordial-Hyperborean elements and the decadent Judaic elements on the other. In ''Revolt Against the Modern World'', he asserts "in the symbolism of Christ there are traces of a mysteric pattern" (p. 281) and "Jesus' saying in Matthew (11:12) concerning the violence suffered by the kingdom of Heaven and the revival of the Davidic saying: 'You are gods' (John 10:34), belong to elements that exercised virtually no influence on the main pathos of early Christianity" (''Revolt'', p. 284). Evola states "the Christian legend of the [[Biblical Magi|three magi]] is an attempt to claim for Christianity a traditional character in the superior sense I give to the term" (''The Mystery of the Grail'', p. 45). In the same work, Evola argues "the Jewish notion of a Messiah and the Christian notion of God's Kingdom, which many people believe to have greatly influenced the medieval imperial myth, are nothing but an echo of the ancient and pre-Christian Aryo-Iranian concept" of the [[Saoshyant]] as "lord of a future, triumphal kingdom of the [[Ahura Mazda|God of Light]]" and "slayer of the [[Ahriman]]ic dark forces" (ibid., p. 39)
Evola recalls the mysterious figure of the priest-king [[Melchizedek]] as a primary point of juncture with the primordial sacral-royal Tradition of the origins. Abraham receives an almost [[feudal]] spiritual [[investiture]] from Melchizedek in the biblical episode of Genesis 14, giving the mysterious priest-king [[tithes]], thus symbolizing the Abrahamic tradition's implicit dependency (cf. [[Paul the Apostle|St. Paul]]: "It is beyond dispute that the inferior is blessed by the superior", Heb. 7:1-3). Evola often notes the role of the "regal religion according to Melchizedek" in the [[Ghibelline]] ideology. Evola finds the testimony of [[Eginhard]] significant, who states that after [[Charlemagne]] was consecrated and hailed with the formula, "Long life and victory to Charles the Great, crowned by God, great and peaceful emperor of the Romans!" the pope "prostrated himself (''adoravit'') before Charles, according to the ritual established at the time of the ancient emperors." Evola emphasizes how the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Sigismund]] (1368-1437), founder of the militant-Catholic chivalric [[Order of the Dragon]], continuing a long tradition of Christian-Roman and [[Byzantine]] imperial dominance in religious matters, summoned the [[Council of Constance]] (A.D. 1413) on the eve of the [[Reformation]] in order to purify the clergy from schisms and anarchy.
The classical Traditional polity is structured according to a strict hierarchy of sociopolitical functions, where the lower functions are concerned with mere matter and organic vitality and the ascending functions progressively ruled by spirit. This order, in which powers of spirit correlate to societal status, Evola finds crystallized in the [[Indian caste system]], [[the Republic of Plato]], ancient Iranian society and the medieval hierarchical class divisions between peasants, burghers, nobility and the clergy and [[military religious orders]]. The involution through the cycle of the ages was mirrored in the law of the regression of the castes, from the primal "heaven-born" kings to the deconsecrated slavish usurpers and raceless pariahs of the present. Evola saw the [[Ghibelline]] dynasty of [[Hohenstauffen]] emperors (1152-1271) as the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] champion of the primordial "sacred regality" in a renewed [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Once the solar, golden, sacred regality of the mythical first age fell, power devolved upon a lunar, silver, feminized priestly caste before an unconsecrated warrior nobility struggled against it, announcing the Bronze Age. Then power shifts to the mercantile caste, represented by the Italian [[comune]], [[Freemasonry]], the Jewish financial oligarchy of the [[Renaissance]], and [[New World]] American Judeo-Protestant [[plutocracy]]. By the beginning of the twentieth century, organized labor and [[Marxist]]-[[Trotskyite]] subverters sought to transfer power to the last caste of slaves or [[sudras]], or the consumer-pariah, reducing all values to matter, machines, dysgenic egalitarianism and the reign of abstract quantity.
===Paths to Enlightenment===
The path to enlightenment is the chief subject of a number of Evola's works. First and foremost is the Buddhist ascesis as he rediscovered it following over two thousand years of obstruction of the Buddha's teachings (''[[The Doctrine of Awakening|The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts]]''). He tries to show the ways that allow a man to survive spiritually intact in the modern age of obscuration and to achieve supra-human liberation or transcendence.
Even in his book ''[[Meditations on the Peaks|Meditations on the Peaks: Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest]]'' Evola discussed [[mountaineering]] as a possible approach or support on the way of initiatic ascesis in which heroic action is combined with specialized knowledge and training culminating in an initiation — the climbing of the mountain. In this way, and not as a sport or a recreation, mountaineering can be a "spiritual quest," as the subtitle of the book suggests.
===Ascesis and Initiation===
According to Julius Evola, tradition in its purest form encompassed asceticism, which he described in ''[[The Doctrine of Awakening|The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts]]'' as a discipline.
He describes two basic and complementary types of asceticism — that of action and that of [[contemplation]]. The asceticism of action is personified by the warrior while that of contemplation by the pure ascetic; he described Buddhism as the highest form of the asceticism of contemplation, a form very suitable for the warrior in his preparation for inner and outer warfare.
===Metaphysics of Sex===
In ''[[The Yoga of Power|The Yoga of Power: Tantra, Shakti, and the Secret Way]]'' and also ''[[Eros and the Mysteries of Love|Eros and the Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex]]'', Evola described the practice of sexual magic as an asceticism of action that allows one to achieve transcendent states through physical action, primarily sex.
To explain the metaphysics of sex, Evola cites the original meaning of the word "orgy" as "the state of inspired exaltation that began the initiatory process in the ancient Greek mysteries. But when this exaltation of eros, itself akin to other experiences of a supersensual nature, becomes individualized as a longing that is only carnal, then it deteriorates and ends finally in the form constituted by mere "pleasure, or venereal lust" (''The Metaphysics of Sex'', p. 48).
In his sexual philosophy, Evola followed the esoteric Hindu and Buddhist schools in the teaching of retention of semen as a means of ontological energization and ultimate self-mastery. "[[Virya]], or spiritual manhood, if lost or wasted results in death and if withheld and conserved leads to life" (ibid., p. 219). Evola considered Traditional chastity as signifying "control, limit, anti-titanic purity, overcoming of pride, and immaterial unshakability, rather than a moralistic and sexuophobic concept" (''The Mystery of the Grail'', p. 80).
Evola considered sex as being "the greatest magical force in nature", but he fiercely opposed [[homosexuality]], viewing it as a dysfunctional undermining of the magnetic polarity and complementary nature of the two sexes, and thus of the possibility of erotic transcendence. "In a civilization where equality is the standard, where differences are not linked, where promiscuity is in favor, where the ancient idea of 'being true to oneself' means nothing anymore--in such a splintered and materialistic society, it is clear that this phenomenon of regression and homosexuality should be particularly welcome, and therefore it is no way a surprise to see the alarming increase in homosexuality and the '[[third sex]]' in the latest 'democratic' period, or an increase in sex changes to an extent unparalleled in other eras" (''The Metaphysics of Sex'', p. 64). Evola refers to [[Plotinus]], who deemed homosexual loves to be shameful and abnormal, like diseases of degenerate persons "which do not arise from the essence of being and are not the outcome of the development thereof" ([[Enneads]], III). The draconian harshness of the ancient Aryo-[[Zoroastrian]] view on homosexuality, as exemplified in the [[Vendidad]], elicits Evola's full approval: sodomites were classed among the ranks of those criminals to be destroyed on the spot: "Four men can be put to death by any one without an order from the [[Dastur]] (high priest): the Nasu-burner (cannibal), the highwayman, the Sodomite, and the criminal taken in the deed" (Vendidad, 8:73-74<ref>http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd8sbe.htm</ref>). With equal vehemence, Evola scorned modern [[pornography]], denouncing it as "dreadfully squalid not only in the facts and scenes described, but in its essence" (''The Metaphysics of Sex'', p. 4).
===Politics===
{{Wikify|date=February 2008}}
Evola held that politics, like everything else in life, should look upward and beyond the [[Self (philosophy)|self]]. His political philosophy was more or less close to [[Joseph de Maistre]], [[Hermann Wirth]], [[Otto Weininger]], [[Arthur Moeller van den Bruck]], [[Ernst Jünger]], [[Gottfried Benn]], [[René Guénon]], [[Oswald Spengler]], and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].
Evola's main argument against modern "demagogic" politics is its inverted materialistic focus and mentality, stemming from an inverted order of castes. According to Evola, in modernity, due to what he calls the ''regression of the castes'', the once-preeminent warrior caste (crystallized in the medieval [[military religious orders]] and ethical [[chivalry]]) has been downgraded into the figures of the mere democratic soldier and mercenary, who are servants of the artificial, soulless needs of the now-dominant mercantile and industrial interests. As Evola states, "Opposite to the 'soldier' was the type of the warrior and the member of the [[feudal]] [[noblesse d'épée|aristocracy]]; the caste to which this type belonged was the central nucleus in a corresponding social organization. This caste was not at the service of the bourgeois class but rather ruled over it, since the class that was protected depended on those who had the [[right to arms|right to bear arms]]"<ref>Men Among the Ruins {{specify}} {{citequote}} {{page number}}</ref>
Evola's earliest endeavors in politics occurred in the late 1920s, when he supported some European anti-democratic and anti-[[Jew]]ish political currents. He participated in the promotion of [[Mussolini]]'s [[National Fascist Party]] [[dictatorship]] in [[Italy]], albeit as a wary supporter of the regime. He saw in Fascism the barest trace of what he believed to be the true path that the country (and [[civilization]]) should follow. He therefore attempted to influence the party in the conservative-revolutionary direction he believed it should go — the direction of radical Traditionalism; i.e. away from the exoteric modern [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Church]], the [[bourgeoisie]], and the masses. His efforts to influence the regime were a failure, and he believed that by not following his advice, Mussolini's party failed to fulfill its function. He would maintain the view that a revolutionary movement, similar to Fascism but in harmony with "Tradition", was necessary for the return to a higher form of civilization.
When Evola met with [[esoteric Hitlerist]] [[Miguel Serrano]], he denied that he was a fascist or Hitlerist, but rather saw [[Metternich]] as a conservative ideal. (Goodrick-Clarke 2001, 337)
In the decade immediately following the war, Evola wrote two books which fall loosely into the categories "asceticism of action" and "asceticism of contemplation" in their prescriptions for political action.
In ''[[Men Among the Ruins]]'', Evola described a Traditional and aristocratic attitude — possibly leading to a reactionary revolution — like what he had hoped Fascism could have been with the right leaders. This attitude is a sort of asceticism of action calling for political action to reform current society in a conservative-revolutionary / radical Traditional direction. But he also felt that the acceleration of modernity following [[World War II]]'s outcome and thus, the elimination of any truly opposing forces, made any such revolution rather impossible, unless the 'unforeseeable' imposes a radical change of circumstances.
In ''[[Ride the Tiger]]'', he prescribed a so-to-speak apolitical asceticism of contemplation in which a man is advised to act in the modern world, while remaining intellectually and spiritually detached from and above it. Evola argued that in order to survive in the modern world an enlightened or "differentiated man" should "ride the tiger". As a man, by holding onto the tiger's back, may survive the confrontation once the animal ends exhausted, so too might a man, by letting the world take him on its inexorable path, be able to turn the destructive forces around him into a kind of inner liberation.
===Alleged racism and antisemitism===
Evola called his work "racist",{{Fact|date=October 2007}} and indeed a number of his articles and books deal explicitly with the subject of race.
A.J. Gregor comments: "In the [German translation of ''Imperialismo pagano''], Evola considered principled anti-Semitism one of the essentials of a salvific 'racial rebirth' in the modern world. Not only did Evola make a point of identifying [[Karl Marx]], one of the architects of the modern world of materialism, inferiority, pretended equality, and cultural decay, as a Jew--but he spoke of a ''Jewish capitalistic yoke'' that obstructed every effort at racial regeneration" (''Mussolini's Intellectuals'', pps. 200-201).
In ''Revolt Against the Modern World'', he said that he considered himself to be a critic of the "racist worldview" by which he meant the demagogically-minded, simplistic, antisemitic theories of mainstream Nazis and others of his contemporaries. However, he wrote an introduction to an [[Italian language]] version of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', a notorious [[antisemitic]] document, long proven to be a [[Tsarist]] forgery<ref>[[Norman Cohn]], ''[[Warrant for Genocide]]'', 1967</ref>, that alleges a [[Jewish]] [[Conspiracy (political)|conspiracy]] to run the world through control of the media and finance, and replace the traditional social order with one based on mass manipulation.
Evola was indifferent as to whether the document was authentic or not. He classified it as a 'myth'<ref> Myth here does not have its contemporary connotation of a 'falsehood'. In Fascist parlance, ''myths'' were stories that, properly cultivated, were productive of a reality that an elite desired, such as the mobilisation of the masses. See [[A. James Gregor]], ''Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship'', 1979, pp.44ff.</ref>. In 1937, a year after the publication of [[Giovanni Preziosi]]'s Italian edition of the forgery in 1936, when it was known to be a fiction, Evola wrote as follows:
{{cquote|Whether or not the controversial ''Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion'' are false or authentic does not affect the symptomatic value of the document in question, that is, the fact, that many of the things that have occurred in modern times, having taken place after their publication, effectively agree with the plans assumed in that document, perhaps more than a superficial observer might believe.<ref>J. Evola, ''Il Mistero del Graal e la tradizione ghibellina dell'Impero'', Laterza, Bari 1937 p.182. Evola says also that this was precisely Preziosi's own view. It should also be noted that in speaking of a 'Masonic' conspiracy in such texts, 'Masonic' was often a code word for a secret lobby containing prominent secularized Jewish businessmen. The point is underscored by a recent controvery in Italy where a priest used the word 'Masonic-Jewish lobby', and, in reaction to a public outcry, subsequently changed the reference to 'Masonic', which however retains the old ambiguity in Fascist usage. See 'Don Gelmini, prima attacca poi rettifica,' in ''La Repubblica'', 5/8/2007</ref>}}
In short, he was unconcerned that it was a forgery, because, in his hermetic mode of understanding, that did not alter what he believed was the essential truth enciphered in what the public and scholarly world declared to be a lie.
In his introduction to the 1938 Italian edition of the ''Protocols'', Evola wrote that the tract had "the value of a spiritual tonic," that Jews "destroy every surviving trace of true order and superior civilization," and that, "above all, in these decisive hours of western history, [the ''Protocols'' tract] cannot be ignored or dismissed without seriously undermining the front of those fighting in the name of the spirit, of tradition, of true civilization."
For Evola this text represented a manipulation by occult powers trying to hide behind the Jewish and Freemasonic historical drive toward a merchant society soon to be replaced by the chaos of "mass society" which could eventually turn against both.<ref>Evola, ''Men Among the Ruins'', 1953 {{specify}} {{citequote}} {{page number}}</ref>
Evola accused Jews, as well as what he termed the "semitic spirit,"<ref>A. James Gregor. ''Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought.'' Princeton University
Press, 2005.</ref> of having a corrosive effect on the "Nordic" race (a race that was, in Evola's mythology, analogous to the Nazi's "Aryans"). Evola argued that not only Jews, but even non-Jews "Judaicized in their souls" must be combated by a "coherent, complete, impartial" anti-Semitism given the means to "identify and combat the Jewish mentality."<ref>Quoted in Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. Routledge, 2002.</ref> Evola supported the Nazi anti-Semitic view that there was a hidden form of Jewish power and influence in the modern world; he thought this Jewish power was a symptom of the "modern" world's lack of true aristocratic leadership.<ref>Evola, ''Men Among the Ruins'', 1953 {{specify}} {{citequote}} {{page number}}</ref> Evola further held that Jewish people denigrated lofty "Aryan" ideals (of [[faith]], [[loyalty]], [[courage]], [[devotion]], and constancy) through a "corrosive [[irony]]" that ascribed every human activity to economic or sexual motives (à la [[Marx]] and [[Freud]]) (Kevin Coogan, ''Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International'', p. 309). In a 1938 article Evola accused [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Karl Marx]], and [[Cesare Lombroso]] of being "proponents of Jewish materialistic culture in the nineteenth century;<ref name="Zimmerman139">{{cite book
| author = [[Joshua D. Zimmerman|Zimmerman, Joshua D.]]
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| title = Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922-1945
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}}</ref> two years later, in an essay entitled "Jews and Mathematics," Evola characterized Judaism as the antithesis of "Aryan civilation," and broadly attacked a range of what he considered examples of Jewish influences, from [[Pythagoreanism]] to [[mathematics]].<ref name="Zimmerman139"/> The article was illustrated with pictures of notable Jews interspersed with classic anti-Semitic representations.<ref name="Zimmerman139"/>
In ''The Metaphysics of Sex'' (Inner Traditions, 1st US edition 1983, pps. 9-10), Evola discoursed on his philosophy of de-evolutionary spiritual racism: "Our starting point will be not the modern theory of evolution but the traditional doctrine of involution. We do not believe the man is derived from the ape by evolution. We believe that the ape is derived from man by involution. We agree with [[Joseph De Maistre]] that savage peoples are not primitive peoples, in the sense of original peoples, but rather the degenerating remains of more ancient races that have disappeared. We concur with the various researchers (Kohlbrugge, Marconi, Dacque, Westenhofer, and Adloff) who have rebelled against the evolutionary dogma, asserting that animal species evince the degeneration of primordial man's potential. These unfulfilled or deviant potentials manifest as by-products of the true evolutionary process that man has led since the beginning."
Evola believed that a race of "Nordic" people, anciently emanating from [[Golden Age]] [[Arctic]] [[Hyperborea]], originally semi-immaterial and "soft-boned", had played a crucial founding role in [[Atlantis]] and the high cultures both of the East and West. In Evola's eyes, half-remembered, cryptic memories of a "more-than-human race" once existing in a "northern paradise" constitute the patrimony of the traditions of many diverse peoples.<ref>cf. in section 3, [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/dp5/inner4.htm#s3 A northern paradise], of part 4, "Mythology, Paradise, and the Inner World", of ''Mysteries of the Inner Earth'' by [[David Pratt]], 2001.</ref> In this occult belief, Evola was additionally influenced by ''Arctic Home in the Vedas'' by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], which posited the polar North as the original home of the white Ur-Aryan tribes before their later separation into Western ([[Hellenic]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Celts|Celtic]], [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]]) and Eastern ([[Iranian]], [[Indo-Aryan]]) divisions.
According to [[Joscelyn Godwin]]'s research: "the basic outlines of Evola's prehistory resemble those of [[Theosophy]], with [[Lemurian]], [[Atlantean]], and [[Aryan]] root-races succeeding each other, and a pole-shift marking the transition from one epoch to another" (''Arktos'', p. 60). Evola's dualism between the Northern Light and the Southern Light, and also the capture of the Atlanteans by the latter, is also found in the writings of Theosophy's co-founder [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]]:
{{cquote|The Atlanteans [gravitated] toward the Southern Pole, the pit, cosmically and terrestrially -- whence breathe the hot passions blown into hurricanes by the cosmic Elementals, whose abode it is." <ref>Blavatsky, ''[[The Secret Doctrine]]'', Vol. 2, p. 274.</ref>}}
{{cquote|Every beneficent (astral and cosmic) action comes from the North; every lethal influence from the South Pole. They are much connected with and influence right and left hand magic." <ref>ibid., p. 400.</ref>}}
Dr. [[Victor A. Shnirelman]], a [[cultural anthropologist]] and [[ethnography|ethnographer]], has noted that cosmological racial ideas also appear in the [[Neo-Theosophy|Neo-Theosophical]] writings of H. P. Blavatsky's one-time disciple [[Alice Bailey]]. Shnirelman wrote that in Bailey's teachings, "Jews were depicted as the 'human product of the former Solar system,' linked with 'World Evil'"; he identifed "similar ideas" in the works of Bailey and Evola.<ref>[[Victor A. Shnirelman|Shnirelman, Victor A.]] (1998), '[http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/13shnir.html Russian Neo-pagan Myths and Antisemitism]', in ''ACTA'' ([[Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism]]) no. 13, a special research unit of ''[[SICSA]]'' (The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism), [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]].</ref>
According to Evola, the hierarchy of races is really a hierarchy of embodied spiritualities; the spirit, rather than ethnic substance, determines culture; but at the same time race is the biological "memory" of a certain spiritual orientation. In order to describe what he called the lower, [[telluric]], [[Negroid]] races, he frequently made use of the term "Southern" whereas to him higher races were "Northern." "North" and "South" are indicated as having simultaneously [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]], geographical and [[anthropological]] meanings:
{{cquote|Especially during the period of the long icy winter, it was natural that in the northern races the experience of the Sun, of Light, and of Fire itself should have acted in a spiritually liberating sense. Hence natures which were [[Uranian]]-solar, [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian]] or filled with celestial fire would have developed much more from the sacral symbolism of these races than from others. Moreover, the rigor of the climate, the sterility of the soil, the necessity for hunting, and finally the need to emigrate across unknown seas and continents would naturally have molded those who preserved that spiritual experience of the Sun, of the luminous sky, and of fire into the temperament of warriors, of conquerors, of navigators, so as to favor that synthesis between spirituality and virility of which characteristic traces are preserved in the Aryan races (''Revolt'', p. 208).}}
Evola quotes the [[Confucian]] [[Chung Yung]] (10.4) to reinforce his point:
{{cquote|To teach with kindly benevolence, not to lose one's temper and avenge the unreasonableness of others, that is the virile energy of the South that is followed by the well-bred man. To sleep on a heap of arms and untanned skins, to die unflinching and as if dying were not enough, that is the virile energy of the North that is followed by the brave man.}}
According to Evola, the more recent Northern, White and [[Indo-European people]]s (despite racial mixing) implicitly preserved more of the primordial Arctic [[Hyperborean]] blood-memory and are objectively spiritually superior to the archaic, matter-obsessed degenerate remnants of the races of the South. Evola (''Revolt'', p. 245) sees the sign of the Hyperborean Tradition and its antagonism with the forces of Antitradition in the Indian mythology surrounding the [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic]] divinity [[Indra]] (cf. [[Thor]]), who is "fair of cheek" ([[Rig Veda]], I.[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01009.htm 9].3) and with his "fair-complexioned friends" (I.[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01100.htm 100].18) annihilates the lawless black [[Dasyu]], "giving protection to the Aryan color" (III.[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv03034.htm 34].9), blowing to nothingness "the swarthy skin which Indra hates" (IX.[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv09073.htm 73].5).
On the "demonic" nature of the lower [[negroid]] races and their degenerating remnants, Evola relies on an old Aryo-[[Zoroastrian]] tradition that teaches negroids belonged to the dark side owing to their alleged origin in the union between a [[demon]] and a wicked witch: "[[Zohak]], during his reign, let loose a dev (demon) on a young woman, and let loose a young man on a parik (witch). They performed [[coition]] with [the sight] of the apparition; the negro came into being through that [novel] kind of coition" ([[Bundahishn]], [http://www.avesta.org/mp/grb12.htm XIVB]).
Flowering forth in the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]], pre-[[Celts|Celtic]], [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]], Aryo-[[Persian Empire|Persian]], [[Armenians|Armenic]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]], [[Tiwanaku]], [[Teotihuacán]], early [[China|Chinese]], [[Aztec]]-[[Nahua]], [[Inca]] and first [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] dynasties' representatives, with more or less ethnic but great spiritual purity, the "Northern Light" was considerably lost to the Atlantean offshoot which defiled itself through spiritual integration into the spiritual lunar sphere of the world of the "Mother" or "Earth" of the "Southern Light" and further [[miscegenation]] with bestial, dark [[Lemuria (continent)|Lemurian]] stocks. ''Revolt Against the Modern World'' presents world-history to be the saga of dualistic conflict between the "Northern Light" and the "Southern Light": on one side stand the Uranian, [[patriarchal]] stocks of purer Hyperborean lineage, climatically harshly conditioned and heroic-minded celebrators of the [[winter solstice]] (cf. [[Rene Guenon]]: "The starting-point given to the year that one can call normal, as being in direct conformity with primordial tradition, is the winter solstice", ''Traditional Forms and Cosmic Cycles'', p. 24); on the other stand the [[chthonic]] and [[Titan (mythology)|titanized]] inferior races and the spiritually/ethnically bastardized heirs of the fallen Atlantean civilization captured by the "Southern Light" and its sacerdotal and naturalistic-[[pantheist]] religion of promiscuous vegetal and animal fertility.
Evola cites [[Plato]]'s description of the fall of Atlantis by Atlantean [[miscegenation]] with humankind ([[Critias]], 110c; 120d-e; 121a-b) and the [[Bible|biblical]] myth of the ''benei elohim'', the [[Sons of God]] catastrophically mixing with the "daughters of men" ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_%28King_James%29/Genesis#Chapter_6 Genesis 6]: 4-13) as support for his esoteric, [[Aryanist]] [[anthropogenesis]]. Evola interprets [[archeological]] findings of semi-human [[hominid]] fossils as not purely primordial but evidence of the mismating of the celestial boreal race with inferior animalistic breeds as well, and most often, as remnants of degenerating, bestialized races in their final involutionary stages preceding extinction.
Just as Evola affirmed the natural hierarchy between different individuals of the same race, so he affirmed a natural rank ordering of the different human races. As the best-preserved remnants of the primordial celestial Hyperboreans, Evola affirmed the white race in its different branches as the creator of the greatest planetary civilizations:
"We have to remember that behind the various caprices of modern historical theories, and as a more profound and primordial reality, there stands the unity of blood and spirit of the white races who created the greatest civilizations both of the East and West, the Iranian and Hindu as well as the ancient Greek and Roman and the Germanic" (''The Doctrine of Awakening'', p. 14).
In fact, Evola publicly celebrated Italian Fascism as a means to ensure and restore in a modern decadent world [[white supremacy]]:
"And if Fascist Italy, among the various Western nations is the one which first wished for a reaction against the degeneration of the materialist, democratic and capitalist civilisation, against the League of Nations ideology, there are grounds for thinking, without even any scintilla of chauvinistic infatuation, that Italy will be on the front line among the forces which will guide the future world and will restore the supremacy of the white race" ("Il Problema della supremazia della razza bianca" [The Problem of the Supremacy of the White Race], ''Lo Stato'', 1936).
While characterizing race as something hereditary and biological, Evola also claimed that race was not simply and linearly defined by mere skin color and the various other hereditary factors. In other words, in addition to predominantly "Aryan" or, more broadly, "Northern" biology, the initial necessary precondition for further racial differentiation, one must prove oneself spiritually "Aryan". The fact that in India the term [[Arya]] was the synonym of [[dwija]], "twice-born" or "regenerated" supports this point. To him higher race implied something akin to supra-human, spiritual caste. Evola wrote, "the supernatural element was the foundation of the idea of a traditional patriciate and of legitimate royalty."
In 'Myth and Violence: The Fascism of Julius Evola and Alain de Benoist,' Thomas Sheehan points out that "Evola prided himself on developing a theory of races that went beyond the merely biological to the spiritual. What constitutes a superior race for Evola is the spiritual orientation of a given stock, the subsumption of the requisite biological material (and that did mean the Aryan races) under a qualitatively elevating form, namely reference to the realm of the spirit. But in fact all that Evola's theory does is to promote biological-ethnic racism a step higher. There are enough references in his works to the 'inferior, non-European races,' to the 'power of inferior strata and races,' to disgusting 'Negro syncopations' in jazz, to 'Jewish psychoanalysis'--and enough adulation of the Aryans--for us to divine that Evola's 'spiritual' racism may have had something other than disinterested Apollonian origins."
In ''Mussolini's Intellectuals'', [[A. James Gregor]] discusses Evola's racism as follows: "[In the German rendering of ''Imperialismo pagano''], Evola argues that it is out of the creativity of an 'ur-Aryan' and 'solar-Nordic' blood that world culture emerges. Conversely, culture decline is a function of the feckless mixture of Aryan, with lesser 'animalistic,' blood ... According to ''Imperialismo pagano'', the 'natural' and endogamous caste system of antiquity that sustained the 'purity' of the culture-creating 'Hyperborean-Nordics' slowly disintegrated over time under the corrosive influence of Semitic religion and the 'Semitic spirit' ...
While Evola was clear about the relative insignificance of the physical attributes of race, he did acknowledge that the 'original Hyperboreans,' which which he was critically concerned, were probably 'dolichocephalic, tall and slender, blond and blue-eyed' (''[[Sintesi di dottrina della razza]]'', p. 67) ...
Evola held that the physical mixture of races, particularly between Aryans and races that were 'alien' (i.e., non-Aryan), was always hazardous — but mixture between 'related' races might produce hybrid vigor. Given his generous notion of what constituted an Aryan race (Evola was convinced of the Hyperborean origins of most Europeans, the indigenous peoples of North and South America, as well as those of the Indian subcontinent), those candidate races Evola considered to be truly 'alien' were never explicitly cataloged—except in terms of Semites and the deeply pigmented peoples of sub-Saharan Africa (see Evola, 'Psicologia criminale ebraica,' ''Difesa della razza'' 2, no. 18, pp. 32-35; ''[[Sintesi di dottrina della razza]]'', pp. 74, 237). What seemed eminently clear, for all the qualifiers, was that all the material races Evola identified as capable of serving as hosts for the extrabiological and supernatural spiritual elements were purportedly biological descendents of the 'Aryan-Nordics' of Hyperborea ...
In the golden age, the celestial race was spiritual--only gradually, over time, taking on material properties ... As a necessary consequence of [[miscegenation]], there was a continual and irreversible decline of the celestials in ancient times (Evola identifies the Jews as providing a 'ferment of decomposition, dissolution and corruption' in antiquity; see Evola, ''Sintesi di dottrina della razza'' p. 160; ''Rivolta contro il mondo moderno'', p. 314), a tenuous revival under the Romans, and another by the Nordic-Germans during the course of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]--but by the time of the Renaissance, with its humanism, rationalism, universalism and its gradual submission to the theses of the equality of all humans, humankind had entered the ''kali-yuga'', the terminal age of 'obscurity,' the end of this current race cycle. For Evola, given the fateful path traversed by history, there remained only one course for contemporary humanity: an attempt at reconstitution of the primordial celestial race, amid the debris of previous race cycles, employing the racial remnants of the Hyperboreans ...
For Evola, spiritual forces shaped races for their own inscrutable purposes. The notion that mutations, governed from 'on high,' might be the source of raciation was a relatively common conviction among German esoterics (See Pauwels and Bergier, The Morning of the Magicians, pp. 400-5). Geneticists, Evola argued, failed to provide a compelling account of how mutations occur. He maintained, as a consequence, that 'the cause is to be found elsewhere, in the actions of a superbiological element not reducible to the determinism of the physical transmission of genetic materials.' The true cause of hereditary variation was to be found 'rather by starting from another point of view that affords one an entirely different set of laws' than those of empirical science.
Given this supposition, Evola proceeded to argue that Fascism or National Socialism--with their heroism, their sacrificial and ascetic ethic, their authoritarian and hierarchical order, together with their appeal to myth and ritual--provided an environment compatible with the 'spirit' of the celestials. That might be enough to prompt a cosmic, if gradual, reemergence of the celestial race. In such circumstances, the formative spiritual principle that, in the ultimate analysis, governs the transcendent 'superhistory' of humankind might literally reconstitute the individuals of the primordial creative race of Hyperborea. Evola sought to show that such an outcome would not be essentially determined by biology, but by the cosmic spirit--that its formative influence could transform individuals into persons accommodating a properly corresponding soul and spirit--to render them once again 'pure.'"
The eminent scholar of Fascism, [[Renzo De Felice]], maintained that while Evola's spiritual, neo-idealist racial theories were wrong, they had a notable intellectual ancestry, and Evola defended them in an honorable way: "Evola for his part completely refused any racial theorizing of a purely biological kind, which went so far as to draw to himself the attacks and sarcasms of a Landra, for example. This does not mean that the 'spiritual' theory of race is acceptable, but it had at least the merit of not totally failing to see certain values, to refuse the German aberrations and the ones modeled after them and to try to keep racism on a plane of cultural problems worthy of the name" (''Storia degli Ebrei Italiani sotto il Fascismo'', or ''The History of Italian Jews under Fascism'' [Milan, 1977]; 465).
[[Christophe Boutin]], in his major work on Evola, ''Politique et Tradition: Julius Evola dans le siècle, 1898-1974'' (Paris, 1992), discusses Evola's views on racism and [[Negroes]] (Boutin, pp. 197-200). Boutin mentions that in Evola's 1968 collection of essays, ''L’Arco e la clava'' (Milan, 1968, revised 1971), there is a chapter on "America Negrizzata," in which Evola criticizes the "Telluric" Negroid influence on popular American culture, while acknowledging that there has been little actual [[miscegenation]]. Evola also argues against American [[racial integration]] in this chapter. The unadulterated 1972 Italian edition of ''Men Among the Ruins'' ends with an appendix entitled "Appendix on the Myths of our Time," of which number 4 is "Taboos of our Times" (''Gli uomini e le rovine'', Rome, 1953, revised 1967, with the new appendix, 1972). In this section Evola argues that modern irrational taboos forbid an honest, frank discussion on the working classes and Negroes. Evola notices that the mere word 'Negro' had connotations of offensiveness in the left-wing atmosphere of the era: "la tabuizzazione che porta fino ad evitare l'uso della designazione 'negro,' per le sue implicazioni 'offensive'" (ibid., p. 276). Evola opines that a true Rightist movement will not compromise with this sort of moralistic development. (The Inner Traditions English translation suppressed Evola's appendix, ironically bearing out Evola's thoughts on the "taboos of our times.")
==Evola and the Grail==
To Evola the Grail was based on the [[Ghibelline]] tradition, being the apex of Western Civilisation. The Ghibelline tradition during the medieval period was represented by the German Hohenstaufen imperial line in opposition to the papacy.<ref>Julius Evola, ''The Mystery of the Grail: Initiation and Magic in the Quest for the Spirit'' (Inner Traditions, Bear and Company; 1996)</ref>
==Influence==
Evola's writings have continued to have an influence both within occult intellectual circles and in European far-right politics. He is widely translated in French, Spanish and partly in German. Although his impact on Italian Fascism and/or German [[Nazism]] was minor, his impact on post-War [[Neo-Fascism|Neofascist]], [[Esoteric Nazism|Nazi occultist]], [[white supremacist]] and extreme right-wing terrorist groups has been more considerable. Amongst those he has influenced are [[Miguel Serrano]], [[Savitri Devi]], [[GRECE]], ''[[The Scorpion (journal)|The Scorpion]]'', the [[Italian Social Movement|Movimento sociale italiano]] (MSI), [[Falange Espanola]], [[Gaston Armand Amaudruz]]'s [[Nouvel Ordre Européen]], [[Guillaume Faye]], [[Pino Rauti]]'s [[Ordine Nuovo]], [[Alain de Benoist]], [[Michael Moynihan (journalist)|Michael Moynihan]], [[Giorgio Freda]], the [[Armed Revolutionary Nuclei]] (Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari) and [[Forza Nuova]]. [[Giorgio Almirante]] referred to him as "our [[Herbert Marcuse|Marcuse]] — only better". <ref>Thomas Sheehan. [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/7178 Italy: Terror on the Right]. ''The New York Review of Books'', Volume 27, Volume 27, Number 21 & 22 · January 22, 1981</ref>. according to one leader of the neofascist and terrorist Ordine Nuovo, "Our work since 1953 has been
to transpose Evola’s teachings into direct political action."<ref>Quoted in: Franco Ferraresi: The Radical Right in Postwar Italy. ''Politics & Society''. 1988 16:71-119. (Page 84)</ref> The violent French fascist group [[Troisième Voie]], which is active among skinhead gangs which attack black people and gays, has also been inspired by Evola.<ref>Institute of Race relations. The far Right in Europe: a guide. ''Race & Class'', 1991, Vol. 32, No. 3:125-146 (Page 132).</ref>
Evola remains relatively unknown in the [[U.S.A.]], where almost all of his books have been published in English by New age publishers Inner Traditions. He has also gained some attention in [[Russia]], where some of his work has been analyzed by [[Alexander Dugin]] and others from a nationalistic Russian view, with but few translations of some of his shorter texts. His work, still according to translation, is also read in the [[U.K.]], [[Spain]], [[Poland]], [[Scandinavia]], [[Finland]], [[Romania]], [[Hungary]], [[Mexico]], [[Argentine]], rest of [[South America]] and [[Turkey]] where his opus "Revolt Against the Modern World" has been published in 2006.
==Books and selected articles==
Books listed with titles in English are available in translation.
#''[[Arte Astratta, Posizione Teoretica]]'' (1920)
#''[[Le Parole Oscure du Paysage Interieur]]'' (1920)
#''[[Saggi sull'idealismo magico]]'' (1925)
#''[[Teoria dell'Individuo Assoluto]]'' (1927)
#''[[Imperialismo Pagano: Il Fascismo Dinanzi al Pericolo Euro-Cristiano, con una Appendice sulle Reazioni di parte Guelfa]]'' (1928)
#''[[Introduction to Magic|Introduction to Magic: Rituals and Practical Techniques for the Magus]]'' (1929)
#''[[Fenomenologia dell'Individuo Assoluto]]'' (1930)
#''[[The Hermetic Tradition|The Hermetic Tradition: Symbols and Teachings of the Royal Art]]'' (1931)
#''[[Maschera e volto dello Spiritualismo Contemporaneo: Analisi critica delle principali correnti moderne verso il sovrasensibile]]'' (1932)
#''[[Revolt Against the Modern World|Revolt Against the Modern World: Politics, Religion, and Social Order in the Kali Yuga]]'' (1934)
#''[[Three Aspects of the Jewish Problem]]'' (1936)
#''[[The Mystery of the Grail|The Mystery of the Grail: Initiation and Magic in the Quest for the Spirit]]'' (1937)
#''[[Il Mito del Sangue. Genesi del Razzismo]]'' (1937)
#''[[Sintesi di Dottrina della Razza]]'' (1941)
#''[[The Elements of Racial Education]]'' (1941)
#''[[Die Arische Lehre von Kampf und Sieg]]'' (1941)
#''[[Gli Ebrei hanno voluto questa Guerra]]'' (1942)
#''[[The Doctrine of Awakening|The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts]]'' (1943)
#''[[The Yoga of Power|The Yoga of Power: Tantra, Shakti, and the Secret Way]]'' (1949)
#''[[Orientamenti]]'' (1950)
#''[[Men Among the Ruins|Men Among the Ruins: Post-War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist]]'' (1953)
#''[[Eros and the Mysteries of Love|Eros and the Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex]]'' (1958)
#''[[Ride the Tiger|Ride the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocrats of the Soul]]'' (1961)
#''[[Il Cammino del Cinabro]]'' (1963)
#''[[Il Fascismo. Saggio di una Analisi Critica dal Punto di Vista della Destra]]'' (1964)
#''[[L'Arco e la Clava]]'' (1968)
#''[[Il Taoismo]]'' (1972)
#''[[Meditations on the Peaks|Meditations on the Peaks: Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest]]'' (1974)
#''[[Ultimi Scritti]]'' (1977)
#''[[The Path of Enlightenment|The Path of Enlightenment According to the Mithraic Mysteries]]'' (1977) ISBN 1558182284
#''[[Zen: The Religion of the Samurai]]'' (1981)
#''[[Rene Guenon: A Teacher for Modern Times]]'' (1984)
#''[[Taoism: The Magic, the Mysticism]]'' (1993)
#''[[Metaphysics of War: Battle, Victory and Death in the World of Tradition]]'' (2007)
==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}
== References ==
*[[Mario Aprile|Aprile, Mario]] (1984), 'Julius Evola: An Introduction to His Life and Work', ''[[The Scorpion (journal)|The Scorpion]]'' No. 6 (Winter/Spring): 20-21.
*[[Kerry Bolton|Bolton, Kerry]] (1997), 'Julius Evola — Above the Ruins', ''[[The Nexus (journal)|The Nexus]]'', [[The Nexus (journal)#Issue 10|issue 10]].
*[[Guillermo Coletti|Coletti, Guillermo]] (1996), 'Against the Modern World: An Introduction to the Work of Julius Evola', ''[[Ohm Clock]]'' No. 4 (Spring): 29-31.
*[[Kevin Coogan|Coogan, Kevin]] (1998), ''[[Dreamer of the Day]]: [[Francis Parker Yockey]] and the Postwar Fascist International'' (Brooklyn, NY: [[Autonomedia]], ISBN 1-57027-039-2).
*[[Richard H. Drake|Drake, Richard H.]] (1986), 'Julius Evola and the Ideological Origins of the Radical Right in Contemporary Italy', in [[Peter H. Merkl]] (ed.), ''[[Political Violence and Terror]]: Motifs and Motivations'' ([[University of California]] Press, ISBN 0-520-05605-1) 61-89.
*[[Richard H. Drake|Drake, Richard H.]] (1988), 'Julius Evola, Radical Fascism and the Lateran Accords', ''[[The Catholic Historical Review]]'' 74: 403-419.
*[[Richard H. Drake|Drake, Richard H.]] (1989), 'The Children of the Sun', in ''[[The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy]]'' (Bloomington: [[Indiana University Press]], ISBN 0-253-35019-0), 114-134.
*[[Franco Faerraresi|Faerraresi, Franco]] (1987), 'Julius Evola: Tradition, Reaction, and the Radical Right', ''[[European Journal of Sociology]]'' 28: 107-151.
*[[Joscelyn Godwin|Godwin, Joscelyn]] (1996), ''[[Arktos]]: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival'' (Kempton, IL: [[Adventures Unlimited Press]], ISBN 0-932813-35-6), 57-61.
*[[Joscelyn Godwin|Godwin, Joscelyn]] (2002), 'Julius Evola, A Philosopher in the Age of the Titans', ''[[TYR: Myth—Culture—Tradition]]'' Volume 1 (Atlanta, GA: Ultra Publishing, ISBN 0-9720292-0-6), 127-142.
*[[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke|Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas]] (2001), ''[[Black Sun (book by Goodrick-Clarke)|Black Sun]]: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity'' (New York: [[New York University Press]], ISBN 0-585-43467-0, ISBN 0-8147-3124-4, ISBN 0-8147-3155-4), 52-71.
*[[Roger Griffin|Griffin, Roger]] (1985), 'Revolts against the Modern World: The Blend of Literary and Historical Fantasy in the Italian New Right', ''[[Literature and History]]'' 11 (Spring): 101-123. [http://www.rosenoire.org/articles/revolts.php]
*[[Roger Griffin|Griffin, Roger]] (1995) (ed.), ''[[Fascism (book)|Fascism]]'' ([[Oxford University Press]], ISBN 0-19-289249-5), 317-318.
*[[H. T. Hansen|Hansen, H. T.]] (1994), 'A Short Introduction to Julius Evola', ''[[Theosophical History]]'' 5 (January): 11-22; reprinted as the introduction to Julius Evola, ''[[Revolt Against the Modern World]]'', (Vermont: Inner Traditions, 1995).
*[[H. T. Hansen|Hansen, H. T.]] (2002), 'Julius Evola's Political Endeavors', introduction to Julius Evola, ''[[Men Among the Ruins]]'', (Vermont: Inner Traditions).
*[[Michael Moynihan (journalist)|Moynihan, Michael]] (2003), 'Julius Evola's Combat Manuals for a Revolt Against the Modern World', in [[Richard Metzger]] (ed.), ''Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick and the Occult'' ([[The Disinformation Company]], ISBN 0-9713942-7-X) 313-320.
*[[Philip Rees|Rees, Philip]] (1991), ''[[Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890]]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-13-089301-3), 118-120.
*[[Mark Sedgwick|Sedgwick, Mark]] (2004) ''Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century'' (Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-515297-2).
*[[Thomas Sheehan (author)|Sheehan, Thomas]] (1981) 'Myth and Violence: The Fascism of Julius Evola and [[Alain de Benoist]]', ''Social Research'', 48 (Spring): 45-83.
*[[Guido Stucco|Stucco, Guido]] (1992), 'Translator's Introduction', in Evola, ''[[The Yoga of Power]]'' (Vermont: Inner Traditions), ix-xv.
*[[Guido Stucco|Stucco, Guido]] (1994), 'Introduction', printed in Julius Evola, ''[[The Path of Enlightenment|The Path of Enlightenment According to the Mithraic Mysteries]]'', ''[[Zen: The Religion of the Samurai]]'', ''[[Rene Guenon: A Teacher for Modern Times]]'', and ''[[Taoism: The Magic, the Mysticism]]'' ([[Edmonds, WA]]: [[Holmes Publishing Group]])
*{{cite journal
| quotes =
| author = [[Guido Stucco|Stucco, Guido]]
| date =
| year = 2002
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| title = The Legacy of a European Traditionalist: Julius Evola in Perspective
| journal = [[Occidental Quarterly]]
| volume = Vol. 3
| issue = No. 2
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| url = http://theoccidentalquarterly.com/archives/vol2no3/gs-evola.html
| language = English
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}}
*[[Steven M. Wasserstrom|Wasserstrom, Steven M.]] (1995), 'The Lives of Baron Evola', ''[[Alphabet City]]'' 4 + 5 (December): 84-89.
*[[Robin Waterfield|Waterfield, Robin]] (1990), 'Baron Julius Evola and the Hermetic Tradition', ''[[Gnosis]]'' 14, (Winter): 12-17.
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.gnosticliberationfront.com/julius_evola%20southgate.htm Julius Evola, A Radical Traditionalist]
* [http://www.gnosticliberationfront.com/julius_evolas%20political%20testament.htm Julius Evola's Political Testament By Nigel Jackson]
*[http://www.gnosticliberationfront.com/julius_evola_page_2.htm Julius Evola, Magic and Awakening]
*[http://www.geocities.com/integral_tradition/texts.html Integral Tradition - Conservative Revolution: Texts]
*[http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/evolacodreanuschwarz.html Corneliu Codreanu and the New European Empire According to Julius Evola]
*[http://www.juliusevola.net/ JuliusEvola.NET], contains pictures of Evola, his paintings and a large text archive
*[http://thompkins_cariou.tripod.com/ Evola As He Is], many previously unpublished texts in English
*[http://www.geocities.com/raaga_blanda/ Raaga Blanda: The Poetry of Julius Evola in English]
*[http://www.ariyabuddhism.com/ ariyaBuddhism.com], dedicated to Julius Evola's 'Doctrine of Awakening'
*[http://www.evola.org/ Evola.ORG], links to Evola websites worldwide
*[http://www.juliusevola.it Julius Evola Unofficial Website], Italian with texts in other languages
*[http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1404/archive.html Julius Evola text archive], texts in German, English, French, Italian, Spanish
*[gopher://kalb.ath.cx/1/Julius_Evola Julius Evola texts], a comprehensive archive of texts in German and English
*[http://juliusevola.pl.googlepages.com/index.htm Julius Evola - teksty wybrane], Polish text archive
*[http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6824/evola.htm Evola text:] "The American Civilisation"
*[http://web.mac.com/juliusevola/iWeb/excerpts/The%20Secret%20Causes%20of%20History%20and%20the%20'Protocols%20of%20the%20Learned%20Elders%20of%20Zion'.html Evola text:] "The secret causes of history and 'The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion'"
*[http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,775668,00.html The poisonous Protocols], by [[Umberto Eco]] on Evola, Italian intellectuals and ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''
*[http://www.disinfo.com/archive/pages/dossier/id736/pg1/ Matthew Mitchem:] Julius Evola: Tradition's Triumphant Caesar
*[http://www.arrakis.es/~fsln/evolabib.htm arrakis.es], Evola bibliography in Italian
*[http://www.oswaldmosley.com/people/evola.html OswaldMosley.com], contains [[Kerry Bolton]]'s presentation of Evola
*[http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/jenseitseng.html CentroStudiLaRuna.it] contains an 'Appreciation for Julius Evola's 100th Anniversary'
*[http://www.rosenoire.org/articles/militant.php RoseNoire.ORG], contains an extensive chapter-by-chapter summary of Evola's ''Men Among the Ruins''
*[http://www.spitfirelist.com/f233.html Kevin Coogan's Conceptualization of the Order], a [[Dave Emory]] broadcast presenting [[Kevin Coogan|Coogan's]] view of Evola's connection to the Fascist International.
*[http://www.trimondi.de/SDLE/Part-2-12.htm Fascist Occultism and its Close Relationship to Buddhist Tantrism], chapter 12 of Part II of ''[[The Shadow of the Dalai Lama]]'' by [[Victor Trimondi|Victor]] and [[Victoria Trimondi]].
*[http://www.futurism2.fsnet.co.uk/evola/evola_frames.htm Selection of Evola's Futurist and Dada works, 1917-20]
*[http://www.juliusevola.com/ Julius Evola fansite]
*[http://www.codeschaos.0catch.com/juliusevola.html A Guide to English-Language Websites]
{{Footer Works by Julius Evola}}
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME= Evola, Julius
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Evola, Giulio Cesare Andrea
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= author, metaphysician, political philosopher
|DATE OF BIRTH= [[19 May]] [[1898]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
|DATE OF DEATH= [[11 June]] [[1974]]
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Evola, Julius}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Antisemitism]]
[[Category:Dada]]
[[Category:Esotericists]]
[[Category:Futurism]]
[[Category:Italian fascists]]
[[Category:Italian neo-fascists]]
[[Category:Italian philosophers]]
[[Category:Italian occult writers]]
[[Category:Neo-fascism]]
[[Category:New Right (Europe)]]
[[Category:Fascist era scholars and writers]]
[[Category:People from Rome (city)]]
[[Category:People of Sicilian descent]]
[[Category:Traditionalism]]
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