Jurassic Park (film)
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{{Infobox Film
| name = Jurassic Park
| image = Jurassic Park poster.jpg
| director = [[Steven Spielberg]]
| producer = [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]]<br />[[Gerald R. Molen]]
| writer = '''Screenplay'''<br />[[David Koepp]]<br />[[Malia Scotch Marmo]] ''(uncredited)''<br />[[Michael Crichton]]<br />'''Novel''':<br />Michael Crichton
| starring = [[Sam Neill]]<br />[[Laura Dern]]<br />[[Jeff Goldblum]]<br />[[Richard Attenborough]]<br />[[Joseph Mazzello]]<br />[[Ariana Richards]]<br />[[Martin Ferrero]]<br />[[Bob Peck]]<br />[[Samuel L. Jackson]]<br />[[Wayne Knight]]
| music = [[John Williams]]
| cinematography = [[Dean Cundey]]
| editing = [[Michael Kahn (film editor)|Michael Kahn]]
| distributor = [[Universal Studios]]
| released = [[June 11]] [[1993]]
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = [[Cinema of the United States|USA]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| budget = [[United States dollar|$]]95,000,000<!-- Don't ignore McBrides research --><ref name="mcbride">[[Joseph McBride]] (1997). ''Steven Spielberg''. Faber and Faber, 416–9. ISBN 0-571-19177-0</ref>
| gross = $914,691,118
| followed_by = ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]''
| website =
| amg_id = 1:26808
| imdb_id = 0107290
}}
'''''Jurassic Park''''' is a [[1993 in film|1993]] [[science fiction film]] directed by [[Steven Spielberg]], based on the [[Jurassic Park|novel of the same name]] by [[Michael Crichton]]. The film centers on the fictional island of [[Isla Nublar]], where scientists have created an [[amusement park]] of [[Cloning|cloned]] [[dinosaur]]s. John Hammond ([[Richard Attenborough]]) invites a group of scientists, played by [[Sam Neill]], [[Jeff Goldblum]] and [[Laura Dern]], to inspect the park prior to its public opening. Sabotage sets the dinosaurs loose, and the technicians and visitors attempt to escape the island.
Spielberg acquired the rights to the novel before its publication in 1990, and Crichton was hired to adapt his novel. [[David Koepp]] wrote the final draft, which left out much of the novel's exposition and violence, and also made numerous changes to the characters. Spielberg hired [[Stan Winston|Stan Winston Studios]] to create animatronics to portray the dinosaurs, shots of which were then mixed with newly developed [[computer-generated imagery]] by [[Industrial Light & Magic]]. Paleontologist [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] aided the actors and the special effects team in creating authenticity (although aspects of the animals' depictions became dated due to further research, particularly the ''[[Velociraptor]]''). Filming took place from [[August 24]] to [[November 30]], [[1992]] in [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]], [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], and [[California]].
''Jurassic Park'' is regarded as a landmark in the use of [[computer-generated imagery]], and received positive reviews from critics, who praised the effects, though reactions to other elements of the picture, such as character development, were mixed. During its release, the film grossed more than [[United States dollar|$]]914 million, becoming the most successful film released up until that time, and it is currently the [[List of highest-grossing films|tenth-highest-grossing feature film]] (taking inflation into account, it is the [[List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada|17th-highest-grossing film]] in North America). ''Jurassic Park'' spawned a [[Jurassic Park franchise|franchise]] of films and other media, including the sequels ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'' ([[1997 in film|1997]]) and ''[[Jurassic Park III]]'' ([[2001 in film|2001]]). ''[[Jurassic Park IV]]'' is currently in development.
==Plot==
<!-- NOTE: Improve grammar, but please do NOT expand the synopsis any further.
-->On [[Isla Nublar]], an [[InGen]] employee is attacked while releasing a ''[[Velociraptor]]'' into a specially built enclosure, prompting a lawsuit from his family. [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#John Hammond|John Hammond]] is pressured by his investors to allow a safety investigation by experts before opening the park. He invites [[paleontologist]] [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#Dr. Alan Grant|Alan Grant]], [[paleobotanist]] [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#Dr. Ellie Sattler|Ellie Sattler]], [[chaos theory|chaos theorist]] [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#Dr. Ian Malcolm|Ian Malcolm]], and his investors' attorney [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#Donald Gennaro|Donald Gennaro]] to perform the inspection. The group meets a ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' when they set off into the park. At the park, they learn that InGen created the dinosaurs by cloning genetic material found in [[mosquito]]es that fed on dinosaur blood, preserved in [[Dominican amber]]. The DNA from these samples was spliced with DNA from [[frog]]s to [[DNA sequencing|fill in gaps]]. Only female [[dinosaur]]s are created to prevent breeding. The team is also shown the enclosure of the ''[[Velociraptor]]'', dubbed "raptors", intelligent and ferocious predators.
[[Image:JurassicParkTREX.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The ''Tyrannosaurus'' escapes from her paddock.]]Malcolm and Sattler are worried, but Grant remains neutral. They meet Hammond's grandchildren, [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#Tim Murphy|Tim]] and [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#Alexis "Lex" Murphy|Alexis "Lex" Murphy]], and go on a vehicular tour of the park. Ellie leaves the tour to take care of a sick ''[[Triceratops]]'' with Dr. Harding. A [[tropical storm]] hits the island and most InGen employees leave, except for Hammond, [[game warden]] [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#Robert Muldoon|Robert Muldoon]], chief [[Systems engineering|engineer]] [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#John Raymond Arnold|Ray Arnold]], and leading [[computer programmer]] [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#Dennis Nedry|Dennis Nedry]]. Commissioned by a rival businessman, Nedry takes an opportunity to shut down the park's security system so he can steal dinosaur [[embryo]]s and deliver them to an auxiliary dock. As a result, the ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' breaks through the deactivated electric fence surrounding its pen, devouring Gennaro, attacking Tim and Lex hiding in the car, and wounding Malcolm. The children and Grant only narrowly avoid being killed and eaten. Just after they flee the wreckage, Ellie and Muldoon arrive. At first, they believe the only survivor of the attack is Malcolm, but upon further investigation they find two footprints: one is Grant's and one belongs to one of the kids. Just then, the T. rex returns, and Malcolm, Muldoon, and Ellie barely escape her in their jeep. Meanwhile, Nedry crashes his car, and while trying to winch it, he is killed by a ''[[Dilophosaurus]]''. Grant, Tim, and Lex spend the night in a tree. While hiking to safety the next morning, they discover hatched eggs, which means that the dinosaurs are actually breeding. Grant realizes that the frog DNA is responsible: some species of frog are known to spontaneously change sex in a single-sex environment.
[[Image:JPvelociraptor.png|200px|thumb|left|A pair of ''[[Velociraptor]]'' enter the kitchen.]]
Arnold tries to hack Nedry's computer to turn the power back on but fails, so he does a full system restart, which requires the circuit breakers to be manually reset from the utility shed. When he does not return, Ellie and Muldoon follow and discover the raptors have escaped. Muldoon realizes that they are near and tells Ellie to go to the utility shed herself and turn the power back on while he tries to hunt them down. Muldoon is attacked and killed by a lurking raptor while Ellie escapes from another after discovering Arnold's remains. After managing to turn on the power and escaping the raptor, she meets Grant, and they both go back to Malcolm and Hammond in the emergency bunkers. Lex and Tim narrowly escape two of the raptors in the kitchen, and Lex is finally able to restore the Park's computer systems in order to call Hammond to request a helicopter rescue of the survivors. Grant and Ellie hold off a raptor trying to open the door to the computer room, until the power is restored and the electromagnetic locks begin working. With the door secure, the team climbs up into the ceiling crawlspace and arrive at the Visitors Center skeleton display. After a scuffle on top of the fossil exhibits where the raptors block their escape route, help comes from an unlikely source when the ''Tyrannosaurus'' suddenly appears and kills both raptors, saving Grant, Ellie, Lex, and Tim in the process. The four then climb into Hammond and Malcolm's jeep and leave. Grant says he will not endorse the park, a choice with which Hammond concurs. As all fly away in the helicopter, the children fall asleep beside Grant, who contemplatively watches the birds flying nearby, the surviving relatives of the dinosaurs they escaped.
==Cast==
{{main|List of characters in Jurassic Park}}
[[Image:JurassicParkcast.jpg|thumb|300px|From left: Donald Gennaro ([[Martin Ferrero]]), Ellie Sattler ([[Laura Dern]]), John Hammond ([[Richard Attenborough]]), Alan Grant ([[Sam Neill]]) and Ian Malcolm ([[Jeff Goldblum]])]]
<!-- Keep spoilers to a minimum! The plot is for who gets eaten. -->
*'''[[Sam Neill]]''' as '''[[Alan Grant (Jurassic Park character)|Dr. Alan Grant]]''': A [[paleontologist]] excavating ''[[Velociraptor]]'' [[fossils]] in the [[Montana]] [[Badlands]]. He dislikes children, frightening one with a talon of a raptor, but he soon has to protect Hammond's grandchildren. Neill was Spielberg's original choice, but he was too busy. Spielberg then met [[Richard Dreyfuss]] and [[Kurt Russell]], who were too expensive, and [[William Hurt]] turned down the role.<ref>{{cite book | last = Don Shay | coauthors = Jody Duncan | title = The Making of Jurassic Park: An Adventure 65 Million Years in the Making | publisher = Boxtree Limited | date = 1993 | pages = p.61 | id = ISBN 1-85283-774-8}}</ref> Spielberg then pushed back filming a month to let Neill play the character: he wound up only having a weekend's break between filming ''Family Pictures'' and ''Jurassic Park''. Neill prepared for the role by meeting paleontologist [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]].<ref name="casting">Shay, Duncan, p.71–5</ref>
*'''[[Laura Dern]]''' as '''Dr. Ellie Sattler''': A [[paleobotanist]] and graduate student of Grant. Dern also met Horner and visited the [[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]], learning to prepare a fossil.<ref name="casting" />
*'''[[Jeff Goldblum]]''' as '''[[Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)|Dr. Ian Malcolm]]''': A [[mathematician]] and [[Chaos theory|chaos theorist]]. He warns of the danger of resurrecting dinosaurs and becomes Hammond's main opposition. He also falls for Sattler, another in a long line of romantic interests. Goldblum was Spielberg's first choice,<ref name="casting" /> and he is a big fan of dinosaurs.<ref name="big fan">Shay, Duncan, p.110–1</ref> To prepare for his role, Goldblum met with [[James Gleick]] and Ivar Ekeland to discuss [[Chaos Theory]].<ref name="Jones">Jones, Alan. ''[[Cinefantastique]]'' Magazine, Vol.24, No.2, pg. 9, "Jurassic Park: Computer Graphic Dinosaurs"</ref>
*'''[[Richard Attenborough]]''' as '''John Hammond''': CEO of InGen and architect of Jurassic Park. ''Jurassic Park'' was Attenborough's first acting role since [[1979 in film|1979]]'s ''The Human Factor''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Richard Attenborough: Actor – filmography | publisher = IMDb | url = http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000277/#actor | accessdate = 2007-01-26}}</ref>
*'''[[Ariana Richards]]''' as '''Alexis "Lex" Murphy''': Hammond's granddaughter, a [[vegetarian]] and self-professed [[computer hacker]].
*'''[[Joseph Mazzello]]''' as '''Timmy "Tim" Murphy''': Lex's younger brother, into dinosaurs. He has read Grant's numerous books.
*'''[[Wayne Knight]]''' as '''Dennis Nedry''': The disgruntled architect of Jurassic Park's computer systems. He is bribed by [[Biosyn]] agent [[List of characters in Jurassic Park#Dr. Lewis Dodgson|Lewis Dodgson]] for $1.5 million to deliver frozen dinosaur [[embryo]]s.
*'''[[Samuel L. Jackson]]''' as '''Ray Arnold''': The park's chief engineer. He switches off the main power to reboot the mainframe but unwittingly unleashes the raptors in doing so.
*'''[[Bob Peck]]''' as '''Robert Muldoon''': The park's game warden. He is concerned about the intelligence of the raptors and would have them all destroyed.
*'''[[Martin Ferrero]]''' as '''Donald Gennaro''': A lawyer who represents Hammond's concerned investors.
*'''[[B. D. Wong]]''' as '''Dr. Henry Wu''': The park's chief geneticist, who is responsible for making all the dinosaurs female and [[lysine]] deficient. He leaves during the storm.
*'''[[Gerald R. Molen]]''', the film's producer, cameoed as '''Gerry Harding''', the park's [[veterinarian]], who appears to take care of the ''[[Triceratops]]''.
*'''[[Cameron Thor]]''' as '''Lewis Dodgson''': The head of InGen's rival corporation [[Biosyn]] in the novel. He only appears in the film to give Nedry a shaving cream can to put stolen embryos in before he goes to Jurassic Park.
*'''[[Dean Cundey]]''', the film's cinematographer, cameoed as the '''Dockworker''' who Nedry talks to on the computer.
*'''[[Richard Kiley]]''' as himself, supplying the voice of the car tour guide.
==Production==
[[Michael Crichton]] originally conceived a [[screenplay]] about a graduate student who recreates a dinosaur; he continued to wrestle with his fascination with dinosaurs and cloning until he began writing the novel ''[[Jurassic Park]]''.<ref>{{cite video | people = Michael Crichton | title = Michael Crichton on the Jurassic Park Phenomenon | medium = DVD | publisher = Universal | date = 2001}}</ref> Spielberg learned of the novel in October 1989 while he and Crichton were discussing a screenplay that would become the TV series ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''.<ref name="mcbride" /> Before the book was published, Crichton demanded a non-negotiable fee of $1.5 million as well as a substantial percentage of the gross. [[Warner Bros.|Warner Brothers]] and [[Tim Burton]], [[Columbia Tristar]] and [[Richard Donner]], and [[20th Century Fox]] and [[Joe Dante]] bid for the rights,<ref name="mcbride" /> but Universal eventually acquired them in May 1990 for Spielberg.<ref name="Production notes">DVD Production Notes</ref> Universal paid Crichton a further $500,000 to adapt his own novel,<ref>{{cite news | title = Leaping Lizards | publisher = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = [[1990-12-07]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,318785,00.html | accessdate=2007-02-17}}</ref> which he had finished by the time Spielberg was filming ''[[Hook (film)|Hook]]''. Crichton noted that because the book was "fairly long" his script only had about 10–20 percent of the novel's content; scenes were dropped for budgetary and practical reasons.<ref name="Biodrowski"> Steve Biodrowski. ''[[Cinefantastique]]'' Magazine, Vol. 24, No.2, pg. 12, "Jurassic Park: Michael Crichton"</ref> After completing ''Hook'', Spielberg wanted to film ''[[Schindler's List]]''. [[Music Corporation of America|MCA]] president [[Sid Sheinberg]] gave a green light to the film on one condition: that Spielberg make ''Jurassic Park'' first. Spielberg later said, "He knew that once I had directed ''Schindler'' I wouldn't be able to do ''Jurassic Park''".<ref name="mcbride" />
[[Image:ClayRex.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[go motion]] test of the ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' by [[Phil Tippett]]]]
Spielberg hired [[Stan Winston]] to create the animatronic dinosaurs, [[Phil Tippett]] to create [[go motion]] dinosaurs for [[long shots]], [[Michael Lantieri]] to supervise the on-set effects, and [[Dennis Muren]] to do the digital compositing. Paleontologist [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] supervised the designs, to help fulfil Spielberg's desire to portray the dinosaurs as animals rather than monsters. Horner dismissed the raptors' flicking tongues in Tippett's early animatics,<ref name="Earl doc">{{cite video | title = The Making of Jurassic Park — Hosted by James Earl Jones | medium = VHS | publisher = Universal | year = 1995}}</ref> complaining, "[The dinosaurs] have no way of doing that!" Taking Horner's advice, Spielberg insisted that Tippett take the tongues out.<ref name="French">Lawrence French. ''[[Cinefantastique]]'' Magazine, Vol.24, No.2, pg. 9, "Jurassic Park: Dinosaur Movements"</ref> Winston's department created fully detailed models of the dinosaurs before molding [[latex]] skins, which were fitted over complex robotics. Tippett created stop-motion [[animatic]]s of major scenes, but, despite go-motion's attempts at motion blurs, Spielberg still found the end results unsatisfactory in terms of working in a [[live-action]] feature film.<ref name="Earl doc" /> Animators Mark Dippe and Steve Williams went ahead in creating a computer-generated walk cycle for the ''T. rex'' skeleton and were approved to do more.<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.49</ref> When Spielberg and Tippett saw an animatic of the ''T. rex'' chasing a herd of ''[[Gallimimus]]'', Spielberg said, "You're out of a job," to which Tippett replied, "Don't you mean extinct?"<ref name="Earl doc" /> Spielberg later wrote both the animatic and his dialogue between him and Tippett into the script.<ref name="gallies">Shay, Duncan, p.134–5</ref>
[[Malia Scotch Marmo]] began a script rewrite in October 1991 over a five-month period, merging Ian Malcolm with Alan Grant.<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.39–42</ref> Screenwriter [[David Koepp]] came on board afterward, starting afresh from Marmo's draft, and used Spielberg's idea of a cartoon shown to the visitors to remove much of the exposition that fills Crichton's novel.<ref name="koepp">Shay, Duncan, p.55–6</ref> Spielberg also excised a sub-plot of ''[[Procompsognathus]]'' escaping to the mainland and attacking young children, as he found it too horrific.<ref>{{cite news | title = A Tale Of Two 'Jurassics' | publisher = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = [[1993-06-18]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306930,00.html | accessdate = 2007-02-17}}</ref> This sub-plot would eventually be used as a prologue in the Spielberg-directed sequel, ''The Lost World''. Hammond was changed from a ruthless businessman to a kindly old man, because Spielberg identified with Hammond's obsession with showmanship.<ref name="lack of story?">McBride, p.421–422</ref> He also switched the characters of Tim and Lex; in the book, Tim is aged 11 and into computers, and Lex is only seven or eight and into sports. Spielberg did this because he wanted to work with the younger Joseph Mazzello, and it also allowed him to introduce the sub-plot of Lex's adolescent crush on Grant.<ref name="casting" /> Koepp changed Grant's relationship with the children, making him hostile to them initially to allow for more [[characterization#Character development|character development]].<ref name="mcbride" /> Koepp also took the opportunity to cut out a major sequence from the book, for budgetary reasons, where the T. rex chases Grant and the children down a river before being tranquilized by Muldoon.<ref name="koepp" />
After two years and one month of pre-production, filming began on [[August 24]], [[1992]], on the [[Hawaii]]an island of [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]].<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.65 and 67</ref> The three-week shoot involved various daytime exteriors.<ref name="Production notes" /> On September 11, [[Hurricane Iniki]] passed directly over Kaua{{okina}}i, which caused the crew to lose a day of shooting.<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.86</ref> The scheduled shoot of the ''Gallimimus'' chase was moved to [[Oahu]].<ref name="gallies" /> The crew moved back to mainland USA to shoot at [[Universal Studios]]'s Stage 24 for scenes involving the raptors in the kitchen.<ref name="Production notes" /> The crew also shot on Stage 23 for the scenes involving the power supply, before going on location to [[Red Rock Canyon State Park (California)|Red Rock Canyon]] for the [[Montana]] dig scenes.<ref name="location">Shay, Duncan, p.91–92</ref> The crew returned to Universal to shoot Grant's rescue of Tim, using a fifty-foot prop with hydraulic wheels for the car fall, and the ''Brachiosaurus'' encounter. The crew proceeded to film scenes for the Park's labs and control room, which used animations for the computers loaned from [[Silicon Graphics]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]].<ref name="triple cite">Shay, Duncan, p.95–105</ref>
The crew moved to [[Warner Bros. Studios]]' Stage 16 to shoot the ''T. rex'' attack on the tour cars.<ref name="triple cite" /> Shooting proved frustrating due to water soaking the foam rubber skin of the animatronic dinosaur.<ref name="big fan" /> Back at Universal, the crew filmed scenes with the ''Dilophosaurus'' on Stage 27. Finally, the shoot finished on Stage 12, with the climactic chases with the raptors in the Park's computer rooms and Visitor's Center.<ref name="dilo">Shay, Duncan, p.113–114</ref> Spielberg brought back the ''T. rex'' for the climax, abandoning his original ending in which Grant uses a platform machine to maneuver a raptor into a fossil tyrannosaur's jaws.<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.118</ref> The film wrapped twelve days ahead of schedule on [[November 30]],<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.120</ref><ref name="Production notes" /><ref>{{cite news | author = Army Archerd | title = Spielberg parks 'Jurassic' under sked, budget | publisher = Variety | date = [[1992-12-01]] | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117862089.html?categoryid=2&cs=1 | accessdate = 2007-01-27}}</ref> and within days Michael Kahn had a rough cut ready, allowing Spielberg to go ahead with filming ''Schindler's List''.<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.126</ref>
Special effects work continued on the film, with Tippett's unit adjusting to new technology with Dinosaur Input Devices<ref name="SIGCHI Dinosaur Input Device">{{cite web | url=http://www.sigchi.org/chi95/proceedings/papers/bk_bdy.htm | title=Dinosaur Input Device | author=Brian Knep | coauthors=Craig Hayes, Rick Sayre & Tom Williams | year=1995 | work=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems | pages=p.304-309}}</ref>: models which fed information into the computers to allow themselves to animate the characters traditionally. In addition, they acted out scenes with the raptors and ''Gallimimus''. As well as the computer-generated dinosaurs, ILM also created elements such as water splashing and digital face replacement for Ariana Richards' stunt double.<ref name="Earl doc" /> Compositing the dinosaurs onto the live action scenes took around an hour. Rendering the dinosaurs often took two to four hours per frame, and rendering the T. rex in the rain even took six hours per frame.<ref name="Silicon Valley ACM Siggraph">{{cite web | url=http://silicon-valley.siggraph.org/MeetingNotes/ILM.html | title=Jurassic Park - The Illusion of Life | accessdate=2008-04-19 | author=John Peterson | coauthors=Steve Williams & Joe Letteri | year=1994 | work=[[Silicon Valley ACM Siggraph]] | pages=p. 1}}</ref> Spielberg monitored their progress from [[Poland]].<ref name="Hopefully the only double page ref">Shay, Duncan, p.138</ref> Composer [[John Williams]] began work on the [[Jurassic Park (film score)|score]] at the end of February, and it was [[Conducting|conducted]] a month later by John Neufeld and [[Alexander Courage]].<ref name="the end">Shay, Duncan p.144–6</ref> The sound effects crew, supervised by [[George Lucas]],<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.123</ref> were finished by the end of April. ''Jurassic Park'' was finally completed on [[May 28]], [[1993]].<ref name="the end" />
{{See|Jurassic Park (film score)}}
==Dinosaurs on screen==
{{seealso|Biological issues in Jurassic Park}}
Despite the title of the film, most of the dinosaurs featured did not exist until the [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref name="dinomania">{{cite news | author = [[Steven Jay Gould]] | title = Dinomania | publisher = The New York Review of Books | date = [[1993-08-12]] | url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2483 | accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref>
[[Image:JurassicPark-FilmRexCarPin02.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Stan Winston]]'s animatronic ''Tyrannosaurus'', on Warner Bros Stage 16]]
*'''''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]''''', abbreviated as "''T. rex''", is the star of the film according to Spielberg, being the reason he rewrote the ending for fear of disappointing the audience.<ref name="Earl doc" /> Winston's animatronic ''T. rex'' stood {{convert|20|ft|m}}, weighed {{convert|13000|lb|kg}},<ref name="triple cite" /> and was {{convert|40|ft|m}} long.<ref name="magic">{{cite news | author = [[Richard Corliss]] | title = Behind the Magic of Jurassic Park | publisher = [[Time (magazine)|TIME]] | date = [[1993-04-26]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978307,00.html | accessdate = 2007-01-26}}</ref> [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] called it "the closest I've ever been to a live dinosaur".<ref name="magic" /> The dinosaur is depicted with a vision system based on movement. Its roar is a baby [[elephant]] mixed with a [[tiger]] and an [[alligator]], and its breath is a [[whale]]'s blow.<ref name="the end" /> A [[dog]] attacking a ball was used for the sounds of it tearing a ''Gallimimus'' apart.<ref name="Earl doc" />
*'''''[[Velociraptor]]''''', dubbed "raptors" in the film, also have a major role, although those depicted are not based on the actual species in question, which is significantly smaller. It was instead based on its larger relative, ''[[Deinonychus]]'', which was at the time called ''Velociraptor antirrhopus'' by some scientists.<ref name="paul1988">Paul, G.S. 1988. ''Predatory Dinosaurs of the World.'' New York: Simon and Schuster. 464 pp.</ref> Crichton followed this theory, but by the time production of the film took place, the idea had been dropped. When the similar ''[[Utahraptor]]'' was discovered before the film's release, Stan Winston joked, "We made it, then they discovered it."<ref name="magic" /> For the attack on Robert Muldoon, the raptors were [[Suitmation|played by men in suits]].<ref name="dilo" /> [[Dolphin]] screams, [[walrus]]es bellowing, [[geese]] hissing, [[Crane (bird)|an African crane]]'s mating call, and human rasps were mixed to form various raptor sounds.<ref name="the end" /><ref name="Earl doc" /> Following discoveries made after the film's release, most paleontologists have concluded that [[dromaeosaur]]s like ''Velociraptor'' and ''Deinonychus'' had feathers.<ref name="paul2002">Paul, G.S. 2002. ''Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 472 pp.</ref>
*'''''[[Dilophosaurus]]''''' was also very different from its real-life counterpart, made significantly smaller to make sure audiences did not confuse it with the raptors.<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.36</ref> Its [[neck frill]] and its ability to spit poisonous fluid are fictitious. Its vocal sounds were made by combining a [[swan]], a [[hawk]], a [[howler monkey]], and a [[rattlesnake]].<ref name="Earl doc" />
*'''''[[Brachiosaurus]]''''' is inaccurately depicted as chewing its food as well as standing up on its hind legs to browse among the high tree branches. Despite scientific evidence of their having limited vocal capabilities, sound designer [[Gary Rydstrom]] decided to represent them with [[whale song]]s and [[donkey]] calls to give them a melodic sense of wonder.<ref name="the end" />
*'''''[[Triceratops]]''''' has an extended cameo. Its appearance was a particular logistical nightmare for Stan Winston when Spielberg asked to shoot the animatronic of the sick creature earlier than expected.<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.83</ref> Winston also created a baby ''Triceratops'' for Ariana Richards to ride, which was cut from the film for pacing reasons.<ref>Shay, Duncan, p.64</ref>
*'''''[[Gallimimus]]''''' and '''''[[Parasaurolophus]]'''''' roles are mainly cameos. ''Gallimimus'' feature in a stampede scene where one of them is devoured by the ''Tyrannosaurus''. ''Parasaurolophus'' appears in the background during the first encounter with the brachiosaurs.
==Distribution==
Universal spent $65 million on the marketing campaign for ''Jurassic Park'', making deals with 100 companies to market 1,000 products.<ref>{{cite news | title = The Beastmaster | publisher = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = [[1993-03-12]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305858,00.html | accessdate = 2007-02-17}}</ref> These included [[Jurassic Park (video game)|three ''Jurassic Park'' video games]] by [[SEGA]] and [[Ocean Software]],<ref name="licensees">{{cite web|title=Jurassic Park Licensees|publisher=Moby Games|url=http://www.mobygames.com/game-group/jurassic-park-licensees/|accessdate=2007-03-12}}</ref> a toy line by [[Kenner]] that was distributed by [[Hasbro]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jurassic Park Series 1 & 2|publisher=Jurassic Park Legacy|url=http://www.jplegacy.org/home.php?load=toys/jpthist.shtml|accessdate=2007-03-12}}</ref> and a [[novelization]] aimed at young children.<ref>{{cite book | author = Gail Herman | coauthors=Michael Crichton, David Koepp | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = Grosset & Dunlap | date = 1993 | pages = 88 | id = ISBN 0-448-40172-X}}</ref> The [[Jurassic Park (film score)|released soundtrack]] included unused material.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jurassic Park Unleashed|publisher=Jurassic Park Legacy|url=http://www.jplegacy.org/home.php?load=jurassicpark/jpunleashed.shtml|accessdate=2007-03-29}}</ref> Trailers for the film only gave fleeting glimpses of the dinosaurs,<ref>{{cite news | author = Michael Sauter | title = Trailer Park | publisher = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = [[1993-06-04]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306780,00.html | accessdate=2007-02-17}}</ref> a tactic journalist Josh Horowitz described as "that old Spielberg axiom of never revealing too much" when Spielberg and director [[Michael Bay]] did the same for their production of ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]'' in 2007.<ref>{{cite news | author = Josh Horowitz | title = Michael Bay Divulges 'Transformers' Details — And Word Of 'Bad Boys III' | publisher = MTV | date = [[2007-02-15]] | url = http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1552462/20070214/story.jhtml | accessdate = 2007-02-15}}</ref> The film was marketed with the [[tagline]] "An Adventure 65 Million Years In The Making". This was a joke Spielberg made on set about the genuine, millions of years old [[mosquito]] in [[amber]] used for Hammond's walking stick.<ref>{{cite video|people=[[Steven Spielberg]]|title=Steven Spielberg directs Jurassic Park|format=[[DVD]]|publisher=[[Universal Pictures]]|year=2001}}</ref>
The film premiered at the [[National Building Museum]] on [[June 9]], [[1993]], in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref>{{cite news | title = Beltway Barbra | publisher = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = [[1993-05-21]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306641,00.html | accessdate=2007-02-17}}</ref> in support of two children's charities.<ref>{{cite news | title = The Stars Rain Down On Washington | publisher = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = [[1993-06-11]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306830,00.html | accessdate=2007-02-17}}</ref> The film made its [[VHS]] debut on [[October 4]], [[1994]],<ref>{{cite news | author = Adam Sandler | title = 'Jurassic' rumbles to vid in October | publisher = Variety | date = [[1994-03-22]] | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR119411.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | accessdate = 2007-01-27}}</ref> and was first released on [[DVD]] on [[October 10]], [[2000]].<ref>{{cite news|author=IGN staff|title=Jurassic Park|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=[[2000-06-16]]|url=http://uk.dvd.ign.com/articles/038/038161p1.html|accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> The film was also released in a package with ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jurassic Park / The Lost World: The Collection|publisher=[[IGN]]|url=http://uk.dvd.ign.com/objects/791/791440.html|accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> The DVD was re-released with both sequels on [[December 11]], [[2001]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jurassic Park Trilogy|publisher=[[IGN]]|url=http://uk.dvd.ign.com/objects/791/791439.html|accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> as the ''Jurassic Park Trilogy'', and as the ''Jurassic Park Adventure Pack'' on [[November 29]], [[2005]].<ref>{{cite news|author=IGN DVD|title=Jurassic Park Adventure Pack|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=[[2005-11-17]]|url=http://uk.dvd.ign.com/articles/667/667943p1.html|accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref>
Following the film's release, a traveling exhibition began.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Exhibits|publisher=Jurassic Park Legacy|url=http://www.jplegacy.org/home.php?load=exhibit/exhibits.shtml|accessdate=2007-03-29}}</ref> [[Steve Englehart]] wrote a series of [[comic books]] published by [[Topps Comics]]. They acted as a continuation of the film, consisting of the two-issue ''Raptor'', the four-issue ''Raptors Attack'' and ''Raptors Hijack'', and ''Return to Jurassic Park'', which lasted nine issues. All published issues were republished under the single title ''Jurassic Park Adventures'' in the [[United States|U.S.A.]], and as ''Jurassic Park'' in the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = stevenenglehart.com | url = http://www.steveenglehart.com/Comics/Jurassic%20Park.html | accessdate=2007-02-24}}</ref> Ocean Software released a game sequel entitled ''Jurassic Park Part 2: The Chaos Continues'' in 1994 on [[Super NES]] and [[Game Boy]].<ref name="licensees" />
"The [[Jurassic Park Ride]]" began development in November 1990,<ref name="studiotour">{{cite web|title=Jurassic Park: The Ride (1996–present)|publisher=The Studio Tour|url=http://www.thestudiotour.com/ush/attractions/jurassicparkriveradventure.shtml|accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref> and premiered at [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] on [[June 15]], [[1996]],<ref name="river">{{cite web|title=JP: Hollywood River Adventure|publisher=Jurassic Park Legacy|url=http://www.jplegacy.org/home.php?load=rides/hollywoodride.shtml|accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref> to the cost of $110 million.<ref name="studiotour" /> [[Islands of Adventure]] in Orlando, Florida, has an entire section of the park dedicated to ''Jurassic Park'' which includes the main ride, here christened "Jurassic Park River Adventure", which opened in March 1999, and many smaller rides and attractions based on the ''Jurassic Park'' series.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islands Of Adventure: Jurassic Park Island|publisher=Jurassic Park Legacy|url=http://www.jplegacy.org/home.php?load=rides/rides.shtml|accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref> The Universal Studios theme park rides have been designed to support the film's plot, with Hammond supposedly having been contacted to rebuild the Park at the theme park location.<ref name="river" />
==Reception==
===Commercial===
''Jurassic Park'' became the most financially successful film released as of that time, beating ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' which previously held the title, though it failed to top ''E.T.'' in the United States.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hollywood Scores Big | publisher = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = [[1994-01-21]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,300808,00.html | accessdate = 2007-02-17}}</ref> The film opened with $47 million in its first weekend,<ref name="mojo">{{cite web | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = Box Office Mojo | url = http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jurassicpark.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-08}}</ref> and it grossed $81.7 million by its first week.<ref>{{cite news | author = [[Richard Corliss]] | title = Hollywood's Summer: Just Kidding | publisher = [[Time (magazine)|TIME]] | date = [[1993-06-28]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978768,00.html | accessdate = 2007-01-26}}</ref> The film stayed at number one for three weeks and eventually grossed $357 million domestically.<ref name="weekly">{{cite web | title = Jurassic Park (1993) - Weekend Box Office | publisher = Box Office Mojo | url = http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=jurassicpark.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-08}}</ref> The film also did very well in international markets, breaking opening records in the [[UK]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Mexico]] and [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite news | author = Don Groves | title = 'Jurassic' renders Japan B.O. record extinct | publisher = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = [[1993-07-20]] | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR108850.html?categoryid=1278&cs=1 | accessdate = 2007-02-11}}</ref> Spielberg earned over $250 million from the film.<ref>McBride, p.424</ref> ''Jurassic Park'''s worldwide gross was topped five years later by [[James Cameron]]'s ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''.<ref>{{cite news | title = Titanic sinks competitors without a trace | publisher = BBC | date = [[1998-02-25]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/59913.stm | accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref>
===Critical===
The film received modestly positive reviews. High praise was heaped on the visual effects, although there was a lot of criticism leveled at the characterization and departures from the book. [[Janet Maslin]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it, "A true movie milestone, presenting awe- and fear-inspiring sights never before seen on the screen… On paper, this story is tailor-made for Mr. Spielberg's talents…[but] [i]t becomes less crisp on screen than it was on the page, with much of the enjoyable jargon either mumbled confusingly or otherwise thrown away."<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Janet Maslin]] | title = Screen Stars With Teeth To Spare | publisher = [[The New York Times]] | date = [[1993-06-11]] | url = http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?_r=1&title1=&title2=JURASSIC%20PARK%20%28MOVIE%29&reviewer=Janet%20Maslin&v_id=26808&pdate=19930611&oref=slogin | accessdate = 2007-02-04}}</ref> In ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', [[Peter Travers]] described the film as "colossal entertainment—the eye-popping, mind-bending, kick-out-the-jams thrill ride of summer and probably the year [...] Compared with the dinos, the characters are dry bones, indeed. Crichton and co-screenwriter David Koepp have flattened them into nonentities on the trip from page to screen."<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Peter Travers]] | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = [[Rolling Stone]] | date = June 1993| url = http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5949029/review/5949030/jurassic_park | accessdate = 2007-02-04}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] noted, "The movie delivers all too well on its promise to show us dinosaurs. We see them early and often, and they are indeed a triumph of special effects artistry, but the movie is lacking other qualities that it needs even more, such as a sense of awe and wonderment, and strong human story values."<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Roger Ebert]] | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = [[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date = [[1993-06-11]] | url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19930611/REVIEWS/306110302/1023 | accessdate = 2007-02-04}}</ref> Henry Sheehan argued, "The complaints over ''Jurassic Park'''s lack of story and character sound a little off the point," pointing out the story arc of Grant learning to protect Hammond's grandchildren despite his initial dislike of them.<ref name="lack of story?" /> ''[[Rotten Tomatoes]]'' reported that 86% of critics gave ''Jurassic Park'' a positive write-up, based upon a sample of 33 reviews.<ref>{{cite web | title = Jurassic Park | publisher = Rotten Tomatoes | url = http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/jurassic_park/ | accessdate = 2007-02-08}}</ref>
In 1994, the movie won all three [[Academy Awards]] it was nominated for: [[Academy Award for Visual Effects|Visual Effects]], [[Academy Award for Sound Editing|Sound Effects Editing]], and [[Academy Award for Sound|Sound]] (at the same ceremony, Spielberg took home [[Academy Award for Best Director|Director]] and [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Picture]] for ''[[Schindler's List]]''). It won the 1994 [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation|Best Dramatic Presentation]],<ref>{{cite web | title = 1994 Hugo Awards | publisher = Thehugoawards.org | url = http://www.thehugoawards.org/?page_id=124 | accessdate = 2008-06-08}}</ref> and the 1993 [[Saturn Award]]s for [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film|Best Science Fiction Film]], [[Saturn Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]], [[Saturn Award for Best Writing|Best Writing]] for Crichton and Koepp and [[Saturn Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Past Saturn Awards | publisher = Saturnawards.org | url = http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html#film | accessdate = 2007-04-14}}</ref> The film won the 1993 [[People's Choice Awards]] for Favorite All-Around Motion Picture.<ref>{{cite web | title = 1993 20th People's Choice Awards | publisher = The Envelope – Los Angeles Times | url = http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1993/1993pc.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-14}}</ref> [[Young Artist Award]]s were given to Ariana Richards and Joseph Mazzello, with the film winning an Outstanding Action/Adventure Family Motion Picture award.<ref>{{cite web | title = Fifteenth Annual Youth in Film Awards 1992–1993 | publisher = Youngartistawards.org | url = http://www.youngartistawards.org/pastnoms15.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-14}}</ref> The film won honours outside of the US, such as the 1994 [[BAFTA]] for Best Special Effects, as well as the Award for the Public's Favourite Film,<ref>{{cite web | title = Jurassic Park Awards | publisher = All Movie Guide | url = http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:26808~T4 | accessdate = 2007-02-13}}</ref> and Awards for Best Foreign Language Film from the Japanese Academy, Mainichi Eiga Concours and Blue Ribbon, and the Czech Lions.<ref>{{cite web | title = Awards for Jurassic Park (1993) | publisher = IMDb | url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107290/awards | accessdate = 2007-01-28}}</ref>
===Legacy===
[[Image:Jurassic Park screenshot 2.jpg|264px|thumb|''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' called the first encounter with a ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' the 28th most magical moment in cinema.<ref>{{cite news|title=50 Most Magical Movie Moments|pages=122|publisher=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=[[2003-11-28]]}}</ref>]]
The [[American Film Institute]] named ''Jurassic Park'' the 35th most thrilling film of all time on [[June 13]], [[2001]],<ref>{{cite news | title = AFI's 100 Years, 100 Thrills | publisher = AFI | date = [[2001-06-13]] | url = http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/thrills.aspx | accessdate = 2007-02-13}}</ref> and [[Bravo (television network)|Bravo]] chose a scene from it as the 95th scariest of all time in 2005.<ref>{{cite web | title = The 100 Scariest Movie Moments | publisher = Bravo TV | url = http://www.bravotv.com/The_100_Scariest_Movie_Moments//index.shtml | accessdate = 2007-02-13}}</ref> On ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine's fifteenth anniversary in 2004, it judged ''Jurassic Park'' the sixth most influential film of the magazine's lifetime.<ref name="influence">{{cite news|author=Ian Freer|title=The 15 Most Influential Films Of Our Lifetime|pages=120|publisher=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=[[2004-04-30]]}}</ref> On ''[[Film Review (magazine)|Film Review]]'''s fifty-fifth anniversary in 2005, it declared the film to be one of the five most important in the magazine's lifetime.<ref>{{cite web|title=Film Review Special #59 - 55 Years Anniversary contents|publisher=Film Review|date=[[2005-07-28]]|url=http://www.visimag.com/filmreview/fs59_display.htm|accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> In 2006, [[IGN]] ranked ''Jurassic Park'' as the 19th greatest film franchise of all time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stax, Brian Linder, Todd Gilchrist, Eric Moro, Chris Carle|title=Top 25 Movie Franchises of All Time: #19|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=[[2006-11-30]]|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/748/748325p1.html|accessdate=2007-03-08}}</ref>
Most significantly, when many filmmakers saw ''Jurassic Park'''s use of [[computer generated imagery|computer-generated imagery]], they realized that many of their visions, previously thought unfeasible or too expensive, were now possible. [[Stanley Kubrick]] contacted Spielberg to direct ''[[A.I. (film)|A.I.]]'',<ref name="influence" /> [[George Lucas]] started to make the ''[[Star Wars prequel trilogy|Star Wars]]'' prequels,<ref>{{cite book|author=Marcus Hearn| title ="ILM and the Digital Revolution" The Cinema of George Lucas| publisher =Harry N. Abrams Inc, Publishers| date =2005| location =[[New York]]| pages =174| id =ISBN 0-8109-4968-7}}</ref> and [[Peter Jackson]] began to re-explore his childhood love of [[fantasy films]], a path that led him to ''[[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[King Kong (2005 film)|King Kong]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sibley | first = Brian | authorlink = Brian Sibley | title = Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey | publisher =Harpercollins | date =2006 | location =London | pages =310 | id = ISBN 0-00-717558-2 }}</ref> ''Jurassic Park'' has also inspired films and documentaries such as ''[[Godzilla (1998 film)|Godzilla]]'', ''[[Carnosaur (film)|Carnosaur]]'', and ''[[Walking with Dinosaurs]]'',<ref name="influence" /> as well as numerous parodies. [[Stan Winston]], enthusiastic about the new technology pioneered by the film, joined together with [[IBM]] and director [[James Cameron]] to form a new special effects company, [[Digital Domain]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Rex n' Effects | publisher = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | date = [[1993-06-18]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306929,00.html | accessdate = 2007-02-18}}</ref> Alex Billington declared it as a film that was ahead of its time, saying that on another level, "Even using the animatronics system that they did, this was a far step ahead of anything at the time. Then the stories surrounding how horrifically real the dinosaurs were fueled its popularity even more. And the best part is that they look better in this movie than any more recent [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] creations."<ref>{{cite news | author = Alex Billington | title = Top 12 Movies in History That Were Ahead of Their Time | publisher = Firstshowing.net | date = [[2007-02-14]] | url = http://www.firstshowing.net/2007/02/14/top-12-movies-in-history-that-were-ahead-of-their-time/ | accessdate = 2007-02-15}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{imdb title|id=0107290|title=Jurassic Park}}
*{{amg movie|id=1:26808|title=Jurassic Park}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=jurassic_park|title=Jurassic Park}}
*{{metacritic film|id=jurassicpark|title=Jurassic Park}}
*{{mojo title|id=jurassicpark.htm|title=Jurassic Park}}
*[http://www.jplegacy.org/ Jurassic Park Legacy — Jurassic Park Encyclopedia]
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{{succession box |
| before = ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]''
| after = ''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]''
| title = [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]]
| years = 1993
|}}
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{{Jurassic Park}}
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