Kaiser
163426
224236686
2008-07-07T22:53:27Z
Historian932
441666
{{otheruses}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
'''''Kaiser''''' is the [[German language|German]] title meaning "[[Emperor]]", with '''''Kaiserin''''' being the female equivalent, "[[Empress]]". It is directly derived from the Latin Emperors' [[Caesar (title)|title of Caesar]], which in turn is derived from the name of [[Julius Caesar]].
In English "the Kaiser" is usually reserved for the Emperors of the [[German Empire]], the emperors of the [[Austrian Empire]] and those of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. Although the British monarchs styled "[[Emperor of India]]" were also called "Kaisar i Hind" in [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], this word, although ultimately sharing the same Latin origin, is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''Kaisar'' not the German ''Kaiser''.<ref>See M. Witzel, "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts", p. 29, 12.1 [http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0703/ejvs0703article.pdf] (as Urdu ''kaisar'').</ref>
==German history and antecedents of the title==
The Roman imperial style was revived in the Frankish realm by Karl the Great or [[Charlemagne]] in 800. When his empire was divided the title of Emperor went to the ruler holding the kingdom of Rome. Through inheritances this kingdom became part of the eastern ("German") kingdom. The [[Holy Roman Emperors]] ([[962]]–[[1806]]) called themselves ''Kaiser'', combining the imperial title with that of Roman King (assumed by the designated heir before the imperial coronation); they saw their rule as a continuation of that of the [[Roman Emperor]]s and used the title derived from "[[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]" to reflect their supposed heritage.
The rulers of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] Empire ([[1804]]–[[1918]]) were born in the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] dynasty, which had provided most of [[Holy Roman Emperors]] since 1440. The Austrian-Hungarian rulers adopted the title ''Kaiser''.
In [[English language|English]] the (untranslated) word "Kaiser" is mainly associated with the emperors of the unified [[German Empire]] ([[1871]]–[[1918]]), in particular with Kaiser [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Wilhelm II]], and with the emperors of Austria-Hungary, in particular with Kaiser [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]].{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
In 1871, there was much debate about the exact title for the monarch of those German territories (i.e. free imperial cities, principalities, duchies, and kingdoms) that agreed to unify under the leadership of Prussia, thereby forming the German Empire.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} ''Deutscher Kaiser'' ("German Emperor") was chosen over alternatives such as ''Kaiser von Deutschland'' ("Emperor of Germany"), or ''Kaiser der Deutschen'' ("Emperor of the Germans"), as the selected title simply connoted that the new emperor, harkening from Prussia, was a German, but did not imply that this new emperor had dominion over all German territories. Indeed, the second most powerful, perhaps most influential, German entity, Austria, was not part of the newly created German Empire. Consequently, after more than thirty years of discussion and debate, the German Empire was created based upon the ''[[Kleindeutsche Lösung]]'' or "Lesser German Solution") as opposed to the ''[[Großdeutsche Lösung]]'' or "Greater German Solution") (''Großdeutschland'' or "Greater Germany").{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Additionally, the King of Bavaria, among others, conditioned joining the new Empire, under Prussian leadership, on the imperial title expressing the least degree of superiority over the rulers of the other territories, pariticularly his Kingdom of Bavaria. There have only been three Kaisers of the (second) German Empire. All of them belonged to the [[Hohenzollern]] dynasty, which, as kings [[Prussia]], had been de facto leaders of greater Germany, together with the Kaisers of Austria. There have also only been three Kaisers of the Austrian Empire, the successor empire to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation), and they have all belonged to the [[Habsburg]] dynasty. The successor empire to the Austrian Empire was termed the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which had only two Kaisers, both again from the [[Habsburg]] dynasty.
The Kaisers of the Austrian Empire (1804-1867) and of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867-1918) were:
*[[Francis I of Austria|Franz I]] (1804-1835)
*[[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]] (1835-1848)
*[[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]] (1848-1916)
*[[Charles I of Austria|Karl I]] (1916-1918)
The Kaisers of the German Empire (1871-1918) were:
* [[William I of Germany|Wilhelm I]] ([[1871]]–[[1888]]);
* [[Frederick III of Germany (Hohenzollern)|Frederick III]] (1888), who ruled for 99 days;
* [[William II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] (1888–[[1918]]), during whose reign the monarchy in Germany ended near the end of [[World War I]].
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
* [[German Monarchy]]
* [[List of German monarchs]]
* [[Qaisar]]
[[Category:Holy Roman Emperors|*]]
[[Category:German Empire]]
[[Category:German loanwords]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:History of Germany]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[bg:Кайзер]]
[[da:Kejser]]
[[de:Kaiser]]
[[et:Keiser]]
[[es:Káiser]]
[[fr:Kaiser]]
[[ka:კაიზერი]]
[[mk:Кајзер]]
[[ja:皇帝]]
[[pl:Cesarz]]
[[pt:Kaiser]]
[[ro:Kaiser]]
[[ru:Кайзер]]
[[sv:Kejsare]]
[[th:ไกเซอร์]]
[[zh:皇帝]]