Kansas
16716
226079277
2008-07-16T19:03:43Z
Ohnoitsjamie
507787
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/72.166.46.129|72.166.46.129]] ([[User talk:72.166.46.129|talk]]) to last version by 78.149.4.151
{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}
{{Otheruses1|the U.S. state}}
{{US state |
Name = Kansas |
Fullname = State of Kansas |
Flag = Flag of Kansas.svg |
Flaglink = [[Flag of Kansas]] |
Seal = Great Seal of the State of Kansas.svg |
Map = Map of USA KS.svg |
BorderingStates = [[Nebraska]], [[Missouri]],</br> [[Oklahoma]], [[Colorado]]|
OfficialLang = [[English language|English]]<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.kansas.com/news/legislature/story/68114.html| title=Bill makes English official language| publisher=Associated Press| date=[[2007-05-12]]| accessdate=2007-05-26|}} House Bill No. 2140 was signed into law on May 11, the law begins July 1.</ref> |
Nickname = The Sunflower State |
Demonym = Kansan |
Motto = [[Ad astra per aspera]] |
Capital = [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]] |
LargestCity = [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]] |
Governor = [[Kathleen Sebelius]] (D)|
Lieutenant Governor = [[Mark Parkinson]] (D) |
Senators = [[Sam Brownback]] (R)<br/>[[Pat Roberts]] (R) |
Representatives = [[Nancy Boyda]] (D)<br/>[[Dennis Moore]] (D)<br/>[[Jerry Moran]] (R)<br/>[[Todd Tiahrt]] (R)
PostalAbbreviation = KS |
AreaRank = 15th |
TotalAreaUS = 82,277 |
TotalArea = 213,096 |
LandAreaUS = 81,815|
LandArea = 211,901 |
WaterAreaUS = 462|
WaterArea = 1,196 |
PCWater = 0.56 |
PopRank = 33<sup>rd</sup> |
2000Pop = 2,688,418 |
DensityRank = 40<sup>th</sup> |
2000DensityUS = 32.9|
2000Density = 12.7 |
AdmittanceOrder = 34<sup>th</sup> |
AdmittanceDate = [[January 29]], [[1861]] |
TimeZone = [[Central Standard Time Zone|Central]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-6/[[Daylight saving time|-5]] |
TZ1Where = most of state |
TimeZone2 = [[Mountain Standard Time Zone|Mountain]]: UTC-7/[[Daylight saving time|-6]] |
TZ2Where = 4 western counties |
Latitude = 37° N to 40° N |
Longitude = 94° 35′ W to 102° 3′ W |
WidthUS = 211|
Width = 340 |
LengthUS = 417 |
Length = 645 |
HighestPoint = [[Mount Sunflower]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| date =[[29 April]] [[2005]] | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessmonthday = November 6 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> |
HighestElevUS = 4,039 |
HighestElev = 1,232 |
MeanElevUS = 2,000 |
MeanElev = 600 |
LowestPoint = [[Verdigris River]]<ref name=usgs/> |
LowestElevUS = 679 |
LowestElev = 207 |
ISOCode = US-KS |
Website = www.kansas.gov
}}
'''Kansas''' ({{IPAEng|ˈkænzəs}}) is a [[Midwestern]] [[U.S. state|state]]<ref>http://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf</ref> in the [[Central United States|central region]] of the [[United States of America]], an area often referred to as the [[United States|American]] "[[Heartland]]". It is named after the [[Kansas River]] which flows through it, which in turn was named after the [[Kaw (tribe)|Kansa]] tribe, who inhabited the area.<ref>John Koontz, p.c.</ref> The tribe's name (natively ''kką:ze'') is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind", although this was probably not the term's original meaning.<ref>Rankin, Robert. 2005. "Quapaw". In ''Native Languages of the Southeastern United States'', eds. Heather K. Hardy and Janine Scancarelli. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pg. 492</ref><ref>Connelley, William E. 1918. ''[http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1918ks/v1/ch10p1.html Indians]''. A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans, ch. 10, vol. 1</ref> Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans".
Historically, the area was home to large numbers of [[nomadic]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] that hunted [[bison]]. It was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially [[Kansas-Nebraska Act|opened to settlement]] by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist [[Free-Stater]]s from [[New England]] and pro-[[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] settlers from neighboring [[Missouri]] rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a [[Free state (USA)|free state]] or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as [[Bleeding Kansas]]. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on [[January 29]], [[1861]],<ref>http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan29.html</ref><ref>http://www.governor.ks.gov/Facts/kansasseal.htm</ref> Kansas entered the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] as a [[free state (USA)|free state]]. After the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the population of Kansas exploded when waves of [[immigrants]] turned the [[prairie]] into productive farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing many crops, and leading the nation in [[wheat]] and [[sunflower]] production most years.
==Geography==
Kansas is bordered by [[Nebraska]] on the north; [[Missouri]] on the east; [[Oklahoma]] on the south; and [[Colorado]] on the west. The state is divided up into [[List of counties in Kansas|105 counties]] with [[List of cities in Kansas|628 cities]]. It is located [[equidistant]] from the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans. The [[Geographic Center of the Contiguous United States|geographic center of the 48 contiguous states]] is located in [[Smith County, Kansas|Smith County]] near [[Lebanon, Kansas]]. The [[Meades Ranch, Kansas|geodetic center]] of North America was located in [[Osborne County, Kansas|Osborne County]] until 1983. This spot was used until that date as the central reference point for all maps of North America produced by the U.S. government. The geographic center of Kansas is located in [[Barton County, Kansas|Barton County]].
===Topography===
The western two thirds of the state, lying in the [[Great Plains|great central plain]] of the United States, has a generally flat or undulating surface. However, the eastern third has many hills and forests. The land displays a gradual slope up from east to west; its altitude above the sea ranges from {{convert|684|ft|m|us=on|abbr=on}} along the [[Verdigris River]] at [[Coffeyville, Kansas|Coffeyville]] in [[Montgomery County, Kansas|Montgomery County]], to {{convert|4039|ft|m|us=on|abbr=on}} at [[Mount Sunflower]], one half mile from the Colorado border, in [[Wallace County, Kansas|Wallace County]]. It is a popular belief that Kansas is the flattest state in the nation, reinforced by a well known 2003 study stating that Kansas was indeed "flatter than a pancake."<ref>Study finds Kansas Flatter Than Pancake[http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2003/jul/27/holy_hotcakes_study/]</ref> This has since been debunked, with most scientists ranking Kansas somewhere between 20th and 30th flattest state, depending on measurement method.<ref>Fracas over Kansas pancake flap[http://www.geotimes.org/oct03/NN_pancake.html]</ref>
[[Image:Spring River 2006-07-03 2104.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Spring River (Missouri)|Spring River]], Kansas]]
The [[Missouri River]] forms nearly {{convert|75|mi|km|us=on|abbr=on}} of the state's northeastern boundary. The [[Kansas River]] (locally known as the Kaw), formed by the junction of the [[Smoky Hill River|Smoky Hill]] and [[Republican River|Republican]] rivers at appropriately-named [[Junction City, Kansas|Junction City]], joins the Missouri at [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]], after a course of {{convert|170|mi|km|us=on|abbr=on}} across the northeastern part of the state. The [[Arkansas River]] ([[Arkansas_River#Pronunciations|pronunciation varies]]), rising in [[Colorado]], flows with a bending course for nearly {{convert|500|mi|km|us=on|abbr=on}} across the western and southern parts of the state. It forms, with its tributaries (the [[Little Arkansas River|Little Arkansas]], [[Ninnescah River|Ninnescah]], [[Walnut River (west Kansas)|Walnut]], [[Cow Creek (Kansas)|Cow Creek]], [[Cimarron River|Cimarron]], Verdigris, and the [[Neosho River|Neosho]]), the southern drainage system of the state. Other important rivers are the [[Saline River (Kansas)|Saline]] and Solomon Rivers, tributaries of the Smoky Hill River; the [[Big Blue River (Kansas)|Big Blue]], [[Delaware River (Kansas)|Delaware]], and [[Wakarusa River|Wakarusa]], which flow into the Kansas River; and the [[Marais des Cygnes River|Marais des Cygnes]], a tributary of the Missouri River.
===National parks and historic sites===
Areas under the protection of the [[National Park Service]] include:<ref>{{cite web | title = Kansas | publisher = National Park Service | accessdate = 2008-07-15 | url = http://www.nps.gov/state/ks}}</ref>
*[[Brown v. Board Of Education National Historic Site]] in Topeka
*[[California National Historic Trail]]
*[[Fort Larned National Historic Site]] in [[Larned, Kansas|Larned]]
*[[Fort Scott National Historic Site]]
*[[Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail]]
*[[Nicodemus National Historic Site]] at [[Nicodemus, Kansas|Nicodemus]]
*[[Oregon National Historic Trail]]
*[[Pony Express National Historic Trail]]
*[[Santa Fe National Historic Trail]]
*[[Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve]] near [[Strong City, Kansas|Strong City]]
===Climate===
[[Image:Kansas Windmills.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Clouds in northeastern Kansas]]
Kansas contains three climate types, according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]: humid continental, semiarid steppe, and humid subtropical. The eastern two-thirds of the state has a [[humid continental]] climate, with cold winters and hot summers. Most of the precipitation falls in the summer and spring. The western third of the state has a [[semi-arid|semiarid]] [[steppe]] climate. Summers are hot, often very hot. Winters are cold in the northwest and cool to mild in the southwest. Also, the western region is semiarid, receiving an average of only about 16 [[inch]]es (40 cm) of precipitation per year. [[Chinook wind]]s in the winter can warm western Kansas all the way into the 80°F (25°C) range. The far south-central and southeastern reaches of the state have a humid [[subtropical climate]], hot summers, mild winters, and more precipitation than the rest of the state.
Precipitation ranges from about 46 inches (1200 mm) annually in the southeast of the state, to about 16 inches (400 mm) in the southwest. Snowfall ranges from around 5 inches (130 mm) in the fringes of the south, to 35 inches (900 mm) in the far northwest. Frost-free days range from more than 200 days in the south, to 130 days in the northwest. Thus, Kansas is the 9th or 10th sunniest state in the country, depending on the source. Western Kansas is as sunny as parts of California and Arizona.
In spite of the frequent sunshine throughout much of the state, the state is also vulnerable to strong thunderstorms, especially in the spring. Many of these storms become [[Supercell]] thunderstorms. These can spawn [[tornadoes]], often of [[Fujita scale|F3]] strength or higher. According to statistics from the [[National Climatic Data Center]], Kansas has reported more tornadoes (for the period 1st January 1950 through to 31st October 2006) than any state except for [[Texas]] - marginally even more than [[Oklahoma]]. It has also - along with [[Alabama]] - reported more [[Fujita scale|F5 tornadoes]] than any other state. These are the most powerful of all tornadoes. Kansas averages over 50 tornadoes annually.<ref name= "Annual average number of tornadoes"> [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/tornado/small/avgt5304.gif] NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on October 25, 2006. </ref>
According to NOAA, the all time highest temperature recorded in Kansas is 121°F (49.4°C) on July 24, 1936, near Alton, and the all time low is -40°F (-40°C) on February 13, 1905, near Lebanon.
Kansas' all time record high of 121°F (49.4°C) ties with [[North Dakota]] for the fifth-highest all-time record high recorded in a state, behind [[California]] (134°F/56.7°C), [[Arizona]] (128°F/53.3°C), [[Nevada]] (125°F/51.7°C), and [[New Mexico]] (122°F/50°C).
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Kansas Cities
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color: #000000" height="17" | City
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jan
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Feb
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Mar
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Apr
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | May
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jun
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jul
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Aug
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Sep
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Oct
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Nov
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Dec
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Concordia
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 36/17
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 43/22
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 54/31
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 64/41
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 74/52
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 85/62
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 91/67
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 88/66
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80/56
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 68/44
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 51/30
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 40/21
|-
! style="background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Dodge City
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 41/19
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 48/24
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 57/31
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 67/41
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 76/52
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 87/62
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 93/67
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 91/66
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 82/56
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 70/44
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 54/30
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 44/22
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Goodland
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 39/16
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 45/20
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 53/26
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 63/35
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 72/46
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 84/56
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 89/61
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 87/60
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 78/50
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 66/38
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 50/25
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 41/18
|-
! style="background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Topeka
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 37/17
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 44/23
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 56/33
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 66/43
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 75/53
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 84/63
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 89/68
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 88/65
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 80/56
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 69/44
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 53/32
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 41/22
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Wichita
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 40/20
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 47/25
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 57/34
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 67/44
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76/54
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 87/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 93/69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 92/68
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 82/59
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 70/47
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 54/34
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 43/24
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;"|''[http://www.ustravelweather.com/weather-kansas/]''
|}
==History==
{{Main|History of Kansas}}
For [[millennia]], the land that is presently Kansas was inhabited by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]], who explored the area in 1541. In 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, and the Republic of Texas until the conclusion of the [[Mexican-American War]] in 1848. From 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the [[Missouri Territory]]. The [[Santa Fe Trail]] traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from [[Missouri]] and [[silver]] and furs from [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]]. Wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today.
In 1827, [[Fort Leavenworth]] became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state. The [[Kansas-Nebraska Act]] became law on [[May 30]], [[1854]], establishing the [[Political divisions of the United States|U.S. territories]] of [[Nebraska]] and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. [[Kansas Territory]] stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]], [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]], and [[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]].
[[Image:Battle of Lawrence.png|thumb|right|300px|[[Battle of Lawrence|Quantrill's Raid]] on [[Lawrence, Kansas]]]]
[[Missouri]] and [[Arkansas]] sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery. The secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were [[abolitionists]] from [[Massachusetts]] and other [[Free-Stater]]s, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring [[Missouri]]. Directly presaging the [[American Civil War]], these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of [[Bleeding Kansas]]. Kansas was admitted to the United States as a [[free state]] on [[January 29]], [[1861]], making it the 34th state to enter the Union. By that time the violence in Kansas had largely subsided. However, during the Civil War, on [[August 21]], [[1863]], [[William Quantrill]] led several hundred men on a raid into [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]], destroying much of the city and killing nearly two hundred people. Until the bombing of the [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]] in [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]], Quantrill's raid was the single bloodiest act of [[domestic terrorism]] in America.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} He was roundly condemned by both the conventional confederate military
and the partisan rangers commissioned by the [[Missouri legislature]]. His application to that body for
a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre war criminal record. (see, Jones, ''Gray Ghosts and Rebel Riders'' Holt & Co. 1956, p.76)
After the Civil War, many veterans constructed homesteads in Kansas. Many [[African Americans]] also looked to Kansas as the land of "[[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]]," and led by men like [[Benjamin "Pap" Singleton]] began establishing black colonies in the state. At the same time, the [[Chisholm Trail]] was opened and the [[American Old West|Wild West]] era commenced in Kansas. [[Wild Bill Hickok]] was a deputy marshal at [[Fort Riley]] and a marshal at [[Hays, Kansas|Hays]] and [[Abilene, Kansas|Abilene]]. [[Dodge City, Kansas|Dodge City]] was another wild cowboy town, and both [[Bat Masterson]] and [[Wyatt Earp]] worked as lawmen in the town. In one year alone, 8 million head of cattle from Texas boarded trains in Dodge City bound for the East, earning Dodge the nickname "Queen of the Cowtowns."
In part as a response to the violence perpetrated by cowboys, on [[February 19]], [[1881]] Kansas became the first U.S. state to adopt a Constitutional amendment prohibiting all [[Alcohol laws of Kansas|alcoholic beverages]].
==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|1860 = 107206
|1870 = 364399
|1880 = 996096
|1890 = 1428108
|1900 = 1470495
|1910 = 1690949
|1920 = 1769257
|1930 = 1880999
|1940 = 1801028
|1950 = 1905299
|1960 = 2178611
|1970 = 2246578
|1980 = 2363679
|1990 = 2477574
|2000 = 2688418
|estyear = 2007
|estimate = 2775997
}}
[[Image:USA Kansas age pyramid.svg|thumb|150px|right|[[Population pyramid]]]]
As of 2007, Kansas has an estimated population of 2,775,997, which is an increase of 20,180, or 0.7%, from the prior year and an increase of 87,579, or 3.3%, since the year 2000.<ref name="2007StateEst">[http://www.census.gov/popest/states/ State Population Estimates]. Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, and States and for Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (NST-EST2007-01). U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Released [[2007-12-22]]. Six year change is from [[2000-07-01]] to [[2007-07-01]].</ref> This includes a natural increase since the last census of 93,899 people (that is 246,484 births minus 152,585 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 20,742 people out of the state. [[Immigration to the United States|Immigration]] from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 44,847 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 65,589 people.<ref name="2006StateEstComp">[http://www.census.gov/popest/states/ State Population Estimates]. Kansas population has increased at a decreasing rate; reducing the number of
congressmen from 5 to 4 in 1992 (Congressional Redistricting Act, eff. 1992). Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States, Regions and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 (NST-EST2006-04). U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Released [[2006-12-22]].</ref> The [[center of population]] of Kansas is located in [[Chase County, Kansas|Chase County]], at {{coor dm|38|27|N|96|32|W|region:US-KS_type:landmark}}, approximately three miles north of the community of [[Strong City, Kansas|Strong City]].<ref>http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt</ref>
{|align=center
|{{US Demographics}}
|}
As of 2004, the population included 149,800 foreign-born (5.5% of the state population). The largest reported ancestries in the state are: [[German American|German]] (25.9%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (11.5%), [[British American|English]] (10.8%), [[American ancestry|American]] (8.8%), [[French American|French]] (3.1%), and [[Swedish American|Swedish]] (2.4%).<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0056/tab31.pdf Kansas - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990]</ref> People of [[Germans|German]] ancestry are especially strong in the northwest, while those of [[English people|British]] ancestry and descendants of white Americans from other states are especially strong in the southeast. [[Mexican American|Mexicans]] are present in the southwest and make up nearly half the population in certain counties. Many [[African Americans]] in Kansas are descended from the [[Exodusters]], newly freed blacks who fled the South for land in Kansas following the Civil War.
''See Also [[British American]] and [[German-American]]''
===Rural flight===
{|align=right style="margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; clear:right; text-align:right;"
|{{Kansas urban pop chart}}
|}
Kansas is one of the slowest-growing states in the nation. Known as a [[rural exodus]], the last few decades have been marked by a migratory pattern out of the countryside into cities.
Out of all the cities in these Midwestern states, 89% have fewer than 3000 people, and hundreds of those have fewer than 1000. In Kansas alone, there are more than 6,000 [[ghost towns]], according to one Kansas historian.
At the same time, some of the communities in Johnson County (metropolitan Kansas City) are among the fastest growing in the country.
{{clear}}
==Economy==
{|align=right
|
<!-- [[Image:Crops Kansas AST 20010624.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Satellite image of circular crop fields characteristic of [[center pivot irrigation]] in [[Haskell County, Kansas]] in late June 2001.]] -->
|-
|style="text-align: right;"|
{| width="310px" align="right" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! colspan="4" style="background:#ffdead;" | Top 9 Kansas Employers (by number of employees)<ref>[http://www.acinet.org/acinet/oview6.asp?soccode=&stfips=20&from=State&id=11&nodeid=12 America's Career InfoNet]</ref>
|-
!style="background: #e3e3e3;"|Rank
!style="background: #e3e3e3;"|Business
!style="background: #e3e3e3;"|Employees
!style="background: #e3e3e3;"|Location
|-
|#1
| [[Spirit AeroSystems]]
| 21,000
| [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]]
|-
|#2
| [[Cessna]]
| 13,000
| [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]]
|-
|#3
| [[Fort Riley]]
| 12,500
| [[Riley County]]
|-
|#4
| [[Raytheon]]
| 9,500
| [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]]
|-
|#5
| Scanlon's [[Limited liability company|LLC]]
| 6,000
| [[Leavenworth, Kansas|Leavenworth]]
|-
|#6
| [[University of Kansas Medical Center]]
| 5,000
| [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]]
|-
|#7
| Via Christi St. Joseph Hospital
| 5,000
| [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]]
|-
|#8
| Via Christi St. Francis Hospital
| 3,300
| [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]]
|-
|#9
| [[Kansas State University]]
| 3,030
| [[Manhattan, Kansas|Manhattan]]
|-
|}
|}
The 2003 [[gross domestic product]] of Kansas was US$97 billion, an increase of 4.3% over the prior year, but trailing the national average increase of 4.8%. Its per-capita income was US$29,438. The December 2003 unemployment rate was 4.9%. The agricultural outputs of the state are [[cattle]], [[sheep]], [[wheat]], [[sorghum]], [[soybeans]], [[cotton]], [[Hog (swine)|hogs]], [[maize|corn]], and [[salt]]. Eastern Kansas is part of the [[Grain Belt]], an area of major grain production in the central United States. The industrial outputs are transportation equipment, commercial and private aircraft, food processing, publishing, chemical products, machinery, apparel, petroleum and mining.
Kansas ranks 8th in U.S. [[petroleum|oil]] production. Production has experienced a steady, natural decline as it becomes increasingly difficult to extract oil over time. Since oil prices bottomed in 1999, oil production in Kansas has remained fairly constant, with an average monthly rate of about {{convert|2.8|Moilbbl|m3}} in 2004. The [[Oil price increases since 2003|recent higher prices]] have made [[carbon dioxide]] sequestration and other oil recovery techniques more economical.
Kansas ranks 8th in U.S. [[natural gas]] production. Production has steadily declined since the mid-1990’s with the depletion of the [[Hugoton Natural Gas Area|Hugoton Natural Gas Field]]—the state's largest field which extends into Oklahoma and Texas. In 2004, slower declines in the Hugoton gas fields and increased [[coalbed methane]] production contributed to a smaller overall decline. Average monthly production was over 32 billion cubic feet (0.9 km³).
The Kansas economy is also heavily influenced by the aerospace industry. Several large aircraft corporations have manufacturing facilities in Wichita and Kansas City, including Boeing, Beech, Cessna, Learjet, and Ratheon.
Kansas has three income brackets for income tax calculation, ranging from 3.5% to 6.45%. The state sales tax in Kansas is 5.3%. Various cities and counties in Kansas have an additional local sales tax. Except during the 2001 [[recession]] (March–November 2001) when monthly sales tax collections were flat, collections have trended higher as the economy has grown and two rate increases have been enacted. Total sales tax collections for 2003 amounted to $1.63 billion, compared to $805.3 million in 1990.
Revenue shortfalls resulting from lower than expected tax collections and slower growth in personal income following a 1998 permanent tax reduction has contributed to the substantial growth in the state's debt level as bonded debt increased from $1.16 billion in 1998 to $3.83 billion in 2006. Some increase in debt was expected as the state continues with its 10-year Comprehensive Transportation Program enacted in 1999. As of June 2004, [[Moody's Investors Service]] ranked the state 14th for net tax-supported debt per capita. As a percentage of personal income, it was at 3.8%—above the median value of 2.5% for all rated states and having risen from a value of less than 1% in 1992. The state has a statutory requirement to maintain cash reserves of at least 7.5% of expenses at the end of each fiscal year.
Major company headquarters in Kansas include the [[Sprint Nextel Corporation]] (with operational headquarters in [[Overland Park, Kansas|Overland Park]]), [[Embarq]] (with national headquarters in [[Overland Park, Kansas|Overland Park]]), YRC Corp [[Overland Park, Kansas|Overland Park]], Garmin in [[Olathe, Kansas|Olathe]], [[Payless Shoes]] (National headquarters and major distribution facilities in Topeka), and [[Koch Industries]] (with national headquarters in [[Wichita, Kansas| Wichita]]).
==Transportation==
[[Image:National-atlas-kansas.PNG|thumb|300px|right|Map of the Kansas road system.]]
Kansas is served by two [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]] with one [[beltway]], two [[spur route]]s, and three [[bypass (road)|bypass]]es, with over a total of {{convert|874|mi|km}} in all. The first section of Interstate in the nation was opened on [[Interstate 70 (Kansas)|I-70]] just west of [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]] on [[November 14]], [[1956]]. I-70 is a major east/west route connecting to [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] and [[Kansas City, Missouri]], in the east and [[Denver, Colorado]], in the west. Cities along this route (from east to west) include [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]], [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]], [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]], [[Junction City, Kansas|Junction City]], [[Salina, Kansas|Salina]], [[Hays, Kansas|Hays]], and [[Colby, Kansas|Colby]]. [[Interstate 35 (Kansas)|I-35]] is a major north/south route connecting to [[Des Moines, Iowa]], in the north and [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]], in the south. Cities along this route (from north to south) include Kansas City (and suburbs), [[Ottawa, Kansas|Ottawa]], [[Emporia, Kansas|Emporia]], [[El Dorado, Kansas|El Dorado]], and [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]].
Spur routes serve as connections between the two major routes. [[Interstate 135 (Kansas)|I-135]], a north/south route, connects I-70 at Salina to I-35 at Wichita. [[Interstate 335 (Kansas)|I-335]], a northeast/southwest route, connects I-70 at Topeka to I-35 at Emporia. I-335 and portions of I-35 and I-70 make up the [[Kansas Turnpike]]. Bypasses include [[Interstate 470 (Kansas)|I-470]] around Topeka and [[Interstate 235 (Kansas)|I-235]] around Wichita. [[Interstate 435 (Kansas)|I-435]] is a beltway around the [[Kansas City Metropolitan Area]] while [[Interstate 635 (Kansas-Missouri)|I-635]] bypasses through Kansas City, Kansas.
US Route 69 runs north and south, from [[Minnesota]] to [[Texas]]. The highway passes through the eastern section of Kansas, from the [[Kansas City Metropolitan Area|Kansas City]] area, through [[Louisburg]], [[Fort Scott, Kansas|Fort Scott]], [[Frontenac, Kansas|Frontenac]], [[Pittsburg, Kansas|Pittsburg]], and [[Baxter Springs, Kansas|Baxter Springs]] before entering [[Oklahoma]].
Kansas also has the second largest state highway system in the country after [[California]]. This is because of the high number of counties and [[county seat]]s (105) and the inter-twineing of them all.
In January 2004, the [[Kansas Department of Transportation]] (KDOT) announced the new Kansas [[5-1-1|511]] traveler information service.<ref>{{Cite press release| publisher=Kansas Department of Transportation| date=[[2004-01-22]]| url=http://www.ksdot.org/archive/offtransinfo/News04/511_Release.htm| title=KDOT Launches New Traveler Information Service| accessdate=2006-07-14|}}</ref> By dialing 511, callers will get access to information about road conditions, construction, closures, detours and weather conditions for the state highway system. Weather and road condition information is updated every 15 minutes. The elaborate and efficient transportation system in Kansas has attracted praise from experts nationwide, including the former Mayor of New York City, Ed Koch, who frequents Kansas roadways.
The state's only major commercial airport is [[Wichita Mid-Continent Airport]], located along [[U.S. Route 54 (Kansas)|US-54]] on the western edge of the city. Most air travelers in eastern Kansas fly out of [[Kansas City International Airport]], located in [[Platte County, Missouri]]. For those in the far western part of the state, [[Denver International Airport]] is a popular option. Connecting flights are available from smaller airports in Dodge City, Garden City, Great Bend, Hays, Manhattan, Salina, and Topeka.
==Law and government==
===State and local politics===
{{seealso|List of Governors of Kansas}}
[[Image:Sebelius speaking with troops in Pakistan, 27 Nov, 2005, cropped.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Governor of Kansas|Governor]] [[Kathleen Sebelius]] ]]
The top executives of the state are [[Kansas Democratic Party|Democratic]] [[Governor of Kansas|Governor]] [[Kathleen Sebelius]] and Lieutenant Governor [[Mark Parkinson]]. Both officials are elected on the same ticket to a maximum of two consecutive 4-year terms. Parkinson replaced [[John E. Moore]] who served as Lt. Governor during Sebelius's first term which ended on [[January 8]], [[2007]]. Sebelius will not be up for re-election in 2010. The state's [[Kansas Attorney General|Attorney General]] is Democrat [[Stephen Six]], a former Douglas County District Court Judge who was appointed to the post.
The [[legislative branch]] of the state government is the [[Kansas Legislature]]. The [[bicameral]] body consists of the [[Kansas House of Representatives]], with 125 members serving two year terms, and the [[Kansas Senate]], with 40 members serving four year terms.
{{MetaSidebar|250px|#ffffaa|right|[[Kansas state symbols|State symbols]]|
*'''[[State amphibian|Amphibian]]:''' [[Barred Tiger Salamander]]
*'''[[State animal|Animal]]:''' [[American Bison|Buffalo]]
*'''[[State fish|Fish]]:''' [[Channel Catfish]]
*'''[[List of U.S. state birds|Bird]]:''' [[Western Meadowlark]]
*'''[[State flower|Flower]]:''' [[Sunflower]]
*'''[[State insect|Insect]]:''' [[Western honey bee|European honey bee]]
*'''[[State motto|Motto]]:''' ''Ad astra per aspera'', or "To the stars through difficulties"
*'''[[State reptile|Reptile]]:''' Ornate [[Box Turtle]]
*'''[[State soil|Soil]]:''' [[Harney silt loam]]
*'''[[State song|Song]]:''' "[[Home on the Range (song)|Home on the Range]]"
*'''[[State tree|Tree]]:''' [[Cottonwood]]
}}<!-- this may be placed anywhere in the article, just keep out of the way of other floating images -->
Kansas has a reputation as a progressive state with many firsts in legislative initiatives—it was the first state to institute a system of [[workers' compensation]] (1910) and to regulate the [[Security (finance)|securities]] industry (1911). Kansas was also one of the first states to permit [[women's suffrage]] in 1912. Suffrage in all states would not be guaranteed until ratification of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] in 1920. The [[council-manager government]] was adopted by many larger Kansas cities in the years following [[World War I]] while many American cities were being run by [[political machine]]s or [[organized crime]]. Kansas was also at the center of ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]] of [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]]'', a 1954 Supreme Court decision that banned racially segregated schools throughout the U.S.
Since the 1960s, Kansas has grown more socially conservative. The 1990s brought new restrictions on [[abortion]], the defeat of prominent Democrats, including [[Dan Glickman]], and the [[Kansas State Board of Education|Kansas State Board of Education's]] 1999 decision to eliminate [[evolution]] from the state teaching standards, a decision that was later reversed.<ref>Los Angeles Times. [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/923599751.html?dids=923599751:923599751&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+9%2C+2005&author=Nicholas+Riccardi&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.14&desc=THE+NATION Vote by Kansas School Board Favors Evolution's Doubters]</ref> In 2005, voters accepted a constitutional amendment to ban [[same-sex marriage]]. The next year, the state passed a law setting a minimum age for marriage at 15 years. <ref>[http://www.azcentral.com/offbeat/articles/0505MarriageAge05-ON.html]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}}</ref> In 2008, Governor Sebelius vetoed permits for the construction of new coal-fired energy plants in Kansas, saying: "We know that greenhouse gases contribute to climate change. As an agricultural state, Kansas is particularly vulnerable. Therefore, reducing pollutants benefits our state not only in the short term – but also for generations of Kansans to come." <ref>[http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2008/2008-03-21-01.asp Kansas Governor Rejects Two Coal-Fired Power Plants<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===Federal politics===
{{see also|U.S. Congressional Delegations from Kansas}}
[[Image:Sam Brownback official portrait 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Sam Brownback]]]]
The state's current delegation to the [[Congress of the United States]] includes [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Senators [[Sam Brownback]] of [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]] and [[Pat Roberts]] of [[Dodge City, Kansas|Dodge City]] and Representatives [[Jerry Moran]] (R) of [[Hays, Kansas|Hays]] ([[1st Congressional District of Kansas|District 1]]), [[Nancy Boyda]] (D) of [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]] ([[2nd Congressional District of Kansas|District 2]]), [[Dennis Moore]] (D) of [[Lenexa, Kansas|Lenexa]] ([[3rd Congressional District of Kansas|District 3]]), and [[Todd Tiahrt]] (R) of [[Goddard, Kansas|Goddard]] ([[4th Congressional District of Kansas|District 4]]). Kansas has not elected a Democrat to the U.S. Senate since 1932, when [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] won his first term as President in the wake of the [[Great Depression]]. This is the longest Senate losing streak for either party in a single state. Senator [[Sam Brownback]] was a candidate for the Republican party nomination for President in 2008.
Historically, Kansas has been strongly Republican. In fact, the only non-Republicans Kansas has given its electoral vote to are Populist [[James Baird Weaver|James Weaver]] and Democrats [[Woodrow Wilson]], Franklin Roosevelt, and [[Lyndon Johnson]]. In 2004, [[George W. Bush]] won the state's 6 electoral votes by an overwhelming margin of 25 percentage points with 62% of the vote. The only two counties to support Democrat [[John Kerry]] in that election were [[Wyandotte County, Kansas|Wyandotte]], which contains [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]], and [[Douglas County, Kansas|Douglas]], home to the University of Kansas, located at [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]].
===State law===
:''See also'': [[Alcohol laws of Kansas]]
The [[legal drinking age]] in Kansas is 21. In lieu of the state retail sales tax, a 10% Liquor Drink Tax is collected for liquor consumed on the licensed premises and an 8% Liquor Enforcement Tax is collected on retail purchases. Although the sale of [[cereal]] [[malt beverage]] (also known as [[3.2 beer]]) was legalized in 1937, the first post-[[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] legalization of alcoholic liquor did not occur until the [[Kansas Constitution|state's constitution]] was amended in 1948. The following year the [[Kansas Legislature|Legislature]] enacted the Liquor Control Act which created a system of regulating, licensing, and taxing, and the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) was created to enforce the act. The power to regulate cereal malt beverage remains with the cities and counties. Liquor-by-the-drink did not become legal until passage of an amendment to the state's constitution in 1986 and additional legislation the following year. As of November 2006, Kansas still has 29 [[dry county|dry counties]] and only 17 counties have passed liquor-by-the-drink with no food sales requirement.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ksrevenue.org/abcsupplierinfo.htm| title=Liquor Licensee and Supplier Information| publisher=Alcoholic Beverage Control, Kansas Department of Revenue| accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref> Today there are more than 2600 liquor and 4000 cereal malt beverage licensees in the state.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ksrevenue.org/abchistory.htm| title=History of Alcoholic Beverages in Kansas| publisher=Alcoholic Beverage Control, Kansas Department of Revenue| year=2000| accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref>
===State agencies===
The state's investigative branch is the [[Kansas Bureau of Investigation]]. The '''Kansas Corporation Commission''' regulates public utilities, common carriers, oil and gas production, telecommunications companies, and motor carriers. The '''Kansas Department of Agriculture''' regulates the supply of meat, milk and eggs among other agricultural goods and services. The Secretary of Agriculture is [[Adrian Polansky]], who heads the department as well as operating Polansky farms.
==Important cities and towns==
{{seealso|List of cities in Kansas}}
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="clear:right; margin-left:1em;"
|+'''Cities with population of at least 10,000'''
|-
! !!City!!Population*!!Growth rate**!!Metro area
|-
|1||[[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]]||align="right"|357,698||align="center"|0.29%||Wichita
|-
|2||[[Overland Park, Kansas|Overland Park]]||align="right"|166,722||align="center"|1.78%||[[Kansas City Metropolitan Area|Kansas City]]
|-
|3||[[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]]||align="right"|143,801||align="center"|-0.34%||Kansas City
|-
|4||[[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]]||align="right"|122,113||align="center"|-0.13%||Topeka
|-
|5||[[Olathe, Kansas|Olathe]]||align="right"|114,662||align="center"|3.69%||Kansas City
|-
|6||[[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]]||align="right"|88,605||align="center"|1.68%||Lawrence
|-
|7||[[Shawnee, Kansas|Shawnee]]||align="right"|59,252||align="center"|3.64%||Kansas City
|-
|8||[[Manhattan, Kansas|Manhattan]]||align="right"|50,737||align="center"|1.83%|| ‡
|-
|9||[[Salina, Kansas|Salina]]||align="right"|46,140||align="center"|0.13%|| ‡
|-
|10||[[Lenexa, Kansas|Lenexa]]||align="right"|44,520||align="center"|1.71%||Kansas City
|-
|11||[[Hutchinson, Kansas|Hutchinson]]||align="right"|41,085||align="center"|-0.29%|| ‡
|-
|12||[[Leavenworth, Kansas|Leavenworth]]||align="right"|34,993||align="center"|-0.23%||Kansas City
|-
|13||[[Leawood, Kansas|Leawood]]||align="right"|30,702||align="center"|1.75%||Kansas City
|-
|14||[[Garden City, Kansas|Garden City]]||align="right"|27,175||align="center"|-0.80%|| ‡
|-
|15||[[Emporia, Kansas|Emporia]]||align="right"|26,188||align="center"|-0.40%|| ‡
|-
|16||[[Dodge City, Kansas|Dodge City]]||align="right"|26,101||align="center"|0.54%|| ‡
|-
|17||[[Prairie Village, Kansas|Prairie Village]]||align="right"|21,414||align="center"|-0.49%||Kansas City
|-
|18||[[Derby, Kansas|Derby]]||align="right"|21,101||align="center"|2.62%||Wichita
|-
|19||[[Liberal, Kansas|Liberal]]||align="right"|20,384||align="center"|0.58%|| ‡
|-
|20||[[Hays, Kansas|Hays]]||align="right"|19,726||align="center"|-0.23%|| ‡
|-
|21||[[Pittsburg, Kansas|Pittsburg]]||align="right"|19,120||align="center"|-0.12%|| ‡
|-
|22||[[Newton, Kansas|Newton]]||align="right"|18,093||align="center"|0.34%||Wichita
|-
|23||[[Junction City, Kansas|Junction City]]||align="right"|16,106||align="center"|-2.36%||Manhattan‡
|-
|24||[[Gardner, Kansas|Gardner]]||align="right"|15,597||align="center"|10.17%||Kansas City
|-
|25||[[Great Bend, Kansas|Great Bend]]||align="right"|15,537||align="center"|0.20%|| ‡
|-
|26||[[McPherson, Kansas|McPherson]]||align="right"|13,594||align="center"|-0.23%|| ‡
|-
|27||[[Ottawa, Kansas|Ottawa]]||align="right"|12,792||align="center"|1.15%||Kansas City
|-
|28||[[El Dorado, Kansas|El Dorado]]||align="right"|12,718||align="center"|-0.13%||Wichita
|-
|29||[[Winfield, Kansas|Winfield]]||align="right"|11,741||align="center"|-0.65%||Winfield-Arkansas City‡
|-
|30||[[Arkansas City, Kansas|Arkansas City]]||align="right"|11,416||align="center"|-0.78%||Arkansas City-Winfield‡
|-
|31||[[Parsons, Kansas|Parsons]]||align="right"|11,237||align="center"|-0.36%|| ‡
|-
|32||[[Merriam, Kansas|Merriam]]||align="right"|10,773||align="center"|-0.35%||Kansas City
|-
|33||[[Lansing, Kansas|Lansing]]||align="right"|10,705||align="center"|1.79%||Kansas City
|-
|34||[[Coffeyville, Kansas|Coffeyville]]||align="right"|10,387||align="center"|-0.97%|| ‡
|-
|35||[[Atchison, Kansas|Atchison]]||align="right"|10,154||align="center"|-0.13%|| ‡
|-
|36||[[Haysville, Kansas|Haysville]]||align="right"|10,029||align="center"|2.45%||Wichita
|-
|colspan=5|*Estimated as of July 1, 2006<ref name="2006SubEst">{{Cite web| url=http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php| title=Population Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division|}} Annual estimates of the population through [[2006-07-01]]. Released [[2007-06-28]].</ref><br>**Estimated annual growth rate 2000–2006<br>‡Defined as a [[United States micropolitan area|micropolitan area]]
|}
Kansas has 627 [[Municipal corporation|incorporated cities]]. By state statute, [[City|cities]] are divided into three classes as determined by the [[population]] obtained "by any [[census]] of enumeration". A city of the third class has a population of less than 5,000, but cities reaching a population of more than 2,000 may be certified as a city of the second class. The second class is limited to cities with a population of less than 25,000, and upon reaching a population of more than 15,000, they may be certified as a city of the first class. First and second class cities are independent of any [[Civil township|township]] and are not included within the township's territory.
===Northeast Kansas===
The northeastern portion of the state, extending from the Eastern border to [[Junction City, Kansas|Junction City]] and from the Nebraska border to south of Johnson County, has a rich history and is home to more than 1.5 million people in the Kansas City, Lawrence,and Topeka [[metropolitan area]]s. In the [[Kansas City Metropolitan Area]], the cities of [[Johnson County, Kansas|Johnson County]] have some of the fastest growing populations and highest median incomes in the state and the entire country. [[Overland Park, Kansas|Overland Park]], a young city incorporated in 1960, has the largest population and the largest land area in the county. It is home to [[Johnson County Community College]], the state's largest [[community college]], and the corporate campus of [[Sprint Nextel]], the largest private employer in the metro area. In 2006 the city was ranked as the 6th best place to live in America; the neighboring city of [[Olathe, Kansas|Olathe]] was 13th.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2006/top100/| title=Best places to live 2006| publisher=MONEY Magazine| accessdate=2006-12-09|}}</ref> Olathe is the [[county seat]] and home to [[Johnson County Executive Airport]]. The cities of Olathe, [[Shawnee, Kansas|Shawnee]], and [[Gardner, Kansas|Gardner]] have some of the state's fastest growing populations. The cities of Overland Park, [[Lenexa, Kansas|Lenexa]], Olathe, and Gardner are also notable because they lie along the former route of the [[Santa Fe Trail]]. Among cities with at least one thousand residents, [[Mission Hills, Kansas|Mission Hills]] has the highest median income in the state.
Several institutions of higher education are located in Northeast Kansas including [[Baker University]] (the first university in the state) in Baldwin City, [[MidAmerica Nazarene University]] in Olathe, [[Ottawa University]] in Ottawa and Overland Park, Kansas City Kansas Community College and KU Medical Center in Kansas City, and KU Edwards Campus in Overland Park. Less than an hour's drive to the west, [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]] is home to the [[University of Kansas]], the largest public [[university]] in the state, and [[Haskell Indian Nations University]].
To the north, [[Kansas City, Kansas]], with the second largest land area in the state, contains a number of diverse ethnic neighborhoods. Its attractions include the [[Kansas Speedway]], the Woodlands, and [[Kansas City T-Bones]]. Further up the [[Missouri River]], the city of [[Lansing, Kansas|Lansing]] is the home of the state's first maximum-security prison. Historic [[Leavenworth, Kansas|Leavenworth]], founded in 1854, was the first incorporated city in Kansas. North of the city, [[Fort Leavenworth]] is the oldest active Army post west of the [[Mississippi River]]. The city of [[Atchison, Kansas|Atchison]] was an early commercial center in the state and is well-known as the birthplace of [[Amelia Earhart]].
To the west, nearly a quarter million people reside in the Topeka metropolitan area. [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]] is the state [[capital]] and home to [[Washburn University]]. Built at a [[Kansas River]] crossing along the old [[Oregon Trail]], this historic city has several nationally registered historic places. Further westward along [[Interstate 70 (Kansas)|Interstate 70]] and the Kansas River is [[Junction City, Kansas|Junction City]] with its historic limestone and brick buildings and nearby [[Fort Riley]], well-known as the home to the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]], also known as the "[[Big Red One]]". A short distance away, the city of [[Manhattan, Kansas|Manhattan]] is home to [[Kansas State University]], the second largest public university in the state and the nation's oldest land-grant university, dating back to 1863. South of the campus, [[Aggieville]] dates back to 1889 and is the state's oldest shopping district of its kind.
===Wichita===
[[Image:Wichita pan 1.jpg|thumb|right|360px|[[Wichita, Kansas]], the largest city in the state of Kansas]]
In south-central Kansas, the four-county Wichita metropolitan area is home to nearly 600,000 people. [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]] is the largest city in the state in terms of both land area and population. 'The Air Capital' is a major manufacturing center for the aircraft industry and the home of [[Wichita State University]]. With a number of nationally registered historic places, museums, and other entertainment destinations, it has a desire to become a cultural mecca in the Midwest. Although Wichita's population growth has been anemic in recent years, surrounding suburbs are among the fastest growing cities in the state. The population of [[Goddard, Kansas|Goddard]] has grown by more than 11% per year since 2000.<ref name="2006SubEst" /> Other fast-growing cities include [[Andover, Kansas|Andover]], [[Maize, Kansas|Maize]], [[Park City, Kansas|Park City]], [[Derby, Kansas|Derby]], and [[Haysville, Kansas|Haysville]].
Up river (the [[Arkansas River]]) from Wichita is the city of [[Hutchinson, Kansas|Hutchinson]]. The city was built on one of the world's largest salt deposits, and it has the world's largest and longest wheat elevator. It is also the home of [[Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center]], Prairie Dunes Country Club and the Kansas State Fair. North of Wichita along [[Interstate 135 (Kansas)|Interstate 135]] is the city of [[Newton, Kansas|Newton]], the former western terminal of the [[Santa Fe Railroad]] and trailhead for the famed [[Chisholm Trail]]. To the southeast of Wichita are the cities of [[Winfield, Kansas|Winfield]] and [[Arkansas City, Kansas|Arkansas City]] with historic architecture and the [[Cherokee Strip (Kansas)|Cherokee Strip]] Museum (in Ark City). The city of [[Udall, Kansas|Udall]] was the site of the deadliest [[tornado]] in Kansas on [[May 25]], [[1955]]; it killed 80 people in and near the city.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/wxevents/19550525/| title=The Blackwell Tornado of 25 May 1955| publisher=NWS Norman, Oklahoma| date=[[June 13]], [[2006]]| accessdate=2007-01-28}}</ref> To the southwest of Wichita is [[Freeport, Kansas|Freeport]], the state's smallest incorporated city (population 8).
===Around the state===
[[Image:Kansas population map.png|thumb|300px|right|Kansas Population Density Map]]
Located midway between Kansas City, Topeka, and Wichita in the heart of the Bluestem Region of the [[Flint Hills]], the city of [[Emporia, Kansas|Emporia]] has several nationally registered historic places and is the home of [[Emporia State University]], well-known for its Teachers College. It was also the home of newspaper man [[William Allen White]].
'''Southeast Kansas'''
[[Southeast Kansas]] has a unique history with a number of nationally registered historic places in this coal-mining region. Located in [[Crawford County, Kansas|Crawford County]] (dubbed the Fried Chicken Capital of Kansas), [[Pittsburg, Kansas|Pittsburg]] is the largest city in the region and the home of [[Pittsburg State University]]. The neighboring city of [[Frontenac, Kansas|Frontenac]] in 1888 was the site of the worst mine disaster in the state in which an underground explosion killed 47 miners. "[[Big Brutus]]" is located a mile and a half outside the city of [[West Mineral, Kansas|West Mineral]]. Along with the restored fort, historic [[Fort Scott, Kansas|Fort Scott]] has a national cemetery designated by President Lincoln in 1862.
'''Central and North-Central Kansas'''
[[Salina, Kansas|Salina]] is the largest city in central and north-central Kansas. South of Salina is the small city of [[Lindsborg, Kansas|Lindsborg]] with its numerous [[Dalecarlian horse|Dala horses]]. Much of the architecture and decor of this town has a distinctly [[Sweden|Swedish]] style. To the east along [[Interstate 70 (Kansas)|Interstate 70]], the historic city of [[Abilene, Kansas|Abilene]] was formerly a trailhead for the [[Chisholm Trail]] and was the boyhood home of President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. To the west is [[Lucas, Kansas|Lucas]], the Grassroots Art Capital of Kansas.
'''Northwest Kansas'''
[[Image:Kansas City Kansas aerial view.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Kansas City, Kansas]]]]
Westward along the Interstate, the city of [[Russell, Kansas|Russell]], traditionally the beginning of sparsely-populated northwest Kansas, is the home of former U.S. Senator [[Bob Dole]] and the boyhood home of U.S. Senator [[Arlen Specter]]. The city of [[Hays, Kansas|Hays]] is home to [[Fort Hays State University]] and the Sternberg Museum of Natural History, and is the largest city in the northwest with a population of around 20,000. Two other landmarks are located in smaller towns in [[Ellis County]]: the "Cathedral of the Plains" is located {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of Hays in [[Victoria, Kansas|Victoria]], and the boyhood home of [[Walter Chrysler]] is {{convert|15|mi|km}} west of Hays in [[Ellis, Kansas|Ellis]]. West of Hays, population drops dramatically, even in areas along I-70, and only two towns containing populations of more than 3,000: [[Colby, Kansas|Colby]] and [[Goodland, Kansas|Goodland]], which are located 35 milies apart along I-70.
'''Southwest Kansas'''
Southwest Kansas, and [[Dodge City, Kansas|Dodge City]] in particular, is famously known for the cattle drive days of the late 19th century. The city of Dodge was built along the old [[Santa Fe Trail]] route. The city of [[Liberal, Kansas|Liberal]] is located along the southern Santa Fe Trail route. The first wind farm in the state was built east of [[Montezuma, Kansas|Montezuma]]. [[Garden City, Kansas|Garden City]] has the Lee Richardson Zoo.
==Education==
{{main|Education in Kansas}}
Education in Kansas is governed primarily by the [[Kansas State Board of Education]] ([http://www.ksbe.state.ks.us/ web]). Twice the Board has approved changes in the state science curriculum standards that encouraged the teaching of intelligent design. Both times, the standards were reversed after changes in the composition of the board in the next election.
==Sports in Kansas==
===Professional Sports Teams===
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Sport
!League
|-
|[[Kansas City Wizards]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|-
|[[Kansas City T-Bones]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Northern League (baseball)|Northern League]]
|-
|[[Wichita Wingnuts]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[American Association of Independent Professional Baseball]]
|-
|[[Topeka Roadrunners]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[North American Hockey League]]
|-
|[[Wichita Thunder]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[Central Hockey League]]
|-
|[[Dodge City Legend]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[United States Basketball League]]
|-
|[[Kansas Cagerz]]
|Basketball
|United States Basketball League
|-
|[[Kansas Koyotes]]
|[[Indoor Football]]
|[[American Professional Football League]]
|-
|}
Even though the Wizards are the only [[major professional sports league]] team within Kansas (although they were based in [[Missouri]] at the time of their founding), many Kansans also support the sports teams of [[Kansas City, Missouri]], including the [[Kansas City Royals]] ([[Major League Baseball|MLB]]), the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ([[National Football League|NFL]]) and the [[Kansas City Brigade]] ([[Arena Football League|AFL]]). All three teams except the Brigade, play at the [[Truman Sports Complex]], located about {{convert|10|mi|km}} from the Kansas-Missouri state line. However, the Wizards are considering relocating to a new stadium or complex in Johnson County. The [[Kansas City Brigade]] play in the newly opened [[Sprint Center]].
Persons in western Kansas may sometimes support the major league teams in [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]]. Many people who live close to the Oklahoma state line support the [[Dallas Cowboys]]. All Chiefs games are televised throughout Kansas by television stations in Topeka and Wichita, and Broncos and Cowboys games which do not conflict with Chiefs telecasts are also broadcast across the state.
Two major [[auto racing]] facilities are located in Kansas. The [[Kansas Speedway]] located in Kansas City hosts races of the [[NASCAR]], [[Indy Racing League|IRL]], and [[Auto Racing Club of America|ARCA]] circuits. Also, the [[National Hot Rod Association]] (NHRA) holds [[drag racing]] events at [[Heartland Park Topeka]].
===College Sports===
While there are no franchises of the four major professional sports within the state, many Kansans are fans of the state's major college sports teams, especially the [[Kansas Jayhawks|Jayhawks]] of the [[University of Kansas]], commonly referred to as "KU," and the [[Kansas State Wildcats|Wildcats]] of [[Kansas State University]], known as "KSU" or "K-State" by many. [[Wichita State University]], which also fields teams (called the [[Wichita State Shockers|Shockers]]) in [[Division I]] of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]], is best known for its baseball program, winning the [[College World Series]] in 1989.
Although this is certainly not a hard and fast rule, most KU fans tend to hail from the eastern third of the state, and urban areas throughout Kansas, specifically the Kansas City suburbs in Johnson County.{{Or|date=July 2008}} However, much of rural Kansas, especially the west, is dominated by K-State supporters.{{Or|date=July 2008}} This perhaps stems from the historic roles of the schools: KU as the liberal arts and professional university, and K-State as the agricultural science and engineering university. However, over the past 15 years, with K-State becoming dominant in football and KU in basketball, many Kansans support both schools, depending on which sport is in season.
Both KU and K-State have tradition-rich programs in men's college basketball. The Jayhawks are a perennial national power, ranking third in all-time victories among NCAA programs, behind [[University of Kentucky|Kentucky]] and [[University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill|North Carolina]]. The Jayhawks are also the reigning national champions of men's college basketball, winning the 2008 NCAA Tournament in April for their third national crown. K-State also had a long stretch of success on the hardwood, lasting from the 1940s to the 1980s. Kansas State returned to the NCAA tournament in 2008 for the first time in 12 years.
However, success on the [[American football|football]] field has been infrequent for either team. When the two teams met in 1987, KU's record was 1-7 and K-State's was 0-8. Fittingly, the [[Sunflower Showdown]] that year, dubbed the "[[Toilet Bowl (game)|Toilet Bowl]]" by the media, ended in a 17-17 tie. There have been recent breakthroughs for both schools. KU won the [[Orange Bowl]] for the first time in three tries in January 2008, capping a 12-1 season, the best in school history. K-State was historically one of the worst college football programs in the country, until [[Bill Snyder]] arrived to coach the Wildcats in 1989. He turned K-State into a national force for most of the 1990s and early 2000s, until he retired after the 2005 season. The team won the [[Fiesta Bowl]] in 1997 and took the [[Big XII Conference]] championship in 2003. Notable success has also been achieved by the state's smaller schools in football. Pittsburg State University, a NCAA Division II participant, has claimed three national titles in football, two in the NAIA and most recently the 1991 NCAA Division II national title. Pittsburg State became the winningest NCAA Division II football program in 1995. PSU passed Hillsdale College, Mich., at the top of the all-time victories list in the 1995 season on its march to the national runner-up finish. The Gorillas, in 96 seasons of intercollegiate competition, have accumulated 579 victories – posting a 579-301-48 overall mark.
In 1992-93, KU became the first college program to participate in a football bowl game, the NCAA men's basketball tournament, and the College World Series in the same academic year.
== Notable residents ==
[[Amelia Earhart]] (aviation pioneer), [[Carrie Nation]] (temperance activist), former President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], former Vice President [[Charles Curtis]], and former presidential candidates [[Bob Dole]] and [[Alf Landon]] called Kansas their home. [[NASA]] [[astronaut]]s [[Ronald Evans]], [[Joe Engle]], and [[Steve Hawley]] also lived in Kansas.
Despite its strong agricultural reputation, Kansas was home to industrial and intellectual pioneers [[Walter Chrysler]] of automotive fame, [[Clyde Cessna]] and [[Lloyd Stearman]] (aviation pioneers), [[Jack Kilby]] (microchip inventor, The Nobel Prize Winner in Physics 2000), [[George Washington Carver]] (educator and scientist), [[Earl W. Sutherland]], Jr. (The Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine 1971), and [[Vernon L. Smith]] (The Nobel Prize Winner in Economics 2002). Also from Kansas are General [[Richard Myers]] (Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2001-05) and [[Robert Gates]] (United States Secretary of Defense December 2006 - Present). In addition, Kansas is the home of "Top Cop" Vern Miller who raided an Amtrak train on July 20, 1972 and confiscated all the liquor on board. He charged Amtrak with selling liquor-by-the-drink, illegal in Kansas at that time and the case was eventually declared al certiore, validating both the lower court's conviction and the flamboyant Miller's stance that "If you don't like a law, get it changed...don't break it." -- Wichita Eagle July 20, 1972
Kansas was also home to [[Danny Carey]] (musician), Del Close (comdedian/actor), Inger Stevens (actress),[[Vivian Vance]] (actress), [[Samuel Ramey]] (opera singer), [[Louise Brooks]] (actress), [[Annette Bening]] (actress), [[Bill Kurtis]] (Journalist), [[Jack Cafferty]] (Journalist}, [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] (abolitionist), [[Langston Hughes]] (poet), [[Gordon Parks]] (photographer, movie director, musician, author), [[Fatty Arbuckle]] (actor), [[William Inge]] (writer), [[Dennis Hopper]] (actor), [[Kelli McCarty]] (actress and Miss USA 91), [[Buster Keaton]] (actor), [[Coleman Hawkins]] (Jazz musician), [[Martina McBride]] (Country Singer), [[Joe Walsh]] (Musician), [[Chely Wright]] (Country Musician), [[Melissa Etheridge]] (musician), [[Kirstie Alley]] (actress), [[Paul Rudd]] (actor), [[Sarah Lancaster]] (actress), [[Charlie Parker]] (Jazz musician), [[Mike Jerrick]] (network journalist), [[Steve Doocy]] (network journalist, author), [[Campbell Brown]] (network journalist), [[Jeff Probst]] (Survivor host), ''[[Survivor: Guatemala]]'' winner [[Danni Boatwright]], [[Jessica Hughbanks]](Big Brother 8 contestant), [[List_of_Big_Brother_9_HouseGuests_%28U.S.%29#Sharon| Sharon Obermueller]] (Big Brother 9 contestant), [[Melissa McDermott]] (Journalist), [[Dr. Phil McGraw| Phil McGraw]] (psychologist), [[Phil Stacey]] ([[American Idol]] Finalist) and [[William Allen White]] (editor).
Famous athletes from Kansas include [[Braden Looper]], [[Johnny Damon]], [[Kyle Farnsworth]], [[Wes Santee]], [[Joe Carter]], [[Wilt Chamberlain]], [[George Brett (baseball player)|George Brett]], [[Barry Sanders]], [[Gale Sayers]], [[John H. Outland]], [[Billy Mills]], [[Jim Ryun]], [[Walter Johnson]], [[Jackie Stiles]], [[Caroline Bruce]], [[John Riggins]], [[Maurice Greene (athlete)|Maurice Greene]], [[Kendra Wecker]], and [[Lynette Woodard]]. Kansas was also home to coaches [[James Naismith]], [[Larry Brown (basketball)| Larry Brown]], [[Phog Allen]], [[Dean Smith]], [[Adolph Rupp]], [[Gene Keady]], [[Lon Kruger]],[[John Calipari]] Born and lived in Pittsburgh most of his life, but assistant coached at Kansas, [[Roy Williams (coach)| Roy Williams]], [[Glen Mason]], [[Tex Winter]], [[Mark Turgeon]], [[Bill Self]], [[Bill Snyder]] and [[Eddie Sutton]].
Famous fictional residents include [[Marshal Matt Dillon]] from the TV show ''[[Gunsmoke]]'', [[Mary Ann Summers]] of ''[[Gilligan's Island]]'', Dennis Mitchell ([[Dennis the Menace (U.S.)|Dennis the Menace]]), [[Dean Winchester|Dean]] and [[Sam Winchester]] from the TV show ''[[Supernatural (TV series)|Supernatural]]'', [[Clark Kent]]/[[Superman]], [[Liz Sherman]], [[Cameron Mitchell (Stargate)|Lt. Col. Cameron Mitchell]] of ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'', Walter and India Bridge from ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Bridge]]'', Jonas Nightengale from ''[[Leap of Faith (film)|Leap of Faith]]'', and [[Dorothy Gale]] from ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]''.
===Landmarks===
[[Image:Konza2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Konza Prairie]], in the [[Flint Hills]]]]
:''{{main|List of Kansas landmarks}}''
:''{{seealso|List of Registered Historic Places in Kansas}}''
* The [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] museum is located in [[Osawatomie, Kansas|Osawatomie]].
* The boyhood home of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], the Eisenhower Library, and his grave are located in [[Abilene, Kansas|Abilene]].
*Abilene is the ending point of the [[Chisholm Trail]] where the cattle driven from Texas were loaded onto rail cars.
* The house of [[Carrie Nation]], now a museum, is located in [[Medicine Lodge, Kansas|Medicine Lodge]].
* Constitution Hall in [[Lecompton, Kansas|Lecompton]] is the location where the Kansas Territorial Government convened and drafted a pro-slavery constitution. <ref>[http://www.lecomptonkansas.com/ Historic Lecompton] - [http://www.lecomptonkansas.com/index.php?doc=consthall.php Constitution Hall State Historic Site]. Retrieved on [[13 April]] [[2007]].</ref>
* The Wizard of Oz Museum in [[Wamego, Kansas|Wamego]] features Dorothy's House, a re-creation of the farm house featured in the film ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie)|The Wizard of Oz]]''.
* The [[Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center]], located in Hutchinson, is affiliated with the [[Smithsonian Institution]]. The museum features the largest collection of artifacts from the Russian Space Program outside of Moscow. It is also home to [[Apollo 13]], an [[SR-71 Blackbird]], Libery 7, and many space artifacts.
* The award-winning [[Kansas Museum of History]] <ref>[http://www.kshs.org/ Kansas Historical Society<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> is the state museum, and is located in the capital city of Topeka.
* The [[Biggest ball of twine|world's largest ball of twine]] (disputed), created [[August 15]], [[1953]], in [[Cawker City, Kansas|Cawker City]].
* The [[Big Well]], billed as the World's Largest Hand-Dug Well, is located in [[Greensburg, Kansas]].
==See also==
*[[List of Kansas-related topics]]
{{portal|Kansas|Flag of Kansas.svg|left=yes}}
{{clear}}
<!-- Please place links to all topics directly related to the State of Kansas in the [[List of Kansas-related topics]] -->
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Kansas}}
*[http://www.kansas.gov/ State of Kansas]
*[http://www.travelks.com/ Kansas Travel and Tourism Division]
*[http://www.kshs.org/ Kansas State Historical Society]
*[http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Kansas Kansas State Databases] - Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Kansas state agencies
* [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=KS USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Kansas]
* [http://www.ksdot.org/maps/main.html Kansas Department of Transportation maps]
* [http://www.kancoll.org/books/cutler/ Cutler's History of Kansas]
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/kansas.html Kansas Maps] from the Perry-Castañeda Library map collection at the University of Texas
{{Kansas|expand}}
{{United States}}
{{US Midwest}}
{{coor title d|38.5|N|98|W|region:US-KS_type:state}}
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