Karachi 17123 226177937 2008-07-17T04:46:28Z 76.17.87.161 /* Geography and climate */ {{distinguish|Karachay-Cherkessia}} {{Infobox Settlement |name = Karachi |native_name = {{Nastaliq|کراچی}} <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Mazare Quaid.JPEG |image_caption = The mausoleum of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] - Iconic symbol of Karachi throughout the world |image_blank_emblem = CDGKlogo.svg <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{PAK}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Sindh]] <!-- Seat of government and towns--> |seat_type = City Council |seat = City Complex, Gulshan Town |parts_type = Towns |parts_style = coll |parts = 18 |p1 = [[Baldia Town|Baldia]] |p2 = [[Bin Qasim Town|Bin Qasim]] |p3 = [[Gadap Town|Gadap]] |p4 = [[Gulberg (Karachi)|Gulberg]] |p5 = [[Gulshan Town|Gulshan]] |p6 = [[Jamshed Town|Jamshed]] |p7 = [[Kiamari Town|Kiamari]] |p8 = [[Korangi Town|Korangi]] |p9 = [[Landhi Town|Landhi]] |p10 = [[Liaquatabad Town|Liaquatabad]] |p11 = [[Lyari Town|Lyari]] |p12 = [[Malir Town|Malir]] |p13 = [[New Karachi Town|New Karachi]] |p14 = [[North Nazimabad Town|North Nazimabad]] |p15 = [[Orangi Town|Orangi]] |p16 = [[Saddar Town|Saddar]] |p17 = [[Shah Faisal Town|Shah Faisal]] |p18 = [[SITE Town|SITE]] <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes =<ref name="govt">{{cite web| url=http://125.209.91.254/cdgk/Home/Government/tabid/99/Default.aspx| title=Government| publisher=City District Government of Karachi| accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref> |government_type = City District |leader_title = City Nazim |leader_party = Muttahida Qaumi Movement |leader_name = [[Mustafa Kamal]] |leader_title1 = Naib Nazim |leader_party1 = Muttahida Qaumi Movement |leader_name1 = [[Nasreen Jalil]] |established_title = Municipal Committee |established_date = 1853 |established_title1 = Municipal Corporation |established_date1 = 1933 |established_title2 = Metropolitan Corporation |established_date2 = 1976 |established_title3 = City District Government |established_date3 = 14th August 2001 <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = 1 E+6 |area_footnotes =<ref name="area1">{{cite web| url=http://125.209.91.254/cdgk/Home/AboutKarachi/tabid/221/Default.aspx| title=About Karachi| publisher=City District Government of Karachi| accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 3527 |area_total_sq_mi = 1356 <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 8 <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2008 |population_footnotes =<ref name="worldgazetteer1">{{cite web| url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-172&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&geo=413520701| title=Karachi| author=Stefan Helders, World-Gazetteer.com| accessdate=2008-01-07}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 12461423 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = auto <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]] |utc_offset = +5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd=24 |latm=51 |lats=36 |latNS=N |longd=67 |longm=00 |longs=36 |longEW=E <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |area_code = 021 |website = http://www.karachicity.gov.pk City-District Government of Karachi |footnotes = |image_map = Location_of_Karachi.png |mapsize = 150 px |map_caption = Location within [[Pakistan]] |pushpin_map=Pakistan }} {{Audio|Karachi_pronunciation.ogg|'''Karachi'''}} ({{lang-sd|ڪراچي}}, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|کراچی}}}}) is the [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|provincial]] [[capital]] of [[Sindh]] province and the [[List of most populated metropolitan areas in Pakistan|largest city]] in [[Pakistan]]. In terms of population, it is [[list of cities proper by population|one of the largest cities in the world]]<ref name=UN>[http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2 UN world Urbanization Prospects estimate for 2007]</ref>, and is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and trade. Karachi is also the home of Pakistan's largest corporations that are involved in entertainment, publishing, software development, medical research. It also serves as a major hub of higher education in South Asia, and the wider Islamic World. Karachi was the original capital of Pakistan until the construction of [[Islamabad]], and is the location of Karachi Port, one of the regions largest and busiest ports. The city's population has since increased dramatically after the partition of [[British India]] forced hundreds of thousands of [[Urdu]] and [[Gujrati]] speaking "Mohajirs"(refugees) to settle in the city. Since independence from Britain in 1947, the city's vibrant economy has attracted migrants from all over Pakistan, and beyond. Despite a history of political turmoil, the city continues to attract those seeking prosperity. Karachi city is expansive, and is over {{convert|3530|km2|sqmi|0|lk=on}} in area. It is locally known as the "City of Lights" (روشنين جو شهر) for its liveliness, and the "City of the Quaid" (شهرِ قائد), having been the birth and burial place of Quaid-e-Azam [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, who also made the city his home after Pakistan's independence. People of Pakistan also called Karachi a "Mini-Pakistan" because all major ethnic group of Pakistan lives in the city. ==Karachi's Founding and Colonial History== {{main|History of Karachi}} [[Image:Khi1851.jpg|thumb|left|Part of the town of Karachi, with mud houses; camels and villagers in foreground. April 1851]] Karachi was founded as "Kolachi" by [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribes from [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] and [[Makran]] who established a small fishing community in the area <ref>R Asif (2002) [http://www.dawn.com/2002/08/08/fea.htm#2 Lyari Expressway: woes of displaced families]. [[Dawn (newspaper)]]. 8 August. Retrieved on 10 January, 2008</ref>. Descendants of the original community still live in the area on the small island of Abdullah Goth, which is located near the Karachi Port. The original name "Kolachi" also survives in the name of a well-known Karachi locality named "Mai Kolachi." The city remained a small fishing village until the British seized control of the offshore and strategically located island of Manora. Thereafter, authorities of the [[British Raj]] embarked on a large-scale modernization of the city in the 19th century with the intention of establishing a major and modern port which could serve as a gateway to [[Punjab region|Punjab]], the western parts of [[British India]], and Afghanistan. [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s competition with imperial [[Russia]] during the [[Great Game]] also heightened the need for a modern port near Central Asia, and so Karachi prospered as a major centre of commerce and industry during the Raj, attracting communities of: Africans, Arabs, Armenians, Goan Catholics, Jews (both Sephardic and Ashkenazi), Lebanese Christians, Malayans, and Zoroastrians - in addition to the large number of British businessmen and colonial administrators who established the city's poshest locales, such as Clifton. British colonialists embarked on a number of public works of sanitation and transportation - such as gravel paved streets, proper drains, street sweepers, and a network of trams and horse-drawn trolleys. Colonial administrators also set up military camps, a European inhabited quarter, and organized marketplaces, of which the Empress Markets are most notable. The city's wealthy elite also endowed the city with a large number of grand edifices, such as the elaborately decorated buildings that house social clubs, known as 'Gymkhanas.' Wealthy businessmen also funded the construction of the Kothwari Parade (a large seaside promenade) and the Frere Hall, in addition to the cinemas, and gambling parlours which dotted the city. Karachi witnessed relatively few events associated with the Indian movement for independence. Perhaps because of effective colonial administration, the city witnessed only few outbursts of anti-British sentiment in the city, unlike most other major cities in British India, which were often the scene of violence and widespread "civil disobedience." As the movement for Indian independence almost reached its conclusion, the city suffered widespread outbreaks of communal violence between Muslims and Hindus. In response to the perceived threat of Hindu domination, in combination with Sindhi Muslim resentment towards wealthy Sindi Hindus, the province of Sindh became the first province of British India to pass the Pakistan Resolution, in favor of the creation of the Pakistani state. The ensuing turmoil of [[Partition]] lead to the expulsion of most of Karachi's wealthy Hindu community. While many poorer Hindus, Christians, and wealthy [[Zoroastrians]] remained in the city, Karachi's native Sindhi Hindu community was almost entirely uprooted, and replaced by migrants from India seeking refuge from the anti-Muslim pogroms which were taking place there. ==Post-Independence== Upon the independence of [[Pakistan]] in [[1947]], the city was selected by the governing [[Muslim League]]to become the national capital of Pakistan, which at the time also included modern day [[Bangladesh]]. The Karachi was the focus for settlement by refugees from [[India]], who drastically expanded the city's population and transformed the demographics, and economy. Karachi has since faced major infrastructural and socio-economic challenges, but modern industries and businesses have developed in the city, particularly in Korangi, and SITE. The area of Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: [[Krokola]], the place where [[Alexander the Great]] camped to prepare a fleet for [[Babylonia]] after his campaign in the [[Indus]] valley; 'Morontobara' (probably [[Manora]] island near [[Port of Karachi|Karachi harbour]]), from where Alexander's admiral [[Nearchus]] set sail; and [[Barbarikon]], a port of the [[Indo-Greek]] [[Bactrian]] kingdom. It was later known to the [[Arab]]s as [[Debal]], the starting point for [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] and his army in [[712]] CE. The city was visited by [[Ottoman]] Admiral [[Sidi Ali Reis]] in [[1550]]s and mentioned in his book ''[[Mirat ul Memalik]]'' (The Mirror of Countries), 1557 CE <ref> [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/16csidi1.html Mirat ul Memalik] </ref>. The present city started life as a fishing settlement when a Baluchi fisherwoman called [[Mai Kolachi]] took up residence and started a family. The village that later grew out of this settlement was known as ''Kolachi-jo-Goth'' (Village of Kolachi in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]). By the late 1700s the village was trading across the [[Arabian Sea]] with [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] and the [[Persian Gulf]] region. A small fort was constructed for its protection, armed with cannons imported from Muscat. The fort had two main gateways: one facing the sea, known as Kharra Darwaaza (Brackish Gate) and the other facing the [[Lyari River]] known as the Mitta Darwaaza (Sweet Gate) <ref> [http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com/karachi.html History of Karachi] </ref>. The location of these gates correspond to the modern areas of Kharadar ({{Unicode|''Khārā Dar''}}) and Mithadar ({{Unicode|''Mīṭhā Dar''}}). In [[1795]], the village became a domain of the [[Baloch people|Balochi]] [[Talpur]] rulers. A small factory was opened by the British in September 1799, but was closed down within a year. After sending a couple of exploratory missions to the area, the [[British East India Company]] conquered the town on February 3, 1839. The town was later annexed to the [[British Indian Empire]] when [[Sindh]] was conquered by [[Charles James Napier]] in 1843. On his departure in 1847, he is said to have remarked, "''Would that I could come again to see you in your grandeur!''". Karachi was made the capital of Sindh in the 1840s. On Napier's departure it was added along with the rest of Sindh to the [[Bombay Presidency]]. The British realized the importance of the city as a military cantonment and as a port for exporting the produce of the [[Indus River|Indus River basin]], and rapidly developed its harbour for shipping. The foundations of a city municipal government were laid down and infrastructure development was undertaken. New businesses started opening up and the population of the town began rising rapidly. In 1857, the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|First Indian War for Independence]] broke out in the subcontinent and the 21st Native Infantry stationed in Karachi declared allegiance to rebels, joining their cause on [[September 10]], [[1857]]. Nevertheless, the British were able to quickly reassert control over Karachi and defeat the uprising. Karachi was known as ''Khurachee Scinde'' (i.e. Karachi, Sindh) during the early British colonial rule. [[Image:Karachi1889.jpg|thumb|left|An old image of Karachi from 1889]] In 1864, the first telegraphic message was sent from India to England when a direct telegraph connection was laid between Karachi and London.<ref>Christina P Harris (1969) The Persian Gulf Submarine Telegraph of 1864. [http://www.jstor.org/view/00167398/ap020714/02a00000/0 The Geographical Journal]. vol. 135(2). June. pp. 169-190</ref> In 1878, the city was connected to the rest of British India by rail. Public building projects such as [[Frere Hall]] (1865) and the [[Empress Market]] (1890) were undertaken. In 1876, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of [[Pakistan]], was born in the city, which by now had become a bustling city with churches, mosques, courthouses, markets, paved streets and a magnificent harbour. By 1899 Karachi had become the largest wheat exporting port in the east.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The population of the city was about 105,000 inhabitants by the end of the 19th century, with a cosmopolitan mix of Hindus, Muslims, Europeans, [[Jews and Judaism in Pakistan|Jews]], [[Parsis]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]s, [[Lebanon|Lebanese]], and [[Goan]]s. By the turn of the century, the city faced street congestion, which led to India’s first [[tram]]way system being laid down in 1900. By the time the new country of [[Pakistan]] was formed in 1947, Karachi had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings lining the city’s thoroughfares. Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan and accommodated a huge influx of migrants and refugees after [[Partition of India|partition]]. The demographics of the city changed dramatically but it still maintained cultural diversity as new residents arrived from all parts of India. In 1958, the capital of Pakistan was moved from Karachi to [[Rawalpindi]] and then to [[Islamabad]] in 1960. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development. The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of refugees from the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|Afghan war]] into Karachi. Political tensions between the [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]] groups (descendants of migrants from the partition era) and other groups also erupted and the city was wracked with political and sectarian violence. Most of these tensions have now simmered down. Karachi continues to be an important financial and industrial centre and handles most of the overseas trade of Pakistan and the central Asian countries. It accounts for a large portion of the [[GDP]] of Pakistan and a large proportion of the country's white collar workers. Karachi's population has continued to grow and is estimated to have passed the 20 million mark, although official figures still show a population of around 14.5 million.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} The current economic boom in Pakistan has also resulted in a new period of resurgence in the economy of Karachi. ==Geography and climate== {{main|Climate of Karachi}} [[Image:STS087-715-70.JPG|thumb|Satellite view of Karachi]] Karachi is located in the south of Sindh, on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The city covers an area of approximately {{convert|3530|km2|sqmi|0}}, comprised largely of flat or rolling plains, with hills on the western and northern boundaries of the [[urban sprawl]]. Two rivers pass through the city: the [[River Malir]] which flows from the east towards the south and centre, and the [[River Lyari]], which flows from north to the south west. The [[Port of Karachi]] is a sheltered bay to the south-west of the city, protected from storms by the Sandspit Beach, the [[Manora]] Island and the Oyster Rocks. The Arabian Sea beach lines the southern coastline of Karachi. One of the five largest mangrove forests in the world and the creeks of the Indus delta can be found towards the south east side of the city. Towards the west and the north is [[Cape Monze]], locally known as Raas Muari, an area marked with projecting sea cliffs and rocky sandstone promontories. Some excellent beaches can also be found in this area. Located on the coast, Karachi tends to have a relatively mild [[climate]] with low levels of average precipitation (approximately 10 inches per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July-August [[monsoon]] season. Winters are mild and the summers are hot, however the proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at a near-constant high and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the summer months. Due to high temperatures during the summer (ranging from 30 to 44 degrees Celsius from April to August), the winter months (November to February) are generally considered the best times to visit Karachi. July, December and January have pleasing and cloudy weather when most of the social events, ranging from weddings to charity fundraisers, frequently take place. Tourists and expatriates visit Karachi in these months, Highest recorded is {{convert|47.8|C|F|lk=on}} and lowest is {{convert|0|C|F|}}.<ref name="met">{{cite web| url=http://www.met.gov.pk/cdpc/karachi.htm| title=Karachi| publisher=Meteorological Department of Pakistan| accessdate=2008-02-08}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width: 95%;widthborder:0px;text-align:centre;line-height:120%;" align="centre" | style="background: #F0F8FF; width: 15%; colour: #000080" align="left" height="15" | Temperatures (1931-2002) | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual |- | style="background: #F0F8FF; colour:#000080" align="left" |Highest maximum (°C) | style="background: #FFFFCC; colour:#000000;" | 32.8 | style="background: #FFD800; colour:#000000;" | 36.1 | style="background: #FFA812; colour:#000000;" | 41.0 | style="background: #FFA812; colour:#000000;" | 44.4 | style="background: #FF8000; colour:#000000;" | 47.8 | style="background: #FF8000; colour:#000000;" | 47.0 | style="background: #FFA812; colour:#000000;" | 42.2 | style="background: #FFA812; colour:#000000;" | 41.7 | style="background: #FFA812; colour:#000000;" | 42.8 | style="background: #FFA812; colour:#000000;" | 43.3 | style="background: #FFD800; colour:#000000;" | 38.5 | style="background: #FFFACD; colour:#000000;" | 34.5 | style="background: #FF8000; colour:#000000;" | 47.8 |- | style="background: #F0F8FF; colour:#000080" align="left" height="15;" |Lowest minimum (°C) | style="background: #CCCCFF; colour: black;" | 0.0 | style="background: #CCCCFF; colour: black;" | 3.3 | style="background: #F0F8FF; colour: black;" | 7.0 | style="background: #FFFFCC; colour: black;" | 12.2 | style="background: #FFFF99; colour: black;" | 17.7 | style="background: #FFFF99; colour: black;" | 22.1 | style="background: #FFFF99; colour: black;" | 22.2 | style="background: #FFFF99; colour: black;" | 20.0 | style="background: #FFFF99; colour: black;" | 18.0 | style="background: #FFFFCC; colour: black;" | 10.0 | style="background: #F0F8FF; colour: black;" | 6.1 | style="background: #CCCCFF; colour: black;" | 1.3 | style="background: #CCCCFF; colour: black;" | 0.0 |- |} ==Government== {{main|City District Government of Karachi|List of mayors of Karachi|List of Union Councils of Karachi}} [[Image:Karachi at night.JPEG|thumb|Karachi at night]] The City of Karachi Municipal Act was promulgated in 1933. Initially the Municipal Corporation comprised the mayor, the deputy mayor and 57 councillors. The Karachi Municipal Corporation was changed to a Metropolitan Corporation in 1976. The administrative area of Karachi was a second-level subdivision known as Karachi Division, which was subdivided into five districts: Karachi Central, Karachi East, Karachi South, Karachi West and Malir. In 2000, the [[Government of Pakistan|national government]] implemented a new devolution plan which abolished the second-tier [[Divisions of Pakistan|divisions]] and merged the five districts of Karachi into a new City District, structured as a three-tiered federation, with the two lower tiers composed of 18 towns and 178 [[Union Council|union councils]] (UC).<ref name="tiers">{{cite web| url=http://125.209.91.254/cdgk/Home/Towns/tabid/72/Default.aspx| title=City Towns (all Towns and Union Councils| publisher=City District Government of Karachi| accessdate=2008-01-07}}</ref> [[Image:KMCbuilding.jpg|thumb|Karachi Municipal Corporation office building]] * [[Malir Town]] * [[Shah Faisal Town]] * [[Landhi Town]] * [[Korangi Town]] * [[Bin Qasim Town]] * [[Gadap Town]] * [[Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town]] * [[Jamshed Town]] * [[Gulberg Town]] * [[Liaquatabad Town]] * [[North Nazimabad Town]] * [[New Karachi Town]] * [[Orangi Town]] * [[Baldia Town]] * [[SITE Town]] * [[Lyari Town]] * [[Saddar Town]] * [[Keamari Town]] The towns are governed by elected municipal administrations responsible for infrastructure and spatial planning, development facilitation, and municipal services (water, sanitation, solid waste, repairing roads, parks, street lights, and traffic engineering), with some functions being retained by the City-District Government (CDG).<ref name="tiers"/> The third-tier 178 union councils are each composed of thirteen directly elected members including a [[Nazim]] ([[mayor]]) and a Naib Nazim ([[deputy mayor]]). The UC Nazim heads the union administration and is responsible for facilitating the CDG to plan and execute municipal services, as well as for informing higher authorities about public concerns and complaints. In the elections of 2005, [[Mustafa Kamal]] was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed [[Naimatullah Khan]] and [[Nasreen Jalil]] was elected as the City Naib Nazim. Mustafa Kamal was previously the provincial minister for [[information technology]] in Sindh. Mustafa Kamal is advancing the development trail and has been actively involved in maintaining care of the city's municipal systems.<ref name="mayor3">{{cite web| url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/01/20/local2.htm| title="Mustafa Kamal announces city reinforcement projects"| author=Dawn Group of Newspapers| accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref>. There are also six military [[cantonment]]s administered by the [[Pakistan Army]] which do not form part of the City of Karachi. These cantonment have a very little population but covers a very large area (about 40% of the total area of Karachi) & most expensive land of Karachi. *[[Karachi Cantonment]] *[[Clifton Cantonment]] *[[Faisal Cantonment]] *[[Malir Cantonment]] *[[Korangi Creek Cantonment]] *[[Manora Cantonment]] ==Demographics== {{main|Demographics of Karachi}} [[Image:Karachi population.svg|thumb|left|Trend of population growth (in millions) in Karachi]] {| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 95%;" |- ! align="center"| Year !! align="right"| Urban Population |- | colspan=2|<hr> |- | align="left"| 1856 || align="right" | 56,875 |- | align="left"| 1872 || align="right" | 56,753 |- | align="left"| 1881 || align="right" | 73,560 |- | align="left"| 1891 || align="right" | 105,199 |- | align="left"| 1901 || align="right" | 136,297 |- | align="left"| 1911 || align="right" | 186,771 |- | align="left"| 1921 || align="right" | 244,162 |- | align="left"| 1931 || align="right" | 300,799 |- | align="left"| 1941 || align="right" | 435,887 |- | align="left"| 1951 || align="right" | 1,068,459 |- | align="left"| 1961 || align="right" | 1,912,598 |- | align="left"| 1972 || align="right" | 3,426,310 |- | align="left"| 1981 || align="right" | 5,208,132 |- | align="left"| 1998 || align="right" | 9,269,265 |- | align="left"| 2008 || align="right" | 12,461,423<ref name="worldgazetteer1"/> |} The population and demographic distribution in Karachi has undergone numerous changes over the past 150 years. Non-governmental and international sources estimate Karachi's current population at about 10 million{{Failed verification|date=April 2008}}<ref name="pop_dispute"> Note: The 1998 census showed a population of about 9 million and the [http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/msg-nazim.asp City Government] estimates "more than 10 million inhabitants". Reasons for the discrepancy include workers living in Karachi but registered as living elsewhere in Pakistan by the [[National Database and Registration Authority]]; and [[Afghan refugees]], [[Iranian]]'s and others (Indian's, Nepali's, Burmese, Bangladeshi's etc..) were not counted in the 1998 census.</ref> — a huge increase over its population in 1947 (400,000). The city's population is currently growing at about 5% per year (mainly on account of rural-urban internal [[Human migration|migration]]), including an estimated 45,000 migrant workers coming to the city every month from different parts of Pakistan.<ref name="migrants">{{cite web| url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/01/16/letted.htm| title="Karachi turning into a ghetto"| date=2006-01-16| publisher=Dawn Group of Newspapers| accessdate=2006-04-20}}</ref> Before [[1947]], Karachi had large Sindhi communities of [[Parsi]]s, [[Jew]]s, [[Armenian people|Armenians]], [[Hindu]]s, [[Christian]]s, [[Baloch people|Balochis]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]]. After independence, a large number of Sindhi Hindus left the city for India and were replaced by Indian refugees. The Indian refugees migrated from different parts of India. Currently, the native Sindhis and continuing migration from different parts of Pakistan and Iran, Afghanistan have contributed to a very cosmopolitan mix of residents. The new government allotted much of the property left by the departing Sindhis to the Indian refugees. However, the Indian refugees also formed the political minorty in the city, which gave them substantial political clout, to the native Sindhi inhabitants. Since [[1979]], due to the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] and continued upheavals in their country, a steady stream of [[Demography of Afghanistan|Afghan]] refugees have also taken up permanent residence in and around Karachi.<ref>UN Refugee Agency [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=SUBSITES&page=SUBSITES&id=430b1e562 Case Study: Afghans in Pakistan] Retrieved on [[January 1]], [[2008]]</ref> These refugees now number more than one and half million and comprise a number of ethnic groups: [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]], [[Tajiks]], [[Hazara people|Hazaras]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Nuristani]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]. The current estimated linguistic distribution of the city is: [[Urdu]]: 44.52%; [[Punjabi]]: 18.38%;[[Pashto]]: 14.25%; [[Sindhi]]: 11.59%; [[Balochi]]: 4.34%; [[Saraiki]]: 2.11%; others: 4.81%. The others include [[Dari]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], Dawoodi [[Bohra]], [[Memon]], [[Marwari]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], Makrani, [[Khowar language|Khowar]], [[Burushaski language|Burushaski]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref> [http://www.findpk.com/cities/html/karachi.html Karachi Demographics] Findpk.com </ref> The religious breakup of the city is as follows: [[Muslim]]: 94.50%; [[Hindu]]: 5.35%; [[Christian]]: 1.9%; [[Ahmadi]]: 0.17%; others 0.13%. The others include [[Parsi]]s, [[Jew]]s, [[Orthodox]] and [[Buddhist]]s<ref> [http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/pakistan/religion.htm Religion in Pakistan] Asianinfo.org</ref><ref> [http://www.findpk.com/cities/html/karachi.html Religion in Karachi] findpk.com</ref> ==Economy== {{main|Economy of Karachi}} [[Image:KarachiFinancial.jpg|thumb|A part of Karachi's financial district]] [[Image:Mcbtower123.jpg|thumb|right|MCB Tower]] [[Image:Habib_Bank_Plaza.jpeg|thumb|right|Habib Bank Plaza]] Karachi is the financial and commercial capital of Pakistan; it accounts for a lion's share of Pakistan's revenue generation. It generates over 65% of the total national revenue (federal and provincial taxes, customs and surcharges), Although a larger part of this amount account for as indirect tax contribution.<ref name="pakecon1">{{cite web| url=http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/database2/cover/c99-15.asp| title=Karachi: Step-motherly treatment| author=Pakistan and Gulf Economist| accessdate=2007-10-15}}</ref> Karachi produces about 42 percent of value added in large scale manufacturing and 25% of the GDP of Pakistan. In February 2007, the [[World Bank]] identified Karachi as the most business-friendly city in Pakistan.<ref name="dawn4">{{cite web| url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/02/14/ebr1.htm| title=World Bank report: Karachi termed most business-friendly| author=Dawn Group of Newspapers| accessdate=2007-10-15}}</ref> Karachi is the nerve centre of Pakistan's economy. The economic stagnation due to political anarchy, ethnic strife and resulted military operation during late 80s and 90s led to efflux of industry from Karachi. Despite this severe shock, Karachi claims highest per capita income in South Asia, with a GDP per capita greater than '''$8,000''' today. However, the distribution of this figure is highly disputed due to rampant corruption and wealth disparity. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road|I.I. Chundrigar Road]], while most major foreign [[multinational corporation]]s operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. The [[Karachi Stock Exchange]] is the largest stock exchange in Pakistan, and is considered by many economists to be one of the prime reasons for Pakistan's 8% GDP growth across 2005.<ref> Business Week magazine (April 22, 2005) [http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/apr2005/nf20050422_9277_db016.htm Pakistan: After the Crash] Retrieved on [[January 1]],[[2008]]</ref> During the 1960s, Karachi was seen as an economic role model around the world, and there was much praise for the way its [[economy]] was progressing. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy and one of them, [[South Korea]], copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan" and World Financial Centre in [[Seoul]] is designed and modeled after Karachi.<ref>Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan: 1960-65, Karachi: Govt. Printing Press, 1960, p. 393</ref><ref>Planning Commission, Pakistan Economic Survey, 1964-65, Rawalpindi: Govt. Printing Press, 1965, p. 212.</ref> Recently, Karachi has seen an expansion of [[Information technology|information and communications technology]] and [[electronic media]] and has become the software outsourcing hub of Pakistan. [[Call centres]] for foreign companies have been targeted as a significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 80% in order to gain foreign investments in the IT sector<ref> Board of Investment, Pakistan [http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/pdf/IT%20&%20Telecom.pdf IT Sector Overview] Retrieved on [[January 1]], [[2008]]</ref><ref>United Nations [http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN015892.pdf INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY POLICY OF PAKISTAN] –PROVIDING AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR IT DEVELOPMENT. Retrieved on [[January 1]],[[2008]]</ref> In April 2008, the City District Government build a Control Unit(CU) which accommodate the world largest data center. With the help of this CU, every road in Karachi is monitored through a very high resolution camera, which even capture the number plate and the face of driver with in a second and send it to the CU. These cameras are fixed 100 ft above to the ground. An additional security camera is also placed above the camera to ensure the security and theft issues of the camera. These security cameras are 300 ft above the ground. Many of Pakistan’s independent [[List of Pakistani television and radio channels|television and radio channels]] are based in Karachi including world popular [[Business Plus]], Geo Tv, KTN,<ref name="ktn">{{cite web| url=http://www.ktn.com.pk| title=Welcome to KTN TV| publisher=KTN| accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> Sindh TV,<ref name="sindhtv">{{cite web| url=http://www.thesindh.tv/contact.htm| title=Sindh TV| publisher=Sindh TV| accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> [[CNBC Pakistan]], [[TV One]], [[Indus Television Network]] and [[Dawn News]] as well as several local stations. Karachi has several large industrial zones such as SITE, Korangi, Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi located on the fringes of the main city.<ref>Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry [http://www.fpcci.com.pk/industrialzone.asp Industrial Zones In Pakistan]Retrieved on [[January 1]], [[2008]]</ref> The primary areas are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. In addition, Karachi has a vibrant cottage industry and there is a rapidly flourishing Free Zone with an annual growth rate of nearly 6.5%. The [[Karachi Expo Centre]] hosts many regional and international exhibitions.<ref>Trade Development Authority of Pakistan [http://www.epb.gov.pk/v1/expocenter/ Karachi Expo Center] Retrieved on [[January 1]], [[2007]]</ref> Karachi has branches of major motor companies such as [[BMW]], [[Audi]], [[Porsche]], [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]], [[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars|Rolls Royce]], [[Ferrari]], [[Land Rover]], [[Rexton]], [[Lexus]], [[Chevrolet]], [[Toyota]], [[Honda]], [[Dodge]], [[GM Comapny]], [[Hummer]], [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]], [[UD Nissan Diesel]], [[Diahatsu]], [[Suzuki]], [[Kia]], [[Mitsubishi]], [[Hyundai]], [[Daewoo]], [[Isuzu]], [[Renault]], [[Bedford]], [[FAW]], [[Geely]], [[Proton]], [[Chery]], several automotive companies of china as well as the [[Adam Motor Company]] and HinoPak.<ref>The Nation newspaper [http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/dec-2004/22/bnews2.php Rs 100b investment in automobile industry] Retrieved on [[January 1]], [[2008]]</ref><ref> Mindbranch [http://www.mindbranch.com/listing/product/R302-1104.html Pakistan Automotives Report Q1 2007] Retrieved on [[January 1]], [[2008]]</ref> There are many development projects proposed, approved and under construction in Karachi city. Among projects of note, [[Emaar Properties]] is proposing to invest '''$43bn''' (£22.8bn) in Karachi to develop [[Bundal Island]], which is a 12,000 acre (49 km²) island just off the coast of Karachi.<ref> BBC News [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5387590.stm Pakistan agrees $43bn development] Retrieved on [[January 1]], Al-Nakheel (Dubai Based Company) has prepared masterplan for devloping hawks bay with cost of ''''''$68bn'''''', Limiless (Dubai Based Company) will also invest in Karachi Waterfront Project they will invest $20bn for developing 2000acre land of 20000 acre, [[2008]]</ref> The [[Karachi Port Trust]] is planning a Rs. 20 billion, {{convert|1947|ft|m|0}} high [[Port Tower Complex]] on the Clifton shoreline.<ref name="tower">{{cite web| url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html| title="K.P.T. Projects"| author=Karachi Port Trust| accessdate=2006-04-17}}</ref><ref name="dawn">{{cite web| url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/12/local4.htm| title="KPT to build Rs20bn tower complex"| author=Dawn Group of Newspapers| accessdate=2006-04-20}}</ref> It will comprise a hotel, a shopping centre, an exhibition centre and a [[revolving restaurant]] with a viewing gallery offering a panoramic view of the coastline and the city. Other projects include: [[MCB Tower]] (completed), [[Crescent Bay, Karachi]] (under construction), Karachi Waterfront (under construction), [[Karachi Creek Marina]] (under construction), [[Sugarland City]] (approved), [[Dolmen Towers]] (completed), I.T. Tower (under construction), [[Buddo Island]] (approved), Square One Towers (under construction), Sign Tower (under construction), Karachi Mass Transit System, [[Enshaa Towers]] (approved), Karachi FPCCI Tower (proposed), [[Central business district|City Centre]] (proposed), Malir Expressway (proposed), Northern Bypass Industrial Area (under construction). ==Culture== {{main|Culture of Karachi}} [[Image:Mohatta Palace Karachi 2.jpg|thumb|The Mohatta Palace]] [[Image:Karachi beach.jpeg|thumb|Karachi beach]] Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The [[National Academy of Performing Arts]],<ref name="napa">{{cite web| url=http://www.napa.org.pk| title="Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts"| author=National Academy of Performing Arts| accessdate=2006-04-17}}</ref> located in the newly renovated [[Hindu Gymkhana]] offers a two year diploma course in performing arts that include classical music and contemporary theatre. The [[All Pakistan Music Conference]], linked to the 45-year old similar institution in [[Lahore]], has been holding its Annual Music Festival since its inception in 2004. The Festival is now a well-established feature of the city life of Karachi that is awaited anxiously and attended by more than 3000 citizens of Karachi as well as people from other cities.<ref>The All Pakistan Music Conference [http://apmc.info/ History of festival] Retrieved on [[January 1]], [[2008]]</ref> The [[National Arts Council]] (''Koocha-e-Saqafat'') also has musical performances and [[Mushaira]] (poetry recitations). The [[Kara Film Festival]] organized annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries. Karachi has a few museums including the [[Mohatta Palace Museum]] that regularly has exhibitions as well as the [[National Museum of Pakistan]]. The everyday lifestyle of Karachi differs substantially from that of other Pakistani towns. The [[culture]] of Karachi is characterized by the blending of [[Middle East]]ern, [[Central Asia]]n, [[South Asia]]n and [[Western world|Western]] influences, as well as the status of the city as a major international business centre. As a whole, there is considerable diversity in culture, and this diversity has produced unique cultural amalgam of its own type. Karachi also hosts the largest [[middle class]] stratum of the country. == Education == [[Image:FAST-MainCampus.jpg|thumb|[[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]] main building, Karachi Campus]] {{main|List of schools in Karachi|List of colleges in Karachi|List of universities in Karachi}} The [[Narayan Jagannath High School]] at Karachi was the first government school established in Sindh. It was opened in October 1855. Karachi has well known educational institutes of international standards. Most universities of Karachi are considered to be amongst the premier educational institutions of Pakistan. For 2004-05, the city's literacy rate was estimated at 65.26%, Highest in Pakistan with a [[Gross enrolment ratio|GER]] of 111%<ref>http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/aboutus/list_offices.html Federal Bureau of Statistics]</ref>. The [[Karachi University|University of Karachi]], simply referred as KU, is the largest university in Pakistan having one of the largest faculities in the world. Coincidentally it is located beside the [[NED University]], the oldest engineering institute of Pakistan. Karachi is also host to the [[Institute of Business Administration (IBA)]], founded in 1955 and the oldest business school outside North America. Alumni of IBA include former Prime Minister [[Shaukat Aziz]]. Other notable universities include [[Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology]], [[National University of Science and Technology]], [[Hamdard University]], [[Bahria University]], [[Iqra University]], [[Preston University]], [[Federal Urdu University]], [[National University of Modern Languages]], [[Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering]], [[Foundation for Advancement of Science and Technology|National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES - FAST)]], [[Dawood College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology]] (Szabist), [[Institute of Business and Technology]] (BIZTEK),[[NED Univeristy Of Engineering and Technolgy]] [[Pakistan Air Force Institute of Economics and Technology]] (PAF-KIET), [[college of Business Management]], Virtual University of Karachi (introduced by the Science and Technology Ministry), [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah University]], [[Agha Khan University|Agha Khan Medical University]], [[Dow University of Medical Sciences]], [[Sindh Medical College]], [[Karachi Medical and Dental College]], [[Jinnah Post-Graduate Medical College]], [[Dr. Ziauddin Medical University]], [[Baqai Medical University]], [[Sir Syed Medical College]], [[Sindh Insitute of Urology and Transplantation]] (SIUT), [[Preston insitute of Management Sciences & Technology]] (PIMSAT), [[Tabba Institute of Heart Disease]], [[Liaqat National Medical College]]. Markaz-e-Umeed (the Hope Center) for special children is also working for betterment of Special Children since 1971. == Sports == [[Image:Cricket Ground in karachi.jpeg|thumb|Karachi Gymkhana Ground, overlooking downtown Karachi]] {{main|List of sports venues in Karachi}} [[Cricket]] is the most popular sport of the city, and is usually played in many small grounds around the city. [[Gully cricket]], is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city. Night time cricket can be seen at weekends when people play brightly lit night matches on less traversed city streets. The major venue for cricket matches is the [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]] but matches are also hosted at the UBL Sports Complex, The A.O. Cricket Stadium, the KCCA Cricket Ground, the Karachi Gymkhana Field and the DHA Cricket Stadium. A popular local game is Malh (Sindhi: ملهه). All Sindh Malh ُOrganization hosts All Sindh Malakhirro every year in Karachi.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Other popular sports in the city are [[hockey]], [[boxing]], [[football (soccer)|association football]], [[golf]], [[table tennis]], [[snooker]], [[Squash (sport)|squash]], and [[horse racing]]. Sports like [[badminton]], [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]] are also popular in schools and colleges. Football is especially popular in [[Lyari Town]] which has always been a football-mad locality in Karachi. The [[Peoples Football Stadium]] is perhaps the largest football stadium in Pakistan with respect to capacity, easily accommodating around 40,000 people. In 2005, the city hosted the [[South Asian Football Federation Cup|SAFF Cup Football Tournament]] at this ground, as well as the [[Geo Super Football League 2007]] which attracted capacity crowds during the games. The city also has facilities for hockey (the Hockey Stadium of Pakistan, UBL Hockey Ground), boxing (KPT Sports Complex), squash ([[Jehangir Khan]] Squash Complex) and polo. Marinas and Boating Clubs also add to the diverse sporting activities in Karachi. Karachi has a number of sporting clubs such as the Karachi Gymkhana, the Sindh Club, the Karachi Club, Kashmir club, Aga Khan sports club, the Muslim Gymkhana, the Creek Club and the DHA Club that provide sporting facilities to their members, including tennis, badminton and squash courts, swimming pools, jogging tracks, gymnasiums, billiards and much more. There are two world class [[golf]] clubs, at DHA and Karsaz.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} ==Transport== {{main|Transport in Karachi}} [[Image:Karachi Jinnah Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Jinnah International Airport]]]] The [[Jinnah International Airport]] is located in Karachi. It is the largest and busiest airport of the country. It handles 10 million passengers a year. The airport also receives the largest number of foreign airlines, a total of 27 airlines fly to Jinnah International predominantly from the Middle East and southeast Asia. All of Pakistan's airlines use Karachi as their primary hub including PIA - [[Pakistan International Airlines]], [[Airblue]], and [[Shaheen Air]]. The city's old airport terminals are now used for [[Hajj]] flights, commercial offices, cargo facilities, and ceremonial visits from heads of state. US Coalition forces used the old terminals for their logistic supply operations as well. The city also has two other airstrips used primarily by the armed forces. The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the [[Port of Karachi]] and the nearby [[Port Qasim]]. These seaports have modern facilities and not only handle trade for Pakistan, but also serve as ports for Afghanistan and the land-locked Central Asian countries. Plans have been announced for new passenger facilities at the Port of Karachi.<ref name="projects">{{cite web| url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html| title=Projects| publisher=Karachi Port Trust| accessdate=2007-11-19}}</ref> <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:khi1.jpg|thumb|right|An aerial view of the Port of Karachi]] --> Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by [[Pakistan Railways]]. The Karachi City Station and Karachi Cantonment Station are the city's two major railway stations. The railway system handles a large amount of freight to and from the Karachi port apart from providing passenger services to people travelling up country. Plans are underway to extend the intra-city railway system to play a part in the city's mass transit through [[Karachi Circular Railway]] system. Currently, primarily motorists and minibuses handle commuter traffic, but there are plans to construct a light-rail based mass transit system in the city to decongest the roads and provide quick service to commuters. Feasibility studies have been carried out and a provisional network has been agreed on. The unofficial working title for the proposed mass transit system is "Duz" (Urdu دوز), a contraction of the Urdu for "Underground Railway" (Urdu زمین دوز گاری). ==Challenges of rapid expansion== As one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces challenges that are central to many developing metropolises including overcrowding, traffic, pollution, poverty and street crimes. These problems continue to earn Karachi low rankings in livability comparisons: [[The Economist]] ranked Karachi fourth least livable city amongst the 132 cities surveyed<ref name="Economist Survey">{{cite web| url=http://economist.com/markets/rankings/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8908454&CFID=16415879&CFTOKEN=94552766| title="Where grass is Greener"| author=The Economist | accessdate=2007-08-22}}</ref> and [[Business Week]] ranked it 175 out of 215 in livability([[2007]]), down from 170 in [[2006]].<ref>[http://bwnt.businessweek.com/interactive_reports/livable_cities_worldwide/index.asp?sortCol=rank_2007&sortOrder=ASC&sector=&country=undefined&pageNum=1&resultNum=100 Business Week, Karachi Livable Cities Guide], Accessed 2008</ref> The traffic and pollution is a major challenge for Karachi as it is for almost all the major cities in the world. The level of air pollution in Karachi is estimated to be 20 times higher than [[World Health Organization]] standards.<ref name="eia1">{{cite web| url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070518065444/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/pakenv.html#AIR_POLLUTION| title=Pakistan: Environmental Issues| author=Energy Information Administration, U.S. Government| accessdate=2007-10-15}} (Page from Internet Archive)</ref> A number of new parks have been developed and new trees are being planted in the city to improve the environment and reduce the pollution. Criminal negligence plagues the rapidly expanding infrastructure. There were floods reported in the city during the monsoon of 2007. The Northern Bypass bridge collapsed on 1st September 2007 after being inaugurated only one month back by President [[Pervez Musharraf]]. ==Karachi in Popular Culture of Sindh== Karachi has been sung in many Sindhi songs, notably the folk songs sung in Sindhi marriages, called [[Sehra]] ('''سهرا''') and Ladda ('''لاڏا''') such as: آيلڙي مون ته سُئي وڃائي ڪراچيءَ جي شهر مان مون سُئي گھُرائي sung by [[Zarina Baloch]] and ڪراچيءَ جي شهر مان منڊيون جوڙايم سونا گل ڪراچيءَ جي موٽر ڀرجي آيا In addition, Karachi is also known for the legend of Morirro Mirbahar, whose bravery has been praised and sung by [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]] in his poetry. The Sindhi movie '''Ghatoo Ghar na Ayaa''' (Sindhi گھاتُو گھر نه آيا) is based on this legend. '''Karachi jaa ddeeha' aee' raatioo'''' (In Sindhi ڪراچيءَ جا ڏينهن ۽ راتيون), ''Days and Nights of Karachi'' is a novel written by [[Muhammad Bakhsh Johar]]. ==Sister Cities== Karachi currently has eight sister cities: * {{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Port Louis]], [[Mauritius]] since [[May 1]], [[2007]]<ref name="portlouis">{{cite web| url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/05/01/local17.htm| title=Karachi: Sister-city accord with Port Louis| publisher=Dawn Group of Newspapers| date=2007-05-01| accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> * {{flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], [[China]] * {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]] * {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Izmir]], [[Turkey]], since 1985 * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Houston]], [[USA]] 8 May, 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title = Karachi and Houston declared sister cities |work = Pakistan Daily, daily.pk |accessdate = 2008-06-10 |url = http://www.daily.pk/pakistan/international-level/42-international-level/3462-karachi-and-houston-declared-sister-cities.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = Karachi News, Pakistan Observer Newspaper online edition |work = pakobserver.net |accessdate = 2008-06-17 |url = http://pakobserver.net/200805/10/news/Karachi05.asp }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = Many US investors soon to visit Karachi |work = topix.com |accessdate = 2008-06-17 |url = http://www.topix.com/forum/world/pakistan/TE18D9UGSS1E6LRA4 }}</ref> * {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[France]] ==See also== {{commonscat|Karachi}} * [[List of Hotels in Karachi]] * [[List of places in Karachi]] * [[List of cemeteries in Karachi]] * [[List of streets of Karachi]] * [[List of hospitals in Karachi]] * [[List of libraries in Karachi]] * [[Cinema in Karachi]] * [[List of parks in Karachi]] * [[List of people from Karachi District]] * [[List of police stations in Karachi]] * [[List of Postal Codes of Karachi]] * [[List of tallest buildings in Karachi]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== ==External links== {{portalpar|Pakistan|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Karachi}} {{sisterlinks|Karachi}} * [http://www.karachicity.gov.pk Karachi City District Government] * [http://www.pakistanidefenceforum.com/lofiversion/index.php/t42341.html Karachities and their characteristics] * {{wikitravel}} * {{wikia|world:Karachi|Karachi}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Pakistan/Provinces/Sindh/Localities/Karachi/}} <!--THESE LINKS SHOULD BE ENOUGH--> {{Template group |list = {{KarachiTopics}} {{Karachi Towns}} {{Neighborhoods of Karachi}} {{PakistanCities}} {{Pakistan topics}} {{PakistanDivisions}} {{Districts of Sindh}} {{PakistanCapitals}} {{World's most populated metropolitan areas}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} }} [[Category:Capitals of Pakistan]] [[Category:Karachi District]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Sindh]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Pakistan]] [[Category:Coastal cities and towns in Pakistan]] [[Category:Metropolitan areas of Pakistan]] [[Category:Former national capitals]] [[Category:Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Divisions of Pakistan]] [[ar:كراتشي]] [[ast:Karachi]] [[az:Karaçi]] [[bn:করাচী]] [[be:Горад Карачы]] [[bo:ཀ་ར་ཆི]] [[bs:Karači]] [[br:Karachi]] [[bg:Карачи]] [[ca:Karachi]] [[cs:Karáčí]] [[cy:Karachi]] [[da:Karachi]] [[de:Karatschi]] [[dv:ކަރާޗީ]] [[et:Karachi]] [[el:Καράτσι]] [[es:Karachi]] [[eo:Karaĉio]] [[eu:Karatxi]] [[fa:کراچی]] [[fr:Karâchi]] [[ga:Karachi]] [[gd:Karachi]] [[gl:Karachi - كراچى]] [[ko:카라치]] [[hi:कराची]] [[io:Karachi]] [[id:Karachi]] [[is:Karachi]] [[it:Karachi]] [[he:קראצ'י]] [[jv:Karachi]] [[ka:კარაჩი]] [[sw:Karachi]] [[ku:Keraçî]] [[la:Karachi]] [[lv:Karači]] [[lt:Karačis]] [[hu:Karacsi]] [[ml:കറാച്ചി]] [[mr:कराची]] [[ms:Karachi]] [[nl:Karachi]] [[ja:カラチ]] [[no:Karachi]] [[pl:Karaczi]] [[pt:Carachi]] [[ro:Karachi]] [[qu:Karachi]] [[ru:Карачи]] [[simple:Karachi]] [[sd:ڪراچي]] [[sk:Karáči]] [[sl:Karači]] [[sr:Карачи]] [[sh:Karachi]] [[fi:Karachi]] [[sv:Karachi]] [[tl:Karachi]] [[ta:கராச்சி]] [[th:การาจี]] [[vi:Karachi]] [[tr:Karaçi]] [[uk:Карачі]] [[ur:کراچی]] [[zh:卡拉奇]]