Kardashev scale 140271 225771703 2008-07-15T09:35:06Z Rjwilmsi 203434 gen fixes + link/fix date fields in cite templates (explanation [[User:Rjwilmsi#My_correction_of_dates_in_templates|here]]) using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{Citations missing|date=December 2007}} [[Image:Kscale.JPG|400px|thumb|Kardashev scale projections for human civilization ranging from years 1900 to 2030, based on data from the [[International Energy Agency]] World Energy Outlook]] The '''Kardashev scale''' is a general method of classifying how [[technology|technologically]] advanced a [[civilization]] is. It was first proposed in 1964 by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[astronomer]] [[Nikolai Kardashev]]. The scale has three designated categories called ''Type&nbsp;I'', ''II'', and ''III''. These are based on the amount of usable [[energy]] a civilization has at its disposal, and the degree of space colonization. In general terms, a Type&nbsp;I civilization has achieved mastery of the resources of its home planet, Type&nbsp;II of its solar system, and Type&nbsp;III of its galaxy.<ref>Zubrin, Robert, 1999, ''Entering Space — Creating a Spacefaring Civilization''</ref> ==Energy Use== [[Energy]] is a static quantity and is denoted in [[joule]]s. [[Power (physics)|Power]] is a measure of energy over time, and is denoted in [[watt]]s (joules per second). The three levels of the Kardashev Scale can be quantified in units of power ([[watt]]s) and plotted on an increasing [[logarithmic scale]]. * '''Type I''' — a civilization that is able to harness all of the [[power (physics)|power]] available on a single [[planet]] — has approximately 10<sup>16</sup> or 10<sup>17</sup>&nbsp;W available.<ref name=Lemarchand>[http://www.coseti.org/lemarch1.htm ''Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities'' by Guillermo A. Lemarchand]</ref> Earth specifically has an available power of 1.74&nbsp;{{e|17}}&nbsp;W (174&nbsp;[[Peta (prefix)|peta]][[watt]]s, see [[Earth's energy budget]]). Kardashev's original definition was 4&nbsp;{{e|12}}&nbsp;W — a "technological level close to the level presently attained on earth" (''presently'' meaning 1964).<ref name=Kard_TransInfoCiv> {{cite journal| last=Kardashev| first=Nikolai| title=Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations| year = 1964 | journal=Soviet Astronomy | url = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&bibcode=1964SvA.....8..217K&letter=.&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_paper=YES&page=217&epage=217&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdf | volume = 8 | pages=217}}</ref> * '''Type II''' — a civilization that is able to harness all of the power available from a single [[star]], approximately 4&nbsp;{{e|26}}&nbsp;W.<ref name=Lemarchand/> Again, this figure is variable; the [[Sun]] outputs approximately 3.86&nbsp;{{e|26}}&nbsp;W. Kardashev's original definition was also 4&nbsp;{{e|26}}&nbsp;W.<ref name=Kard_TransInfoCiv/> * '''Type III''' — a civilization that is able to harness all of the power available from a single [[galaxy]], approximately 4&nbsp;{{e|37}}&nbsp;W.<ref name=Lemarchand/> This figure is extremely variable, since galaxies vary widely in size; the stated figure is the approximate power output of the [[Milky Way]]. Kardashev's original definition was also 4&nbsp;{{e|37}}&nbsp;W.<ref name=Kard_TransInfoCiv/> Using our [[Nuclear testing|nuclear explosion tests]] as a perspective, [[Tsar Bomba]], the largest [[nuclear weapon]] ever detonated, released an estimated 57&nbsp;[[megaton]] yield; even a Type&nbsp;I civilization makes use of roughly 25&nbsp;megatons of TNT equivalent a second. A Type&nbsp;II civilization consumes 4&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>9</sup> times more energy (4&nbsp;billion hydrogen bombs per second), and a type&nbsp;III 10<sup>11</sup> times more yet. Current human civilization has a Kardashev value of about 0.7. However, the Kardashev scale was not developed to model a specific civilization. It's primarily used by [[SETI]] researchers, [[science fiction]] authors, and [[futurology|futurists]] as a theoretical framework. ==Current status of human civilization== [[Human]] civilization is currently somewhere below Type&nbsp;I, as it is able to harness only a portion of the energy that is available on Earth. The current state of human civilization has thus been named Type&nbsp;0. Although intermediate values were not discussed in Kardashev's original proposal, [[Carl Sagan]] argued that they could easily be defined by [[interpolation|interpolating]] and [[extrapolation|extrapolating]] the values given above. In 1973, he calculated humanity's civilization type to be 0.7, in relationship to Kardashev's model for Types&nbsp;0 and I.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sagan |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Sagan |coauthors= |editor= Jerome Agel|others= [[Freeman J. Dyson]], David Morrison|title= Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective |origdate= |origyear= 1973|origmonth= |url= http://books.google.com/books/cambridge?id=lL57o9YB0mAC&pg=PA156&sig=jb28BQKb9M7yxd_FqHM6xRkxxog|format= |accessdate= 2008-01-01|accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |series= |date= |year= 2000|month= October|publisher= Cambridge Press |location= |language= |isbn= 05-21-7830-38|oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> Sagan used the formula: :<math>K = \frac{\log_{10}{W}-6} {10}</math> Value ''K'' is a civilization's Kardashev rating and ''W'' is its power output in watts. Sagan used 10&nbsp;TW as value ''W'', which was considerably higher than present data suggests.<ref name= World_Outlook_2005>[{{cite book |title=World Energy Outlook |url=http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2005/weo2005.pdf |format= PDF|accessdate= 2008-01-01|year= 2005||publisher=International Energy Agency |location=Paris, France |isbn=92-64-1094-98 |pages=82 |chapter=8}}]</ref> Sagan's overestimation makes little difference in regards to human civilizations ''K'' rating, effecting only a difference of 1% in the value of ''K'' (See Table Below). [[International Energy Agency]] ''World Energy Outlook (2005)''<ref name= World_Outlook_2005/> and section&nbsp;7 of ''Key World Energy Statistics''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/keyworld2004.pdf| title= Key World Energy Statistics| year=2004| format=PDF| publisher=International Energy Agency| accessdate=2006-08-10}}</ref> project values for planetary power production yielding these corresponding Kardashev scale estimates: {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2" | Year ! colspan = "4" | Energy production ! rowspan = "2" | Fractional Kardashev<br> scale equivalent |- ! exa[[joule]]s/year ! tera[[watt]]s ! [[Quad (energy)|Quads]]/year<ref name="quads">Quads: 1 [[1000000000000000 (number)|quadrillion]] [[BTU]]</ref> ! [[Tonne of oil equivalent|mtoes]]/year<ref name="mtoes">mtoes: million tonnes ([[metric ton]]s) of [[Petroleum|oil]] equivalents</ref> |- align="center" ! 1900 | &nbsp; 21 | &nbsp; &nbsp; 0.67 | &nbsp; 20 | &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 500 | 0.58 |- align="center" ! 1970 | 190 | &nbsp; 6.0 | 180 | &nbsp;&nbsp; 4,500 | 0.67 |- align="center" ! 1973 | 260 | &nbsp; 8.2 | 240 | &nbsp;&nbsp; 6,200 | 0.69 |- align="center" ! 1985 | 290 | &nbsp; 9.2 | 270 | &nbsp;&nbsp; 6,900 | 0.69 |- align="center" ! 1989 | 320 | 10 &nbsp;&nbsp; | 300 | &nbsp;&nbsp; 7,600 | 0.70 |- align="center" ! 1993 | 340 | 11 &nbsp;&nbsp; | 320 | &nbsp;&nbsp; 8,100 | 0.70 |- align="center" ! 1995 | 360 | 12 &nbsp;&nbsp; | 340 | &nbsp;&nbsp; 8,700 | 0.70 |- align="center" ! 2000 | 420 | 13 &nbsp;&nbsp; | 400 | 10,000 | 0.71 |- align="center" ! 2001 | 420 | 13 &nbsp;&nbsp; | 400 | 10,000 | 0.71 |- align="center" ! 2002 | 430 | 14 &nbsp;&nbsp; | 410 | 10,400 | 0.71 |- align="center" ! 2004 | 440 | 14 &nbsp;&nbsp; | 420 | 10,600 | 0.71 |- align="center" ! 2010 | 510 | 16 &nbsp;&nbsp; | 480 | 12,100 | 0.72 |- align="center" ! 2030 | 680 | 22 &nbsp;&nbsp; | 650 | 16,300 | 0.73 |} {{further|[[World energy resources and consumption]]}} ==Energy development== '''Methods by which a civilization could feasibly advance to Type&nbsp;I:''' *Large scale application of [[fusion power]]. Type&nbsp;I implies the generation of about 5&nbsp;kg of energy per second. This can be achieved by fusing about 1,000&nbsp;kg of [[hydrogen]] into [[helium]] each second, a rate of about 3&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>10</sup> kg/year. A cubic&nbsp;km of water contains about 10<sup>11</sup> kg of hydrogen, and the Earth's [[ocean]]s contain about [[ocean#Physical properties|1.3&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>9</sup> cubic&nbsp;km of water]]. So this rate of production can be sustained over geological time scales. *[[Anti-matter]] production is still beyond our civilization's ability to utilize as a power source,<ref>{{cite interview | last = Landua | first = Rolf | subjectlink = CERN | url = http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Spotlight/SpotlightInterview-en.html | interviewer = | title = Anti-matter is the ultimate energy source.... Is this true? |subject2 = [Newton Magazine] |subjectlink2 = http://newton.corriere.it/ |city= Italy | url2 = http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_%28rivista%29 |subject3= CERN |subjectlink3= CERN | date = [[2005-09-01]] | accessdate = 2008-01-29}}</ref> but any civilization with the technological ability to produce or collect anti-matter<ref>{{cite web | last = Weidenspointner | first = Georg | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = An asymmetric distribution of positrons in the Galactic disk revealed by big gamma-rays | work = | publisher = Nature | date = 2008-01-08 | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7175/abs/nature06490.html | format = Journal | doi = 10.1038/nature06490 | accessdate = 2008-02-19}}</ref> in large quantities cheaply, would have a mechanism to produce power on a scale several factors above our current level of technology. In antimatter-matter collisions, the entire [[rest mass]] of the particles is converted to [[kinetic energy]]. The [[energy density|energy per unit mass]] is about 10&nbsp;[[order of magnitude|orders of magnitude]] greater than [[chemical energy]] (compared to [[trinitrotoluene|TNT]]), about 4&nbsp;orders of magnitude greater than the energy that humans liberated today using [[nuclear fission]], and about 2&nbsp;orders of magnitude greater than the best possible from [[nuclear fusion|fusion]].<ref>{{cite conference | first = Steve K. | last = Borowski| authorlink = Lewis Research Center| coauthors = | title = Comparison of Fusion/Anti-matter Propulsion Systems for Interplanetary Travel| booktitle = Technical Memorandum 107030| pages = p. 1–3| publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] | date = 1987-07-29| location = San Diego, California, USA| url = http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/1996/TM-107030.pdf | accessdate = 2008-01-28|format=PDF}}</ref> The reaction of 1&nbsp;[[kilogram|kg]] of anti-matter with 1&nbsp;kg of matter would produce 1.8&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>17</sup>&nbsp;[[joule|J]] (180 petajoules) of energy (by the [[mass-energy equivalence]] formula ''E''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''mc''²), or roughly the equivalent of 47&nbsp;megatons of TNT. For energy comparisons see [[antimatter#uses#fuel|anti-matter as a fuel source]] *[[Solar energy]] — converting sunlight into electricity by either [[solar cell]]s or indirectly through [[wind power|wind]] and [[hydroelectric power]]. Currently, there is no known way for [[civilization|human civilization]] to successfully utilize the equivalent of the Earth's total absorbed solar energy without completely coating the surface with man-made structures, which is presently not feasible. However, if a civilization constructed very large space-based [[powersat|power satellites]], Type&nbsp;I power levels might be achievable. [[Image:Dyson Swarm.GIF|thumb|right|150px|Figure of a Dyson swarm surrounding a star]] '''Type II civilizations might employ:''' *A [[Dyson sphere]] or [[Dyson Sphere#Dyson swarm|Dyson swarm]] and similar constructs are hypothetical [[megastructure]]s originally described by [[Freeman Dyson]] as a system of orbiting [[solar power satellite]]s meant to completely enclose a [[star]] and capture most or all of its energy output.<ref>{{Citation | last=Dyson | first=Freeman J. | author-link=Freeman Dyson | editor-last = Marshak | editor-first = R. E. | title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Technology | newspaper=Perspectives in Modern Physics | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | place = New York | year=1966 }}</ref> *Perhaps a more exotic means to generate usable energy would be to feed a stellar mass into a [[black hole]], and collect photons emitted by the [[accretion disc]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Newman | first = Phil | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = New Energy Source "Wrings" Power from Black Hole Spin | work = | publisher = [[NASA]] | date = 2001-10-22 | url = http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20011015blackhole.html | format = web | doi = | accessdate = 2008-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Schutz | first = Bernard F. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = A First Course in General Relativity | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 1985 | location = New York | pages = p.304, 305 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qhDFuWbLlgQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bernard+Schutz+%22A+First+Course+in+General+Relativity%22&sig=ANhQ9t-d7EOu7T35omnoTvrY-IA#PPT1,M1 | doi = | id = | isbn = 0521277035}}</ref> Less exotic would be simply to capture photons already escaping from the accretion disc, reducing a black holes [[angular momentum]] known as the [[Penrose process]]. *In sufficiently large number of stellar systems, absorbing a small but significant fraction of the output of each individual star. '''Type III civilizations''' might use the same techniques employed by a Type&nbsp;II civilization, but applied to all of the stars of one or more galaxies individually.<ref>[[Nikolai Kardashev|Kardashev, Nikolai]]. "[http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1985IAUS..112..497K On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations]", The search for extraterrestrial life: Recent developments; Proceedings of the Symposium, Boston, MA, [[June 18]]–21, 1984 (A86-38126 17-88). Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1985, p. 497–504.</ref> [[Michio Kaku|Dr. Michio Kaku]] has discussed a '''type&nbsp;IV civilization''', which could harness "extragalactic" energy sources such as [[dark energy]], in his book ''[[Parallel Worlds (book)|Parallel Worlds]]''.<ref name="ParallelWorlds">{{cite book | last = Kaku | first = Michio | authorlink = Michio Kaku | coauthors = | title = [[Parallel Worlds (book)|Parallel Worlds: The Science of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos]] | publisher = Doubleday | date = 2005 | location = New York | pages = p.317 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0713997281}}</ref> ==Civilization implications== There are many historical examples of civilizations undergoing large-scale transitions, such as the [[Industrial Revolution]]. The transition between Kardashev scale levels could potentially represent similarly dramatic periods of social upheaval, since they entail surpassing the hard limits of the resources available in a civilization's existing territory. A common speculation<ref>{{cite journal | last = Dyson | first = Freeman | authorlink = Freeman Dyson | coauthors = | title = Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation | journal = Science | volume = 131 | issue = 3414 | pages = p.1667–1668 | publisher = W. A. Benjamin, Inc | location = New York | date = 1960-06-03 | url = http://www.islandone.org/LEOBiblio/SETI1.HTM | doi = 10.1126/science | id = 131.3414.1667 | accessdate = 2008-01-30 | doi_brokendate = 2008-06-26}}</ref> suggests that the transition from Type&nbsp;0 to Type&nbsp;I might carry a strong risk of self-destruction since there would no longer be room for further expansion on the civilization's home planet, similar to a [[Malthusian catastrophe]]. Excessive use of energy without adequate disposal of heat, for example, could make the planet of a civilization approaching Type&nbsp;I unsuitable to the biology of the [[human|dominant life-forms]] and their food sources. If Earth is an example, then sea temperatures in excess of 35&nbsp;°C would menace marine life and make the cooling of mammals to temperatures suitable for their [[metabolism]] difficult if not impossible. ==Extensions to the original scale== The sub-Type I state that human civilization currently occupies was not originally included in the Kardashev scale but is now referred to as "Type 0" or by its ''K'' value using Sagan's logarithmic formula (described above). Zoltan Galantai has defined a further extrapolation of the scale, a Type&nbsp;IV level which controls the energy output of the visible [[universe]]; this is within a few orders of magnitude of 10<sup>45</sup>&nbsp;W. Such a civilization approaches or surpasses the limits of speculation based on current scientific understanding, and may not be possible. [[Frank J. Tipler]]'s [[Omega point (Tipler)|Omega point]] would presumably occupy this level, as would the [[Biocosm]] hypothesis. Galantai has argued that such a civilization could not be detected, as its activities would be indistinguishable from the workings of nature (there being nothing to compare them to).<ref name = "Zoltan">{{cite web| url=http://longfuture.inno.bme.hu/long_futures_article1.pdf| title=Long Futures and Type IV Civilizations| format=PDF| first=Zoltan| last=Galantai| accessdate=2006-05-26| date=[[September 7]] [[2003]]}}</ref> However, Milan M. Ćirković has argued that "Type&nbsp;IV" should instead be used to refer to a civilization that has harnessed the power of its [[supercluster]], or "the largest gravitationally bound structure it originated in".<ref name="Cirkovic">{{cite journal | title = Forecast for the Next Eon : Applied Cosmology and the Long-Term Fate of Intelligent Beings | author = Milan M. Ćirković | journal = Foundations of Physics | publisher = Springer Netherlands | volume = 34 |date=February 2004 | issn = 0015-9018 (Print) 1572-9516 (Online) | doi = 10.1023/B:FOOP.0000019583.67831.60 | pages = 239–261 }} </ref> For the [[Local Supercluster]], this would be approximately 10<sup>42</sup> W. In contrast to simply increasing the maximum power level covered by the scale, [[Carl Sagan]] suggested adding another dimension: the information available to the civilization. He assigned the letter&nbsp;A to represent 10<sup>6</sup> unique bits of information (less than any recorded human culture) and each successive letter to represent an order of magnitude increase, so that a level&nbsp;Z civilization would have 10<sup>31</sup> bits. In this classification, 1973 Earth is a 0.7&nbsp;H civilization, with access to 10<sup>13</sup> bits of information. Sagan believed that no civilization has yet reached level&nbsp;Z, conjecturing that so much unique information would exceed that of all the intelligent species in a [[galactic supercluster]] and observing that the universe is not old enough to effectively exchange information over larger distances. The information and energy axes are independent, so that even a level Z civilization would not need to be Kardeshev Type III.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sagan |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Sagan |coauthors= |editor= Jerome Agel|others= [[Freeman J. Dyson]], David Morrison|title= Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective |origdate= |origyear= 1973|origmonth= |url= http://books.google.com/books/cambridge?id=lL57o9YB0mAC&pg=PA156&sig=jb28BQKb9M7yxd_FqHM6xRkxxog|format= |accessdate= 2008-01-01|accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |series= |date= |year= 2000|month= October|publisher= Cambridge Press |location= |language= |isbn= 05-21-7830-38|oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> ==Criticism== It has been argued that, because we cannot understand advanced civilizations, we cannot predict their behavior; thus, Kardashev's visualization may not reflect what will actually occur for an advanced civilization. This central argument is found within the book ''[[Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life]]''.<ref name="Cohen and Stewart"> Jack Cohen and Ian Stewart: ''Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life'', Ebury Press, 2002, ISBN 0-09-187927-2 </ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=25em}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * Dyson, Freeman J. ''Energy in the Universe'' Article in September 1971 [[Scientific American]] magazine (Special September Issue on ''Energy'') * {{cite web|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/MarvinRusinek.shtml|title=Energy Consumption of Europe|year=1998|last=Rusinek|first= Marvin|work=The Physics Factbook}} * [http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/femp/cannonfiles/sld006.htm Wind Powering America] * [http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-64514-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Clean Energy for Planetary Survival: International Development Research Centre] * [http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/global-warming.html LBL Scientists Research Global Warming] * [http://www.oit.doe.gov/e3handbook/appenf.shtml E³ Handbook] * [http://web.gat.com/hydrogen/images/pdf%20files/clarke_h2_energy_systems.pdf Clarke H2 energy systems] * {{cite web| url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/fall2003/holdren.pdf| format=PDF| title= Environmental Change and the Human Condition| first=John P.| last= Holdren| accessdate=2006-08-10| pages=24-31| work= Bulletin Fall| year= 2003| coauthors= Carl Kaysen}} * {{cite book| chapter=Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?| title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments| editor=B. R. Finney, M. D. Papagiannis| last=Dordrecht| first=D.| publisher=Reidel Publ. Co.| year=1985| pages=465-463}} * [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Shkadov.html Shkadov Thruster] * [[Korotayev]] A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. ''Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth.'' Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00414-4 [http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&lang=en&blang=en&list=14&page=Book&id=34250]. *{{cite journal| last=Kardashev| first=Nikolai| title=Cosmology and Civilizations | journal = Astrophysics and Space Science | volume = 252 | date = March 1997}} *''Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter'': also by Kardashev *''Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation'', by [[Freeman J. Dyson]] *''The Radio Search For Intelligent Extraterrestral Life'', by [[Frank Drake]] *{{cite book| first=Robert A.| last=Freitas Jr.| title=Energy and Culture (chapter 15)}} {{refend}} ==See also== {{Portal|Sustainable development|Sustainable development.svg}} * [[Astroengineering]] * [[Clarke's three laws]] * [[Drake equation]] * [[World energy resources and consumption]] * [[Orders of magnitude (power)]] * [[Orders of magnitude (energy)]] ==External links== *[http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/Kardashevciv.html Kardashev civilizations] *[http://www.coseti.org/lemarch1.htm Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities] *[http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?page=concepts04#1 Flash Animation on Civilizations] *[http://contactincontext.org/cic/v2i2/farewell.htm After Kardashev: Farewell to Super Civilizations] [[Category:Energy development]] [[Category:Extraterrestrial life]] [[Category:Fictional technology]] [[Category:Futurology]] [[Category:Scales]] [[Category:Technology timelines]] [[Category:Science fiction themes]] [[Category:SETI]] [[bg:Скала на Кардашев]] [[ca:Escala de Kardashev]] [[cs:Kardašovova škála]] [[de:Kardaschow-Skala]] [[es:Escala de Kardashev]] [[fr:Échelle de Kardashev]] [[ko:카르다세프 척도]] [[he:סולם קרדשב]] [[nl:Schaal van Kardasjev]] [[pl:Klasyfikacja cywilizacji według Kardaszewa]] [[pt:Escala de Kardashev]] [[ru:Шкала Кардашева]] [[fi:Kardaševin asteikko]] [[zh:卡尔达肖夫指数]]