Kassites 93371 221551179 2008-06-25T00:39:02Z IansAwesomePizza 7226521 {{FixBunching|beg}} [[Image:Kassite Babylonia EN.svg|right|300px|thumb|The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites]] {{FixBunching|mid}} {{Ancient Near East portal}} {{FixBunching|mid}} {{Ancient Mesopotamia}} {{FixBunching|end}} The '''Kassites''' were an [[ancient Near East]]ern tribe who gained control of [[Babylonia]] after the fall of the [[Old Babylonian Empire]] after ca. 1531 BC to ca. 1155 BC ([[short chronology]]). Their language is classified as an [[Language isolate|isolate]]. ==History== The original homeland of the Kassites is obscure, but appears to have been located in the [[Zagros Mountains]] in [[Lorestan Province|Lorestan]] in Iran.<ref>[http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/Lorestan Lorestan - Facts from the Encyclopedia - Yahoo! Education<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.iranologie.com/history/history1.html History of Iran: Iranologie.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Their first historical appearance occurred in the [[18th century BC]] when they attacked [[Babylonia]] in the 9th year of the reign of [[Samsu-Iluna]] (reigned ca. 1686 – 1648 BC ([[short chronology|short]])), the son of [[Hammurabi]]. Samsu-Iluna repelled them, but they subsequently gained control of northern Babylonia sometime after the fall of [[Babylon]] to the [[Hittites]] in ca. 1531 BC ([[short chronology|short]]), and conquered the southern part of the kingdom by ca. 1475 BC. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god [[Marduk]], but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite [[Shuqamuna]]. The circumstances of their rise to power are unknown, due to a lack of documentation from this so-called "Dark Age" period of widespread dislocation. No inscription or document in the Kassite language has been preserved, an absence that cannot be purely accidental, suggesting a severe regression of literacy in official circles. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city ''Karanduniash'', re-emerged as a political and military power in the ancient Near East. A newly built capital city [[Dur-Kurigalzu]] was named in honour of [[Kurigalzu]] I (ca. early 14th century BC). His successors [[Kadashman-Enlil I]] (ca. 1374 – 1360 BC ([[short chronology|short]])) and [[Burnaburiash II]] (ca. 1359 – 1333 BC ([[short chronology|short]])) were in correspondence with the [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]ian rulers [[Amenhotep III]] and [[Akhenaton]] (Amenhotep IV) (see [[Amarna letters]]). Their success was built upon the relative political stability that the Kassite monarchs achieved. They ruled Babylonia practically without interruption for over four hundred years&mdash; the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history. Even after a minor revolt ca. 1333 BC and a seven-year hiatus of [[Assyria]]n rule (ca. 1224 - 1217 BC ([[short chronology|short]])), the ruling Kassite family managed to regain the throne. The transformation of southern [[Mesopotamia]] into a territorial state, rather than a network of allied or combatative temple-cities, made Babylonia an international power. Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with [[Assyria]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Elamite Empire|Elam]], and the [[Hittites]], and the Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families. There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities, and Babylonian merchants were active from Egypt (a major source of [[Nubia]]n gold) to Assyria and Anatolia. Kassite weights and seals, the packet-identifying and measuring tools of commerce, have been found in as far afield as [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] in Greece, in southern [[Armenia]], and even in a shipwreck off the southern coast of Turkey. The Kassite kings maintained control of their realm through a network of provinces administered by governors. Almost equal with the royal cities of Babylon and Dur-Kurigalzu, the revived city of [[Nippur]] was the most important provincial center. Nippur, the formerly great city, which had been virtually abandoned ca. 1730 BC, was rebuilt in the Kassite period, with temples meticulously re-built on their old foundations. In fact, under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur, who took the Sumerian-derived title of ''Guennakku'', ruled as a sort of secondary and lesser king. The prestige of Nippur was enough for a series of 13th century BC Kassite kings to reassume the title 'governor of Nippur' for themselves. Other important centers during the Kassite period were [[Larsa]], [[Sippar]] and [[Susa]]. After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in [[1155 BC]], the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the [[Second Dynasty of Isin]]. Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. They include administrative and legal texts, letters, seal inscriptions, ''[[kudurru]]s'' (comparable to land grants and administrative prerogatives), private votive inscriptions, and even a literary text (usually identified as a fragment of a historical epic). "Kassite rulers in Babylon were also scrupulous to follow existing forms of expression, and the public and private patterns of behavior "and even went beyond that &mdash; as zealous neophytes do, or outsiders, who take up a superior civilization &mdash; by favoring an extremely conservative attitude, at least in palace circles." ([[A. Leo Oppenheim|Oppenheim]] 1964, p. 62). Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] names, [[Kudur-Enlil]]'s name is part [[Elamite]] and part [[Sumerian]] and Kassite princesses married into the royal family of [[Assyria]]. The [[Elam]]ites conquered Babylonia in the [[12th century BC]], thus ending four hundred years of Kassite rule. The last Kassite king, [[Enlil-nadin-ahi]], was taken to [[Susa]] and imprisoned there, where he also died. The Kassite tribe of Khabira seems to have settled in the Babylonian plain. Remnants of Kassite tribes were living in the mountains northwest of Elam, immediately south of Holwan, when [[Sennacherib]] attacked them in 702 BC. They are doubtless the "Kossaeans" of [[Ptolemy]], who divides [[Susiana]] between them and the "Elymaeans". [[Alexander the Great]] battled Kossaeans in the winter of 323 BC on his way from [[Ecbatana]] to Babylon; according to [[Strabo]] (xi. 13,3,6) the Kossaeans were the neighbours of the [[Medes]]. [[Theodor Nöldeke]] (Gott. G. G., 1874, pp. 173 seq.) has shown that they are the Kissians of the older Greek authors who are identified with the Susians by [[Aeschylus]] (''Choephorae'' 424, ''Persians'' 17, 120) and by [[Herodotus]] (v. 49, 52).{{Fact|date=May 2008}} ===Kassite Dynasty of Babylon=== :([[short chronology]]) {| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#F6E6AE" ! Ruler !! Reigned !! Comments |- | [[Agum II]] or [[Agum-Kakrime]] || || |- | [[Burnaburiash I]] || || Treaty with [[Puzur-Ashur III]] of [[Assyria]] |- | [[Kashtiliash III]] || || |- | [[Ulamburiash]] || || Conquers the first [[Sealand (Mesopotamia)|Sealand]] dynasty |- | [[Agum III]] || || |- | [[Karaindash]] || || Contemporary of [[Amenophis III]] of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] |- | [[Kadashman-harbe I]] || || |- | [[Kurigalzu I]] || || |- | [[Kadashman-Enlil I]] ||style="white-space:nowrap;"| ca. 1374—1360 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Contemporary of [[Amenophis III]] of the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[Amarna letters]] |- | [[Burnaburiash II]] || ca. 1359—1333 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Contemporary of [[Akhenaten]] and [[Ashur-uballit I]] |- | [[Kara-hardash]] || ca. 1333 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Grandson of [[Ashur-uballit I]] of [[Assyria]] |- | [[Nazi-Bugash]] or [[Shuzigash]] || ca. 1333 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || |- | [[Kurigalzu II]] || ca. 1332—1308 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Son of Burnaburiash II, Fought [[Battle of Sugagi]] with [[Enlil-nirari]] of [[Assyria]] |- | [[Nazi-Maruttash]] || ca. 1307—1282 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Contemporary of [[Adad-nirari I]] of [[Assyria]] |- | [[Kadashman-Turgu]] || ca. 1281—1264 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Contemporary of [[Hattusili III]] of the [[Hittites]] |- | [[Kadashman-Enlil II]] || ca. 1263—1255 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Contemporary of [[Hattusili III]] of the [[Hittites]] |- | [[Kudur-Enlil]] || ca. 1254—1246 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || |- | [[Shagarakti-Shuriash]] || ca. 1245—1233 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Son of Kudur-Enlil |- | [[Kashtiliashu IV]] || ca. 1232—1225 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Contemporary of [[Tukulti-Ninurta I]] of [[Assyria]] |- | [[Enlil-nadin-shumi]] || ca. 1224 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || [[Assyria]] installed governor |- | [[Kadashman-Harbe II]] || ca. 1223 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || [[Assyria]] installed governor |- | [[Adad-shuma-iddina]] || ca. 1222—1217 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || [[Assyria]] installed governor |- | [[Adad-shuma-usur]] || ca. 1216—1187 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Contemporary of [[Ashur-nirari III]] of [[Assyria]] |- | [[Meli-Shipak II]] || ca. 1186—1172 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || |- | [[Marduk-apla-iddina I]] || ca. 1171—1159 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || |- | [[Zababa-shuma-iddin]] || ca. 1158 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || |- | [[Enlil-nadin-ahi]] || ca. 1157—1155 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Defeated by [[Shutruk-Nahhunte]] of [[Elam]] |- |} ==Social life== In spite of the fact that some of them took Babylonian names, the Kassites retained their traditional clan and tribal structure, in contrast to the smaller family unit of the Babylonians. They were proud of their affiliation with their tribal houses, rather than their own fathers, and preserved their customs of fratriarchal property ownership and inheritance.<Ref>J. Boardman et al (eds) Cambridge Ancient History Vol III Pt 1 (2nd Ed) 1982</Ref> ==Language== According to ''Encyclopedia Iranica''<ref>[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp9/ot_kassites_20051223.html Kassites in Encyclopedia Iranica by Ran Zadok]</ref>:{{cquote|There is not a single connected text in the Kassite language. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). About 200 additional lexical elements can be gained by the analysis of the more numerous anthroponyms, toponyms, theonyms, and horse names used by the Kassites (see Balkan, 1954, passim; Jaritz, 1957 is to be used with caution). As is clear from this material, the Kassites spoke a language without a genetic relationship to any other known tongue}} ==Culture== The most notable Kassite artifacts are their [[Kudurru]] [[stele]]s. Used for marking boundaries and making proclamations, they were also carved with a high degree of artistic skill. ==References== <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> <div class="references-small"> <references /> *''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 1911. *A. Leo Oppenheim, ''Ancient Mesopotamia: portrait of a dead civilization,'' 1964. *K. Balkan, ''Die Sprache der Kassiten'', (''The Language of the Kassites'', in German), American Oriental Series, vol. 37, New Haven, Conn., 1954. </div> == External links == *[http://home.uchicago.edu/~nev2/prospectus.html Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur'] abstract of a dissertation gives details of Kassite Nippur and Babylonia. *[http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Kassites.html Christopher Edens, "Structure, Power and Legitimation in Kassite Babylonia"] *[http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/KASSITES.HTM Richard Hooker, "The Kassites: 1530-1170 The Kassite Interregnum"] *[http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/MiddleEast/Kassites.html David W. Koeller, "Kassite rule in Mesopotamia"] *[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp9/ot_kassites_20051223.html Kassites in Encyclopedia Iranica by Ran Zadok] *[http://www.livius.org/k/kassites/kassites.html Livius.org: Kassites/Cossaeans] [[Category:Kassites| ]] [[Category:Eurasian nomads]] [[Category:History of Iraq]] [[ca:Kasita]] [[de:Kassiten]] [[es:Casitas]] [[fa:کاسی‌ها]] [[fr:Kassites]] [[ko:카사이트]] [[it:Cassiti]] [[hu:Kassúk]] [[nl:Kassieten]] [[ja:カッシート人]] [[no:Kassitter]] [[pl:Kasyci]] [[ru:Касситы]] [[simple:Kassite]] [[sr:Касити]] [[sh:Kasiti]] [[fi:Kassiitit]] [[sv:Kassiter]]