Kickboxing
16748
225955044
2008-07-16T04:58:21Z
68.207.101.163
/* Styles */
{{redirect|Kickboxer|the Jean-Claude Van Damme film|Kickboxer (film)}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}
{{Infobox_martial_art
| image = Kickboxing kick to the midsection.jpg
| imagecaption = Peter Belmar Kicking to left side
| name = Kickboxing
| focus = [[Striking]]
| country = {{flagicon|Japan}} Japan
| olympic = No
| creator = [[Osamu Noguchi]]
| parenthood = [[Muay Thai]], [[Karate]], [[Boxing]]
| famous_pract = [[Bill Wallace (martial arts)|Bill Wallace]], [[Ernesto Hoost]], [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]], [[Rob Van Dam]], [[Remy Bonjasky]], [[Bob Sapp]]
}}
[[Image:absorb low2.jpg|60px|left]]'''Kickboxing'''(キックボクシング) refers to the sport of using martial-arts-style kicks and boxing-style punches to defeat an opponent in a similar way to that of standard boxing. Kickboxing is a standing sport and does not allow continuation of the fight once a combatant has reached the ground.
Kickboxing is often practised for general [[physical fitness|fitness]], or as a [[full-contact]] sport. In the full-contact sport the male boxers are bare-chested wearing undies and protective gear including: mouth-guard, hand-wraps, 10oz boxing gloves, groin-guard, shin-pads, kick-boots, and optional protective helmet (usually for those under 18.) The female boxers will wear a [[tank top]] and chest protection in addition to the male clothing/protective gear. In European kickboxing, where kicks to the thigh are allowed using special low-kick rules, use of boxing shorts instead of long trousers is possible.
In addition, amateur rules often allow less experienced competitors to use light or semi-contact rules, where the intention is to score points by executing successful strikes past the opponent's guard, and use of force is regulated. The equipment for semi-contact is similar to full-contact matches, usually with addition of head gear. Competitors usually dress in a t-shirt for semi-contact matches, to separate them from the bare-chested full-contact participants.
Kickboxing is often confused with [[Muay Thai]], also known as ''Thai Boxing''. The two sports are similar, however, in Thai Boxing, kicks below the belt are allowed, as are strikes with knees and elbows.
There are many arts labelled ''kickboxing'' including Japanese, American, Indian, Burmese kickboxing, as well as French savate. The term ''kickboxing'' is disputed and has become more associated with the Japanese and American variants. Many of the other styles do not consider themselves to be 'kickboxing', although the public often uses the term generically to refer to all these martial arts. The term ''kickboxing'' was created by the [[Japan]]ese boxing promoter [[Osamu Noguchi]] for a variant of Muay Thai and [[Karate]] that he created in the 1950s. The term was later used by the American variant. When used by the practitioners of those two styles, it usually refers to those styles specifically.
{{TOClimit|limit=3}}
==History==
===Japan===
On [[December 20]], [[1959]], a Muay Thai among Thai fighters was held at ''[[Tokyo]] [[Asakusa]] town hall'' in Japan.
[[Tatsuo Yamada]], who established "''Nihon Kempo Karate-do''", was interested in Muay Thai because he wanted to perform Karate matches with full-contact rules since practitioners are not allowed to hit each other directly in karate matches. At this time, it was unimaginable to hit each other in karate matches in Japan. He had already announced his plan which was named ''"The draft principles of project of establishment of a new sport and its industrialization"'' in November, 1959, and he proposed the tentative name of "Karate-boxing" for this new sport. It is still unknown whether Thai fighters were invited by Yamada, but it is clear that Yamada was the only [[karateka]] who was really interested in Muay Thai. Yamada invited a Thai fighter who was the champion of Muay Thai (and formerly his son Kan Yamada's sparring partner), and started studying Muay Thai. At this time, the Thai fighter was taken by Osamu Noguchi who was a promoter of [[boxing]] and was also interested in Muay Thai. The Thai fighter's photo was on the magazine "The Primer of Nihon Kempo Karate-do, the first number" which was published by Yamada.
There were "Karate vs. Muay Thai fights" [[February 12]], [[1963]]. The three karate fighters from ''Oyama dojo'' ([[Kyokushin]] later) went to the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Thailand, and fought against 3 Muay Thai fighters. The 3 karate fighters' names are [[Tadashi Nakamura]], [[Kenji Kurosaki]] and [[Akio Fujihira]] (as known as Noboru Osawa). Japan won by 2-1 then. Noguchi and Kenji Kurosaki (Kyokushin karate instructor) studied [[Muay thai]] and developed a combined martial art which Noguchi named ''kick boxing''. However, [[throw (grappling)|throwing]] and [[headbutt|butting]] were allowed in the beginning to distinguish it from Muay Thai style. This was later repealed. The ''Kickboxing Association'', the first kickboxing sanctioning body, was founded by Osamu Noguchi in 1966 soon after that. Then the first kickboxing event was held in Osaka, [[April 11]], [[1966]].
Tatsu Yamada died in 1967, but his dojo changed its name to ''Suginami Gym'', and kept sending kickboxers off to support kickboxing.
Kickboxing boomed and became popular in Japan as it began to be broadcast on [[Television|TV]]. [[Tadashi Sawamura]] was an especially popular early kickboxer. However, the boom was suddenly finished and became unpopular after Sawamura was retired. Kickboxing had not been seen on TV until K-1 was founded in 1993.
In 1993, as [[Kazuyoshi Ishii]] (founder of [[Seidokan karate]]) produced K-1 under special kickboxing rules (No elbow and [[grappling#Stand-up grappling|neck wrestling]]) in 1993, kickboxing became famous again.
The sport has spread through Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand.
===Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand===
Jan Plas, the Dutch kickboxer, founded ''Mejiro Gym'' with some Muay Thai pioneers in the [[Netherlands]] in 1978, after he learned kickboxing from Kenji Kurosaki in Japan. Plas also founded NKBB (The Dutch Kickboxing Association), which was the first kickboxing organization in Netherlands, in 1978. The sport took off in the U.S. with the popularity and success of [[Bill Wallace (martial arts)|Bill "Superfoot" Wallace"]] in the 1970s.
==Styles==
Arts labelled as ''kickboxing'' include:<ref name=MikeMiles>''A History of Kickboxing - North America's surprisingly taboo 'kickboxing' history!'' (mikemiles.com) [http://www.mikemiles.com/history1.html Part 1] [http://www.mikemiles.com/history2.html Part 2] [http://www.mikemiles.com/history3.htmlPart 3] [http://www.mikemiles.com/history4.html Part 4] [http://www.mikemiles.com/history5.html Part 5] [http://www.mikemiles.com/history6.html Part 6]</ref>
*[[Adithada]] (Indian kickboxing) – A form of kickboxing that uses [[knee (strike)|knee]], [[elbow (strike)|elbow]] and [[forehead]] strikes.
*[[Lethwei]] (Burmese kickboxing) – Traditional [[Burmese martial arts]] of which has now grown into a popular kickboxing event with strong emphasis on [[knee (strike)|knee]], [[elbow (strike)|elbow strikes]] and [[head butt]]. Any part of the body may be used to [[strike (attack)|strike]] and be struck. It us also known as [[Bando kickboxing]].
*[[Pradal Serey]] (Khmer "Cambodian" kickboxing) – Possible predecessor of [[Muay Thai]].
*[[Muay Thai]] (Thai boxing) – Traditional Thai martial art of which has now grown into a popular kickboxing event with strong emphasis on [[knee (strike)|knee]] and [[elbow (strike)|elbow strikes]].
*[[Muay Boran]] (Ancient Boxing) – Predecessor of Muay Thai, allows the use of head butts.
*[[Japanese kickboxing]] – Similar to Muay Thai, but different point system is taken (e.g. [[K-1]]).
*[[American kickboxing]] – Similar to Japanese kickboxing but a different point system is taken.
*[[Full contact karate|Full Contact Karate]] – Most of the time padding and in some cases body armor is used and is the applicable component of karate like many other styles which also include routines training.
*[[Savate]] (French kickboxing) – Allows the use of shoes.
*[[Sanshou]]/[[Sanda]] (Chinese kickboxing) – The applicable component of wushu/kung fu of which [[takedown (grappling)|Takedowns]] and [[throw (grappling)|throws]] are legal in competition as well as all other sorts of striking (use of arms and legs).
*[[Shoot boxing]] – A Japanese form of kickboxing which allows [[throw (grappling)|throwing]] and [[grappling hold#Submission hold|submission]] while standing similar to [[Sanshou]].
*[[Yaw-Yan]] (Filipino kickboxing) – Sayaw ng Kamatayan (Dance of Death) is the proper name for Yaw-Yan, a Filipino martial art developed by Napoleon Fernandez. The art resembles Muay Thai in a sense, but differs in the hip torquing motion as well as downward-cutting of its kicks.
There are many additional derivatives of these forms, as well as combined styles which have been used in specific competitions (e.g. K-1).
==Kickboxing in other combat sports==
Kickboxing is popular in [[mixed martial arts]] and [[professional wrestling]] competition. For example, professional wrestler [[Kenta Kobayashi]] mixes his very experienced kickboxing style with [[wrestling]] to defeat his opponents.
==Rules==
===Japanese===
These rules are almost same as Muay Thai rules:
*Similarities
**Time: three minutes × five rounds
**Allowed to attack with [[Elbow-joint|elbow]]
**Allowed to attack with [[knee]]
**Allowed to kick the lower half of the body except [[crotch]]
**Allowed to do neck-wrestling (folding opponent's head with arms and elbows to attack the opponent's body or head with knee-strikes)
**[[Head butt]]s and throws were banned in 1966 for boxers' safety.
*Differences
**No ram muay before match
**No Thai music during the match
**Interval takes one minute only as same as [[boxing]]
**Point system:
**:In muay thai, kicking to mid-body and head are scored highly generating a large number of points on judges' scorecards. Moreover, kicking is still judged highly even if the kick was blocked. In contrast, punching is worth fewer points. In kickboxing punches and kicks are held in closer esteem.
===American===
These are the rules used in American and Australian Full Contact Karate.
*Opponents are allowed to hit each other with [[fist]]s and [[foot|feet]], striking above the [[hip]]
*Using [[elbow (strike)|elbows]] or [[knee (strike)|knees]] is forbidden and the use of the [[wiktionary:shin|shin]]s is seldom allowed.
*Bouts are usually 3 to 12 rounds (lasting 2 - 3 minutes each) for amateur and professional contests with a 1-minute rest in between rounds.
This is in contrast to Muay Thai, where the use of elbows and knees are allowed. In fact, some Muay Thai practitioners consider kickboxing a "watered down" version of Muay Thai. Fighters and promoters can agree to various rules including kicks only above the waist, kicks anywhere, no knee strikes, knees only to the body, and so on. American Kickboxing is essentially much a mixture of Western [[Boxing]] and Karate.<br /> The round durations and the number of rounds can vary depending on the stipulations agreed to before hand by each fighter or manager. A winner is declared during the bout if there is a [[submission (combat sport term)|submission]] (fighter quits or fighter's corner throws in the towel), [[knockout]] (KO), or referee stoppage (Technical Knock Out, or TKO). If all of the rounds expire with no knockout then the fight is scored by a team of 3 judges. The judges determine a winner based on their scoring of each round. A split decision indicates a disagreement between the judges, while a unanimous decision indicates that all judges saw the fight the same way and all have declared the same winner.
===European===
European-style kickboxing was formed with a combination of Muay Thai and Japanese kickboxing rules.
*Time: 3 minutes × 5 rounds
*Not allowed to attack with elbow
*Allowed to attack with knee
*Allowed to kick the lower half of the body except crotch
*Allowed to do neck-wrestling but frequency is limited.
*Headbutts and throws are not allowed
==Techniques==
[[Image:Kickboxing right hook landing.jpg|thumb|250 px|hook]]
===Punching===
====Common====
*'''[[Jab]]''' - straight punch from the front hand, to either the head or the body, often used in conjunction with the cross
*'''[[cross (boxing)|Cross]] ''' (Straight punch) - The straight punching whirl by feeling it out-without using target
*'''[[Hook (boxing)|Hook]] ''' - rounded punch to either the head or body in an arching motion, usually not scored in points scoring
*'''[[Uppercut]]''' - rising punch striking to the chin
<gallery>
Image:jab7.jpg|''jab''
Image:Drop3.jpg|''Cross'' (''Right straight punch'') here in [[counterpunch (boxing)|counterpunch]]
Image:crochet1.jpg|''Hook''
Image:uppercut2.jpg|''Uppercut ''
</gallery>
====Special====
*'''[[Back fist]]''' usually from the front hand, '''reverse-back fist''' and ''' Spinning back-fist ''' both usually from the back hand - are strikes to the head, raising the arm and bending the arm at the elbow and then straightening the arm quickly to strike to the side of the head with the rear of the knuckles, common in light contact
<gallery>
Image:revers1.jpg|''Back fist''
</gallery>
====Other====
*''' [[Cross-counter]] ''' – a cross-counter is a [[counterpunch (boxing)|counterpunch]] begun immediately after an opponent throws a jab, exploiting the opening in the opponent's position
*''' [[Undercut (boxing)|Undercut]]''' (Drop) - a semi-circular and vertical punch thrown with the rear hand. It is usually when the opponent [[bobbing (boxing)|bobbing]] or [[slipping]]. The strategic utility of the drop relying on body weight can deliver a great deal of power
*''' [[Bolo punch]] ''' - a combination of a wide [[uppercut]]/right cross/[[swing (boxing)|swing]] that was delivered seemingly from the floor
<gallery>
Image:drop5.jpg|''[[Cross-counter]]''
Image:drop4.jpg|''[[Undercut]] (Drop)''
Image:contre_bolo1.jpg|''[[Bolo punch]]''
Image:direct_court2.jpg|''Short straight punch''
</gallery>
[[Image: Low kick.jpg|thumb|250px|Low kick (Roundhouse kick)]]
===Kicking===
====Common====
*'''[[Front Kick]]''' or ''Push Kick'' - Striking face on with the heel of the foot
*'''[[Kick#Side kick|Side Kick]]''' - Striking with the side or heel of the foot with leg parallel to the ground, can be performed to either the head or body
*'''[[Semi-circular Kick]]''' or ''Forty Five Degree Roundhouse Kick''
*'''[[Roundhouse Kick]]''' or ''Circle Kick'' - Striking with the front of the foot or the lower shin to the head or the body in a 'chopping' motion
<gallery>
Image: direct posée-poussée.jpg |''Front kick''
Image: side-kick.jpg |''Side kick''
Image: circulaire10.jpg |''Semi-circular kick''
Image: circulaire9.jpg |''Roundhouse kick''
</gallery>
====Spinning and flying====
*'''Spinning hook-kick'''
*'''Spinning side-kick'''
*'''Spinning back-kick'''
*'''Jumping front-kick'''
*'''Jumping roundhouse-kick'''
*'''Jumping side-kick'''
*'''Jumping back-kick'''
<gallery>
Image: stick-kick4.jpg |''Stick-kick''
Image: back-kick.jpg |''Spinning back-kick with [[counterpunch (boxing)|counterpunch]] ''
Image: jumping side-kick1.jpg |''Jumping side-kick''
Image: jump_back.jpg |''Jumping back-kick''
</gallery>
====Other====
*'''[[Kick#Hook Kick|Hook Kick]]''' (heel kick) - Extending the leg out to the side of the body, and hooking the leg back to strike the head with eiher the heel or sole
*''' [[Crescent Kick]]''' and ''Forward Crescent Kick''
*''' [[Axe Kick]] ''' – is a ''Stomp Kick'' or ''Hammer kick''. The Stomp Kick normally travel downward, striking with the side or base heel.
*''' [[Back Kick]]''' – is delivered with the base heel of the foot.
*''' [[Sweeping]] ''' – One foot or both feet of an opponent may be swept depending upon their position, balance and strength.
<gallery>
Image: circulaire7.jpg |''Hook-kick ''
Image: crescent-kick1.jpg |''Crescent-kick ''
Image: hammer-kick1.jpg |''Hammer-kick ''
Image: balayage_retourné.jpg |''Sweeping (Spinning hook-kick)''
</gallery>
Spinning versions of the back, side, hook and axe kicks can also be performed along with jumping versions of all kicks
===Kneeing===
====Basic====
* '''Straight Knee Thrust''' - Long-range knee kick (front heel kick). This knee strike is delivered with the back or reverse foot against an opponent’s stomach, groin, hip or spine an opponent forward by the neck, shoulder or arm
* '''Rising Knee Strike''' – can be delivered with the front or back foot. It makes an explosive snap upwards to strike an opponent’s face, chin, throat or chest.
* '''Hooking Knee Strike''' – can be delivered with the front or back foot. It makes a half circle spin and strikes the sides of an opponent
* '''Side Knee Snap Strike''' – is a highly-deceptive knee technique used in close-range fighting. The knee is lifted o the toes or lifted up, and is snapped to left and right, striking an opponent’s sensitive knee joints, insides of thighs, groin
<gallery>
Image: genou_direct.jpg|''Straight knee-thrust ''
Image: genou remontant3.jpg|''Rising Knee-strike''
Image: genou semi.jpg|''Long-range knee-kick''
Image: genou direct sauté1.jpg|''Jumping knee-kick''
</gallery>
====Other====
* '''Jumping Knee Kick''' or ''Flying knee kick''
* '''Double Knee Kick'''.
===Defense===
*Slip - '''[[Slipping]]''' rotates the body slightly so that an incoming punch passes harmlessly next to the head. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer sharply rotates the hips and shoulders. This turns the chin sideways and allows the punch to "slip" past. Muhammed Ali was famous for extremely fast and close slips.
*'''[[Bob and weave]]''' - '''[[Bobbing (boxing)|bobbing]]''' moves the head laterally and beneath an incoming punch. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer bends the legs quickly and simultaneously shifts the body either slightly right or left. Once the punch has been evaded, the boxer "weaves" back to an upright position, emerging on either the outside or inside of the opponent's still-extended arm. To move outside the opponent's extended arm is called "bobbing to the outside". To move inside the opponent's extended arm is called "bobbing to the inside".
*Parry/Block - '''[[Parrying (boxing)|Parrying]]''' or '''[[blocking (martial arts)|blocking]]''' uses the boxer's hands as defensive tools to deflect incoming attacks. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer delivers a sharp, lateral, open-handed blow to the opponent's wrist or forearm, redirecting the punch.
*The Cover-Up - '''[[Covering]] up''' is the last opportunity to avoid an incoming strike to an unprotected face or body. Generally speaking, the hands are held high to protect the head and chin and the forearms are tucked against the torso to impede body shots. When protecting the body, the boxer rotates the hips and lets incoming punches "roll" off the guard. To protect the head, the boxer presses both fists against the front of the face with the forearms parallel and facing outwards. This type of guard is weak against attacks from below.
<gallery>
Image:slip1.jpg|''Slipping''
Image:slip2.jpg|''Bobbing''
Image:blocage1.jpg|''Blocking (with the arms)''
Image:protection_passive1.jpg|''Cover-Up (with the gloves)''
</gallery>
*The [[grappling position#Stand-up grappling position|Clinch]] - '''[[Clinching]]''' is a rough form of [[grappling]] and occurs when the distance between both fighters has closed and straight punches cannot be employed. In this situation, the boxer attempts to [[grappling hold|hold]] or "tie up" the opponent's hands so he is unable to throw hooks or uppercuts. To perform a clinch, the boxer loops both hands around the outside of the opponent's shoulders, scooping back under the forearms to grasp the opponent's arms tightly against his own body. In this position, the opponent's arms are pinned and cannot be used to attack. Clinching is a temporary match state and is quickly dissipated by the referee.
<gallery>
Image:neutraliser1.jpg|''Cliching''
Image:pas_de_retrait.jpg|''Footwork''
Image:retrait2.jpg|''Pulling away''
</gallery>
===Guards===
There are three main defensive positions (guards or styles) used in boxing. Within each style, there is considerable variation among fighters, as some fighters may have their guard higher for more head protection while others have their guard lower to provide better protection against body punches. Many fighters vary their defensive style throughout a bout in order to adapt to the situation of the moment, choosing the position best suited to protect them.
<gallery>
Image:garde_basse2.jpg| Low guard
Image:garde_mixte1.jpg| Mixed guard
Image:garde_rentrée1.jpg| Peek-a-boo
</gallery>
==Governing Bodies==
Both professional and amateur kickboxing, like boxing, have many governing bodies around the world. Many claim to be the largest or the best but the best thing for anyone to do is contact each one and work with them directly. See what each has to offer. Just because one is recognized by another organization, association etc, does not make them the best. Your own personal research and what you are told by those in the sport will help you determine which sanctioning body is right or best for you.
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" valign="top" style="font-size:smaller;"
!Governing Body
!Website
|-
|World Association of Kickboxing Organizations (W.A.K.O) Amateur -
(Officially recognised by GAISF as the Worlds Amateur Kickboxing body).
|http://www.wakoweb.com
|-
|-
|World Association of Kickboxing Organizations (W.A.K.O) Professional
|http://www.wakopro.org
|-
|-
|The World Kickboxing & Karate Association (W.K.A.)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
|http://www.kickboxing-wka.co.uk/
|-
|-
|International Sports Kickboxing Association (I.S.K.A)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
|http://www.iska.com
|-
|-
|International Kickboxing Federation (IKF) - Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
|http://www.ikfkickboxing.com
|-
|-
|International Kickboaxing Board of Control (IKBC)
|http://www.ikbc.org/
|-
|-
|World Kickboxing Network (W.K.N.)
|http://www.worldkickboxingnetwork.com/
|-
|-
|World Kickboxing Union (W.K.U.)
|http://www.wku-kickboxing.com/
|-
|-
|World Kickboxing Federation (W.K.F.)
|http://www.wkfkickboxing.com
|-
|-
|World Federation of Kickboxing (WFK)
|http://www.wfk-gov.com
|-
|-
|World amateur sport Kickboxing Organization (W.A.S.K.O.)
|http://www.dovuscu.com/
|-
|-
|Professional Kickboxing Association (P.K.A)
|http://www.pkakickboxing.com/
|-
|}
==See also==
{{commons|category:kickboxing technique|Kickboxing}}
*[[List of male kickboxers]]
*[[List of female kickboxers]]
*[[List of kickboxing organizations]]
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
*''Muay Thai Kickboxing - The Ultimate Guide to Conditioning, Training and Fighting'', Chad Boykin, 2002, Paladin Press, Boulder, Colorado. ISBN 1-58160-320-7
*''Thai Kickboxing For Beginners'', Peter Belmar, 2006, Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1-4116-9983-0
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