Kiel 59673 225663197 2008-07-14T20:08:47Z Philip Baird Shearer 26801 /* History */ co-edit {{FixHTML|beg}} {{Infobox German Location |Art = City |image_photo = KielerStadtzentrumLuftaufnahme.jpg |image_caption = Aerial view of the city |Wappen = Wappen Kiel.svg |lat_deg = 54 |lat_min = 19 |lat_sec = 31 |lon_deg = 10 |lon_min = 8 |lon_sec = 26 |Bundesland = Schleswig-Holstein |Kreis = urban |Höhe = 5 |Fläche = 118.6 |Einwohner = 232340 |Stand = 2006-12-31 |PLZ = 24103–24159 |PLZ-alt = 2300 |Vorwahl = 0431 |Kfz = KI |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 02 000 |NUTS = DEFO2 |LOCODE = DE KEL |Gliederung = 18 districts |Adresse = Fleethörn 9<br>24103 Kiel |Website = [http://www.kiel.de/ www.kiel.de] |Bürgermeister = [[Angelika Volquartz]] |Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeisterin |Partei = CDU |ruling_party1 = CDU |ruling_party2 = Green }} :''For the city in the [[United States]], see [[Kiel, Wisconsin]]. For the name see [[Kiel (name)]].'' '''Kiel''' ({{Audio-IPA|De-Kiel Pronunciation.ogg|[kiːl]}}) is the [[capital]] of the northernmost [[Germany|German]] state [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. It is located on the eastern side of the base of the [[Jutland]] peninsula in the southeast corner of the [[Baltic Sea]]. Located on the [[Bay of Kiel]] at the head of the [[Kiel Fjord]], the city has been one of the country's main [[navy|naval]] bases since the 1860s, a centre for German shipbuilders, and the eastern terminus of the busiest artificial waterway in the world, the [[Kiel Canal]]. Kiel is famous for its [[sailing]] events, including [[Kiel Week]], the biggest sailing event in the world. In 1936 and 1972, when the [[Olympic Games]] were held in [[Berlin]] and [[Munich]] respectively, the Olympic sailing competitions were held in Kiel-[[Schilksee]].<ref>{{cite web | title=General Information | work=Kieler Woche | url=http://www.kieler-woche.de/eng/Media_English/general_inf_dates_and_events.htm | accessdate=2006-03-13}}</ref> It had a population of 232,340 as of [[31 December]] [[2006]]. A renowned university, the [[University of Kiel|Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel]] (established 1665), is located in Kiel. The city is served by [[Kiel-Holtenau airport]]. The largest local newspaper is the ''[[Kieler Nachrichten]]''. == History == The Kiel Fjord was first settled by [[Normans]] or [[Vikings]] who would colonize the land along their raids for many years staying in German villages. This is recorded by the geography and architecture of the fjord. Kiel was first originally founded in 1233 as ''Holstenstadt tom Kyle'' by Count [[Adolf IV, Count of Schauenburg and Holstein|Adolf IV]], and granted [[Lübeck law|Lübeck city rights]] in 1242 by Adolf's eldest son, [[John I, Count of Holstein-Kiel|John I]] of Schauenburg.<ref>{{cite web | title=A brief history of Kiel | work=Kiel&mdash;a portrait of the city | url=http://www.kiel.de/Aemter_01_bis_20/05/City_history/1history.htm | accessdate=2007-07-01}}</ref> Kiel, the capital of [[Holstein]], was a member of the [[Hanseatic League]] from 1284 until it was expelled in 1518 for harbouring [[piracy|pirates]]. In 1431, the ''Kieler Umschlag'' (trade fair) was first held, which became the central market for goods and money in Schleswig-Holstein until it began to lose significance from 1850 on, being held for the last time in 1900. The [[University of Kiel]] was founded on [[29 September]], [[1665]], by [[Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|Christian Albert]], Duke of [[Holstein-Gottorp]]. A number of important scholars, including [[Theodor Mommsen]] and [[Max Planck]], studied or taught there. From 1773 to 1864, the town belonged to the King of [[Denmark]]. However, because the king ruled Holstein as a fief of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] only through a [[personal union]], the town was not incorporated as part of Denmark proper. Thus Kiel belonged to Germany but was ruled by the Danish king. Even though the Empire was abolished in 1806, the Danish king continued to rule Kiel only through his position as Duke of Holstein. When [[Schleswig]] and Holstein rebelled against Denmark in 1848 (the [[First Schleswig War]]), Kiel became the capital of Schleswig-Holstein until the Danish victory in 1852. During the [[Second Schleswig War]] in 1864, Kiel and the rest of Schleswig and Holstein were conquered by a [[German Confederation]] alliance of the [[Austrian Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. After the war Kiel was briefly administered by both the Austrians and the Prussians, but the [[Austro-Prussian War]] in 1866 led to the annexation of Kiel by Prussia in 1867. On [[24 March]], [[1865]], King [[William I, German Emperor|William I]] based Prussia's Baltic Sea fleet out of Kiel instead of [[Gdańsk|Danzig (Gdańsk)]]. [[Image:KielerInnenFoerdeLuftaufnahme.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Port facilities.]] When William I of Prussia became Emperor [[William I, German Emperor|William I]] of the [[German Empire]] in 1871, he designated Kiel and [[Wilhelmshaven]] as ''Reichskrieghafen'', or "Imperial War Harbour". Because of its new role as Germany's main naval base, Kiel quickly increased in size in the following years, from 18,770 in 1864 to about 200,000 in 1910. Much of the old town centre and other surroundings were leveled and redeveloped to provide for the growing city. Kiel was the site of the [[German Revolution#Sailors' revolt|sailors' mutiny]] which sparked the [[German Revolution]] in late 1918. At the end of World War I the German fleet stationed at Kiel was sent out on a last glorious mission against the British navy. This was a suicide mission that would not have achieved much, so the men stationed on the ships decided they had nothing to lose and refused to leave the relative safety of the port. The lack of response to this from the government was partly to blame for the revolution that soon followed and therefore the rise of the [[Weimar Republic]]. Kiel was the site of several camps that provided [[slave labour]] for local industry during [[World War II]].<ref>Edward Victor.''Alphabetical List of Camps, Subcamps and Other Camps.''edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/List %20 of %20 camps.htm</ref> Because of its status as a naval port and as production site for submarines, Kiel was heavily bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] during [[World War II]]. The Bombing of [[Submarine pen | U-boat Pens & Yards]] destroyed 80% of the remaining old town, 72% of the residential areas, and 83% of the industrial areas.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} In particular, after the large [[July 23]]/24 [[1944]] [[RAF Bomber Command]] raid targeting the [[Deutsche Werke]], there was no water for 3 days; trains and buses did not run for 8 days and there was no gas for cooking for 3 weeks.<ref name=diary> [[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul44.html Campaign Diary: July 44]], [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary site]. Accessed 4 May 2007</ref> The city was rebuilt after the war. However, Kiel was less meticulously restored than other towns in Schleswig-Holstein like [[Lübeck]], [[Flensburg]], or [[Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} In 1946, Kiel was named the seat of government for Schleswig-Holstein, and it officially became the state's capital in 1972. The ''Kieler Umschlag'' has been held again yearly since 1975. It is now a festival with music and food stalls, historical costumes, special bread, and a wedding, the ''Umschlagshochzeit'' for which every young bride and groom can apply. Above all, Kiel is most famous for its [[Kiel Week]] sailing festival held annually in June. <references/> ==Main sights == In the vicinity of Kiel are seaside resorts such as Kiel-[[Strande]], Kiel-Schilksee, [[Möltenort]] and [[Laboe]]. Laboe has an important [[Laboe Naval Memorial|naval memorial]], as well as the WWII-era submarine ''[[Unterseeboot 995|U-995]]'', a popular tourist site since 1972. Sights in Kiel include: * The ''Nikolaikirche'' (church of [[St Nicholas]], [[14th century|14th]]/[[15th century]]) * ''Der Geistkämpfer'' (The Spirit Fighter), a sculpture by [[Ernst Barlach]] in front of the Nikolaikirche * The ruins of the ''Castle'' (a [[16th century]] castle not rebuilt after WWII) * The ''Rathaus'' (town hall, 1911) which has an operating [[paternoster]], or revolving wooden elevator. * a WWII-era [[air raid]] [[bunker]] (not open for tourism) * [[Fernmeldeturm Kiel]] (Transmission Tower) * [[Holsteinstadion]], home of the [[football (soccer)|football]] club [[Holstein Kiel]] * [[Sparkassen-Arena]] {{FixHTML|beg}} [[Image:Fähre vor laboe-strand.JPG|right|250px|thumb|Laboe beach scene.]] {{FixHTML|mid}} [[Image:IMG 1094.JPG|right|250px|thumb|Schleswig-Holstein Parliament, June 2006.]] {{FixHTML|end}} == Economy == Kiel is the home of [[Howaldtswerke|HDW Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft GmbH]], a [[shipyard]] founded in 1838 famed for its construction of [[submarines]]. HDW built the first German submarine ''[[Brandtaucher]]'' in 1850, and is today a subsidiary of [[ThyssenKrupp|ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems]], the leading German group of shipyards. {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} == Notable people == === Notable residents === * [[Tomma Abts]], painter and 2006 [[Turner Prize]] winner (born in Kiel but resident in [[London]]) * [[Ernst Busch (actor)|Ernst Busch]], actor, writer & collector of songs * [[Rudolf Hell]], inventor * [[Johannes Wolfgang Willy Friedlieb Heuer]] * [[August Howaldt]], founder of Howaldtswerke * [[Otto Kretschmer]], U-boat commander * [[Georg Landsberg]], mathematician * [[Carl Loewe]], composer * [[Peter III of Russia]] * [[Max Planck]], physicist * [[Karl Leonhard Reinhold]], philosopher * [[Adolf Remane]], zoologist * [[Ernst von Salomon]], writer * [[Ernst Steinitz]], mathematician * [[Johannes Nikolaus Tetens]], philosopher * [[Ferdinand Tönnies]], sociologist,philosopher * [[Carl Zuckmayer]], writer and playwright === Important historic mayors and lord mayors of Kiel === * 1688 - 1720: Asmus Bremer * 1730 - 1732: Ernst Joachim von Westphalen * 1920 - 1933: Emil Lueken (removed from office by the [[Nazism|Nazis]]) === Lord mayors after World War II === * 1946 - 1954: Andreas Gayk (SPD) * 1954 - 1965: Hans Müthling (SPD) * 1965 - 1980: Günther Bantzer (SPD) * 1980 - 1994: Karl-Heinz Luckhardt (SPD) * 1994 - 1997: Otto Kelling (SPD) * 1997 - 2003: Norbert Gansel (SPD) * 2003 - today: Angelika Volquartz (CDU) ==Sister towns== Kiel is [[town twinning|twinned]] with: * {{flagicon|France}} [[Brest, France|Brest]], [[France]] (1964) * {{flagicon|UK}} [[Coventry]], [[United Kingdom]] (1967) * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Vaasa]], [[Finland]] (1967) * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Gdynia]], [[Poland]] (1985) * {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]] (1986 — at that time in the {{flag|Soviet Union}}) * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Stralsund]], [[Germany]] (1987 — at that time in {{flag|East Germany}}) * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]] (1992) * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Sovetsk]], [[Russia]] (1992) ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commons|Kiel}} * [http://www.kiel.de/ Official website] * {{Wikitravel}} {{Hanseatic League}} {{Germany districts schleswig-holstein}} [[Category:Kiel| ]] [[Category:Cities in Schleswig-Holstein]] [[Category:German state capitals]] [[Category:Coastal cities]] [[Category:Hanseatic League]] [[Category:1233 establishments]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Germany]] [[als:Kiel]] [[ar:كيل]] [[ast:Kiel]] [[bg:Кил (град)]] [[ca:Kiel]] [[cs:Kiel]] [[da:Kiel]] [[de:Kiel]] [[et:Kiel]] [[el:Κίελο]] [[es:Kiel]] [[eo:Kijlo]] [[eu:Kiel]] [[fr:Kiel]] [[ko:킬]] [[hr:Kiel]] [[io:Kiel]] [[id:Kiel]] [[is:Kíl]] [[it:Kiel]] [[he:קיל]] [[ka:კილი]] [[la:Kielia]] [[lv:Ķīle]] [[lb:Kiel]] [[lt:Kylis]] [[hu:Kiel]] [[mr:कील]] [[nl:Kiel (Duitsland)]] [[nds-nl:Kiel (Duutslaand)]] [[ja:キール (都市)]] [[no:Kiel]] [[nn:Kiel]] [[oc:Kiel]] [[pms:Kiel]] [[nds:Kiel]] [[pl:Kilonia]] [[pt:Kiel]] [[ro:Kiel]] [[ru:Киль (город)]] [[sq:Kiel]] [[simple:Kiel]] [[sr:Кил]] [[sh:Kiel]] [[fi:Kiel]] [[sv:Kiel]] [[vi:Kiel]] [[tr:Kiel]] [[uk:Кіль (місто)]] [[vo:Kiel]] [[zh:基尔]]