Kingdom of Hawaii
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2008-07-14T07:16:03Z
D Monack
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{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = Hawai{{okina}}i
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i
|common_name = Hawaii
|continent = Oceania
|country = United States
|government_type = Constitutional monarchy
|
|year_start = 1795
|year_end = 1894
|event_start = Inception
|year_event = 1795
|event1 = Unification
|date_event1 = 1810
|event2 = [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy|Monarchy overthrown]]
|date_event2 = [[January 17]], [[1893]]
|event_end = [[Republic of Hawaii|Republic declared]]
|date_end = [[July 4]], [[1894]]
|
|p1 = Ancient Hawaii
|flag_p1 =
|image_p1 = [[Image:Blank.jpg|1px]]
|s1 = Provisional Government of Hawaii
|flag_s1 = Flag of Hawaii.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Hawaii.svg
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Hawaii.png
|symbol = Coat of arms of Hawaii
|image_map = Hawaii Islands2.png
|image_map_caption = Kingdom of Hawaii
|
|capital = [[Lahaina]] (until 1845)<br>[[Honolulu]] (from 1845)
|national_motto = ''[[Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono|Ua Mau ke Ea o ka {{okina}}Āina i ka Pono]]''
|national_anthem = ''[[Hawaii ponoi|Hawai{{okina}}i Pono{{okina}}i]]''
|common_languages = [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[English language|English]]
|currency = [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]], [[Hawaiian dollar]] (1879)
|
|leader1=[[Kamehameha I]]
|year_leader1=1795-1819
|title_leader=Monarch
|leader2=[[Kamehameha II]]
|year_leader2=1819-1824
|leader3=[[Kamehameha III]]
|year_leader3=1825-1854
|leader4=[[Kamehameha IV]]
|year_leader4=1855-1863
|leader5=[[Kamehameha V]]
|year_leader5=1863-1872
|leader6=[[Lunalilo]]
|year_leader6=1874-1874
|leader7=[[Kalakaua|Kalākaua]]
|year_leader7=1874-1891
|leader8=[[Liliuokalani|Liliu{{okina}}okalani]]
|year_leader8=1891-1893
|representative1 = [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)|Committee of Safety]]
|year_representative1=1893-1894
|title_representative=[[Provisional Government of Hawaii|Provisional Government]]
}}
The '''Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i''' was established during the years [[1795]] to [[1810]] with the subjugation of the smaller independent chiefdoms of [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], [[Maui]], [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]], [[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]], [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] and [[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]] by the chiefdom of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]] (or the "Big Island") into one unified government.
==Formation==
Through swift and bloody battles, led by a warrior chief later immortalized as [[Kamehameha I|Kamehameha the Great]], the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i was established with the help of such British sailors as [[John Young (Hawaii)|John Young]], [[Isaac Davis (Hawaii)|Isaac Davis]] and [[Alexander Adams (Hawaii)|Alexander Adams]] and western weapons. Although successful in attacking both [[Battle of Nu'uanu|O{{okina}}ahu]] and Maui, he failed to secure a victory in [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]], his effort hampered by a storm. Eventually, Kaua{{okina}}i's chief swore allegiance to Kamehameha's rule. The unification ended the [[feudal]] society of the Hawaiian islands transforming it into a "modern", independent constitutional monarchy crafted in the tradition of European monarchies.
==Government==
[[Image:Iolani Palace (1328).JPG|thumb|left|{{okina}}Iolani Palace, one of many royal palaces in Hawai{{okina}}i, was built by Kalākaua who shared Kamehameha V's vision of constructing a palace to rival the residences of European monarchs]]
[[Government]] in the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i was transformed in phases, each phase created by the promulgation of the constitutions of [[1840]], [[1852]], [[1864]] and [[1887]]. Each successive [[constitution]] can be seen as a decline in the power of the [[monarch]] in favor of an elected [[legislature]] increasingly dominated by the interests of those of American and European descent.
The [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] in the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i was the monarch. He or she oversaw the [[Cabinet|Privy Council]] which was charged with administration. A royal cabinet, the Privy Council, consisted of ministers in charge of departments much like that of the extant British political system, on which it was based. These ministers also acted as the monarch's primary advisors.
The 1840 Constitution created a [[bicameral]] [[parliament]] in charge of legislation. The two houses of the [[legislature]] were the House of Representatives (directly elected by popular vote) and the House of Nobles (appointed by the monarch with the advice of the Cabinet). The same constitution created a judiciary, charged with overseeing the courts and interpretation of laws. The Supreme Court was led by the Chief Justice, appointed by the monarch with the advice of the Cabinet.
The islands of Hawai{{okina}}i were divided into smaller administrative divisions: Kaua{{okina}}i, O{{okina}}ahu, Maui, and Hawai{{okina}}i. Kaua{{okina}}i region included [[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]], while Maui region included [[Kahoolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe]], Lāna{{okina}}i and Moloka{{okina}}i. Each administrative region was governed by a [[governor]] appointed by the monarch. See [[Governor of Oahu]], [[Governor of Maui]], [[Governor of Kauai]] and [[Royal Governor of Hawaii]]
<center><gallery>
Image:Kamehamehaportrait.jpg|[[Kamehameha I of Hawaii|Kamehameha I]], ([[1795]]-[[1819]])
Image:Kamehamehaii.jpg|[[Kamehameha II of Hawaii|Kamehameha II]], Liholiho, ([[1819]]-[[1824]])
Image:Kamehamehaiii.jpg|[[Kamehameha III]], Kauikeaouli, ([[1825]]-[[1854]])
Image:Kamehameha IV.jpg|[[Kamehameha IV of Hawaii|Kamehameha IV]], Alexander Liholiho, ([[1854]]-[[1863]])
Image:Kamehamehav.jpg|[[Kamehameha V of Hawaii|Kamehameha V]], Lot Kapuāiwa, ([[1863]]-[[1872]])
Image:Williamcharleslunalilo.jpg|[[William C. Lunalilo]] ([[1873]]-[[1874]])
Image:Kalakauapainting.jpg|[[David Kalakaua|Kalākaua I]], David Kalākaua, ([[1874]]-[[1891]])
Image:Liliuokalani.jpg|[[Liliuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]], Lydia Kamaka{{okina}}eha Paki, ([[1891]]-[[1893]])
</gallery></center>
<center><gallery>
Image:Queen Kaahumanu.jpg|[[Kaahumanu|Queen Ka{{okina}}ahumanu]], ([[1795]]-[[1832]])
Image:kamamalu.jpg|[[Queen Kamamalu|Queen Victoria Kamamalu]], ([[1819]]-[[1824]])
Image:Kalama.jpg|[[Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili|Queen Kalama]], ([[1837]]-[[1854]])
Image:Queenemmaofhawaii.jpg|[[Emma Rooke|Queen Emma Na{{okina}}ea]], ([[1855]]-[[1863]])
Image:HRHKapiolani.jpg|[[Kapiolani|Queen Esther Kapi{{okina}}olani]], ([[1874]]-[[1891]])
Image:johnowendominis.jpg|[[John Owen Dominis|Prince Consort John Owen Dominis]], ([[1891]]-[[1893]])
</gallery></center>
==Kamehameha Dynasty==
From [[1810]] to [[1893]], the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i was ruled by two major dynastic families: the [[House of Kamehameha|Kamehameha Dynasty]] and the [[House of Kalākaua|Kalākaua Dynasty]]. Five members of the Kamehameha family would lead the government as its king. Two of them, Liholiho (Kamehameha II) and Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III), were direct sons of Kamehameha the Great himself. For a period between Liholiho and Kauikeaouli's reigns, the primary wife of Kamehameha the Great, Queen Ka{{okina}}ahumanu, ruled as Queen Regent and ''[[Kuhina Nui]]'', or [[Prime Minister]].
Dynastic rule by the Kamehameha family tragically ended in [[1872]] with the death of Lot (Kamehameha V). Upon his deathbed, he summoned Princess [[Bernice Pauahi Bishop]] to declare his intentions of making her heir to the throne. She was the last direct Kamehameha family member surviving. She refused the crown and throne because she believed that she should help and counsel her people, not rule over them. Lot died before naming an alternative heir.
===The Paulet Affair (1843)===
On Monday, [[13 February]] [[1843]], Lord George Paulet, of ''HMS Carysfort'', attempted to annex the islands for alleged insults and malpractices against British subjects.<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/hawaii.htm The US Navy and Hawaii-A Historical Summary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Kamehameha III surrendered to Paulet on [[February 25]], writing:
:''Where are you, chiefs, people, and commons from my ancestors, and people from foreign lands?'
:''Hear ye! I make known to you that I am in perplexity by reason of difficulties into which I have been brought without cause, therefore I have given away the life of our land. Hear ye! but my rule over you, my people, and your privileges will continue, for I have hope that the life of the land will be restored when my conduct is justified.''
:''Done at Honolulu, Oahu, this 25th day of February, 1843.''
:''Kamehameha III.''
:''Kekauluohi.''<ref>[http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=500-503#XV._Also_the_following_extract_from_an_article.2C_published_in_harper.27s_magazine_for_september.2C_1883.2C_prepared_by_mr._marshall.2C_a_special_envoy_of_kamehameha_iii_to_the_united_states_and_england.2C_to_arrange_for_the_revocation_of_the_acts_of_lord_george_paulet_in_occupying_hawaii_as_territory_of_great_britain. The Morgan Report, p500-503]</ref>
Dr. [[Gerrit P. Judd]], a missionary who had become the Minister of Finance for the Kingdom of Hawaii, secretly arranged for General J.F.B. Marshall to be the King's envoy to the United States, France and Britain, to protest Paulet's actions.<ref>[http://www.alohaquest.com/arbitration/news_polynesian_0011b.htm La Ku'ko'a: Events Leading to Independence Day, November 28, 1843<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Marshall was able to secretly convey the Kingdom's complaint to the Vice Consul of Britain in Tepec, posing as a commercial agent of Ladd & Co., a company with friendly relations with the Kingdom.
Marshall's complaint was forwarded to Rear Admiral Thomas, Paulet's commanding officer, who arrived at Honolulu harbor on [[July 26]], [[1843]] on ''H.B.M.S. Dublin'' from [[Valparaiso]], Chile. Admiral Thomas apologized to Kamehameha III for Paulet's actions, and restored Hawaiian sovereignty on [[31 July]] [[1843]].
==Foreign relations==
Faced with the quintessential problem of foreign encroachment of Hawaiian territory, King Kamehameha III deemed it prudent and necessary to dispatch a Hawaiian delegation to the United States and then to Europe with the power to settle alleged difficulties with nations, negotiate treaties and to ultimately secure the recognition of Hawaiian Independence by the major powers of the world. In accordance with this view, [[Timoteo Ha'alilio]], [[William Richards]] and Sir [[George Simpson (administrator)|George Simpson]] were commissioned as joint Ministers Plenipotentiary on April 8, 1842. Sir George Simpson, shortly thereafter, left for England, via Alaska and Siberia, while Mr. Ha'alilio and Mr. Richards departed for the United States, via Mexico, on July 8, 1842. The Hawaiian delegation, while in the [[United States of America]], secured the assurance of U.S. [[President Tyler]] on December 19, 1842 of its recognition of Hawaiian independence, and then proceeded to meet Sir George Simpson in Europe and secure formal recognition by [[Great Britain]] and [[France]]. On March 17, 1843, [[King Louis-Philippe of France]] recognizes Hawaiian independence at the urging of [[Leopold I of Belgium|King Leopold I of Belgium]], and on April 1, 1843, [[Lord Aberdeen]] on behalf of Her Britannic Majesty Queen Victoria, assured the Hawaiian delegation that, "Her Majesty's Government was willing and had determined to recognize the independence of the Sandwich Islands under their present sovereign."<ref>http://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/treaties.shtml</ref><ref>http://www.hawaiiankingdom.info/C1126750129/E20061128121009/index.html</ref>
===Anglo-Franco Proclamation===
On [[28 November]] [[1843]], at the Court of London, the British and French Governments entered into a formal agreement of the recognition of Hawaiian independence. Called the '''Anglo-Franco Proclamation''', a joint declaration by France and Britain, signed by [[Louis-Philippe of France|His Majesty King Louis-Phillipe of the French]] and [[Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom|Her Britannic Majesty Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom]], assured the Hawaiian delegation that:<ref>http://www.hawaiiankingdom.info/C1126750129/E20061128121009/index.html</ref>
<blockquote>Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the King of the French, taking into consideration the existence in the Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands) of a government capable of providing for the regularity of its relations with foreign nations, have thought it right to engage, reciprocally, to consider the Sandwich Islands as an Independent State, and never to take possession, neither directly or under the title of Protectorate, or under any other form, of any part of the territory of which they are composed.
<p>The undersigned, Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State of Foreign Affairs, and the Ambassador Extraordinary of His Majesty the King of the French, at the Court of London, being furnished with the necessary powers, hereby declare, in consequence, that their said Majesties take reciprocally that engagement.
<p>In witness whereof the undersigned have signed the present declaration, and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.
<p>Done in duplicate at London, the 28th day of November, in the year of our Lord, 1843.<br>
" 'ABERDEEN. [L.S.]<br>
" 'ST. AULAIRE. [L.S.], <ref>[http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=503-517#XVI._Also_the_following_extracts_from_the_history_of_the_hawaiian_islands.2C_by_james_jackson_jarves.2C_published_in_1846. The Morgan Report, p503-517]</ref></blockquote>
Hawai{{okina}}i was thus the first non-European indigenous state to be admitted into the [[Family of Nations]], while the [[Ottoman Empire]] was the first non-Christian nation to be admitted following the [[Crimean War]].<ref>http://www.hawaiiankingdom.info/C1126750129/E20061128121009/index.html</ref> This solemn engagement on the part of these two powers was the final act by which the Kingdom of Hawaii was admitted within the pale of civilized nations." The United States notably declined to join with France and England in this statement. Even though [[President Tyler]] had recognized Hawaiian Independence, it was not until 1849 that the United States formally recognize Hawaii as a fellow nation.<ref>http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=503-517#XVI._Also_the_following_extracts_from_the_history_of_the_hawaiian_islands.2C_by_james_jackson_jarves.2C_published_in_1846.</ref>
November 28 was thereafter established as an official national holiday to celebrate the recognition of Hawai'i's independence. As a result of this recognition, the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaties with the major nations of the world and had established over ninety legations and consulates in multiple seaports and cities.<ref>http://www.hawaiiankingdom.info/C1126750129/E20061128121009/index.html</ref>
==Elected monarchy==
The refusal of Princess [[Bernice Pauahi Bishop]] to take the crown and throne as Queen of Hawai{{okina}}i forced the legislature of the Kingdom to declare an election to fill the royal vacancy. From 1872 to 1873, several distant relatives of the Kamehameha line were nominated. In a ceremonial popular vote and a unanimous legislative vote, [[William C. Lunalilo]] ([[1873]]-[[1874]]) became Hawai{{okina}}i's first of two elected monarchs.
==Kalākaua Dynasty==
[[Image:Hawaii kingdom COA.jpg|left|thumb|Coat of Arms of the Hawaiian kingdom, ʻIolani palace, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi]]
[[Image:kaiulani.jpg|thumb|right|Princess [[Ka'iulani|Victoria Ka'iulani Cleghorn]], a member of the Kalākaua Dynasty, was in line to become Queen of Hawaii before the overthrow of the monarchy.]]
Like his predecessor, Lunalilo failed to name an heir to the throne. He died unexpectedly after less than a year as King of Hawaii. Once again, the legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii declared an election to fill the royal vacancy. '''[[Emma Rooke|Queen Emma]]''', widow of Kamehameha IV, was nominated along with '''[[David Kalākaua]]'''. The 1874 election was a nasty political campaign in which both candidates resorted to mudslinging and innuendo. David Kalākaua became the second elected King of Hawaii but without the same ceremonial popular vote Lunalilo had. The choice of the legislature was controversial, and U.S. and British troops were called upon to suppress rioting.
Hoping to avoid uncertainty in the monarchy's future, Kalākaua proclaimed several heirs to the throne and defined a royal line of succession. His sister Lili'uokalani would succeed the throne upon Kalākaua's death, with Princess [[Victoria Kaiulani|Victoria Kai'ulani]] to follow. If she could not produce an heir by birth, Prince [[David Kawananakoa|David Lamea Kawananakoa]] then Prince [[Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole|Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaole]] would rule after her.
=="Bayonet" Constitution of 1887==
[[Image:kingdavidkalakaua.jpg|thumb|left|194px|King David Kalākaua]]
In [[1887]], a [[1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|constitution]] was drafted by [[Lorrin A. Thurston]], Minister of Interior under [[Kalākaua|King David Kalākaua]]. The constitution was proclaimed by the king after a mass meeting of 3,000 residents including an armed militia demanded he sign it or be deposed. The document created a [[constitutional monarchy]] like [[Great Britain]]'s, stripping the King of most of his personal authority, empowering the [[Legislature]] and establishing cabinet government. It has since become widely known as the "Bayonet Constitution", a nickname coined by its opponents because of the threat of force used to gain Kalākaua's cooperation.
The [[1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1887 constitution]] empowered the citizenry to elect members of the [[House of Nobles]] (who had previously been appointed by the King). It increased the value of property a citizen must own to be eligible to vote above what the previous Constitution of [[1864]] had required. One result was to deny voting rights to poor native Hawaiians and [[Europe]]ans who previously could vote. It guaranteed a voting monopoly to wealthy native Hawaiians and Europeans by denying voting rights to [[Asian people|Asians]] who comprised a large proportion of the population (A few [[Japan]]ese and some [[China|Chinese]] had previously become [[naturalized]] as [[nationality|subject]]s of the Kingdom and now lost voting rights they had previously enjoyed.) Americans and other Europeans in Hawai{{okina}}i were also given full voting rights without the need for Hawaiian [[citizenship]]. The Bayonet Constitution continued allowing the monarch to appoint cabinet ministers, but stripped him of the power to dismiss them without approval from the Legislature.
== Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom ==
{{POV-section|date=December 2007}}
[[Image:Liliuokalani of Hawaii.jpg|thumb|right|194px|Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani]]
{{main|Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom}}
Upon his election in 1874, King Kalākaua had selected Queen [[Liliuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]] as his successor. During her brother's reign the monarchy was left impotent by the [[1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1887 Constitution]]. Under the pretext of royal corruption, including an opium license bribery scandal, [[David Kalākaua]] was forced to sign the constitution stripping the monarchy of much of its power in favor of an administration controlled by the Legislature. Some claim this constitution was the opening salvo to the end of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i.
===Lili{{okina}}uokalani's Constitution===
In [[1891]], Kalākaua died and his sister [[Liliuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]] assumed the throne. She came to power in the middle of an economic crisis precipitated in part by the [[McKinley Tariff]]. By rescinding the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, the new tariff eliminated the previous advantage Hawaiian sugar exporters enjoyed vis-à-vis other international producers in trade to U.S. markets; the result was a crippling of the Hawaiian sugar industry. Many Hawaiian businesses and citizens were feeling the pressures of the loss of revenue, and Lili{{okina}}uokalani proposed a [[lottery]] system and opium licensing to bring in additional revenue for the Hawaiian government. Her ministers and closest friends tried to dissuade her from pursuing the bills, and her support was used against her in the looming constitutional crisis.
Lili{{okina}}uokalani's chief desire was to restore power to the monarch by abrogating the 1887 Constitution, under which she had come to power after her brother's death. The queen launched a campaign resulting in a petition from some Hawaiian subjects to proclaim a new Constitution. When she informed her cabinet of her plans, they refused to support her.
Those citizens and residents who in 1887 had forced Kalākaua to sign the "Bayonet Constitution" became alarmed when three of her recently appointed cabinet members informed them that the queen was planning to unilaterally proclaim her new Constitution.<ref>[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/hawaii-7.html Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Appendix A] "The three ministers left Mr. Parker to try to dissuade me from my purpose; and in the meantime they all (Peterson, Cornwell, and Colburn) went to the government building to inform Thurston and his part of the stand I took."</ref> The cabinet ministers were reported to have feared for their safety after upsetting the queen by not supporting her plans.<ref>[http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=804-805 Morgan Report, p804-805] "Every one knows how quickly Colburn and Peterson, when they could escape from the palace, called for help from Thurston and others, and how afraid Colburn was to go back to the palace."</ref>
=== The Overthrow ===
[[Image:ustroopshawaiirevolution.jpg|thumb|350px|USS Boston's landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu, at the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893. The officer at the right is presumably Lieutenant Lucien Young, USN, who commanded the detachment.<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h56000/h56555c.htm U.S. Navy History site]</ref>]]
In [[1893]], local businessmen and politicians, primarily of American and European ancestry, in response to the attempt by [[Liliuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]] to abrogate the [[1887]] constitution, overthrew the queen, her cabinet and her marshal, and took over the government of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i.
There was likely no single motivation behind the [[coup d'état]]. Russ suggests that the overthrow was motivated by "the Royal Government under Kalakaua and Liliuokalani being inefficient, corrupt, and undependable."<ref>The Hawaiian Revolution, by William Russ, Jr. p.349</ref> Other historians suggest that businessmen were in favor of overthrow and annexation to the U.S. in order to benefit from more favorable trade conditions with its main export market.<ref>Kinzer, Stephen. (2006). Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq.</ref><ref>Stevens, Sylvester K. (1968) American Expansion in Hawaii, 1842-1898. New York: Russell & Russell. (p. 228)</ref><ref>Dougherty, Michael. (1992). To Steal a Kingdom: Probing Hawaiian History. (p. 167 - 168)</ref><ref>La Croix, Sumner and Christopher Grandy. (March 1997). "The Political Instability of Reciprocal Trade and the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom" in ''The Journal of Economic History'' 57:161-189.</ref> The proximate cause, however, was a response to [[Liliuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]]'s attempt to promulgate a new constitution.
The McKinley Tariff of 1891 eliminated the previously highly favorable trade terms for Hawaii's sugar exports, a main component of the economy. The significance of this economic downturn as a motivation for the overthrow has been questioned by other scholars.<ref>Wiegle, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 16, No. 1. (Feb., 1947), p.47 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0030-8684%28194702%2916%3A1%3C41%3ASATHR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I Sugar and the Hawaiian Revolution] Richard D. Wiegle wrote in the February 1947 Pacific Historical Review: "In actual fact the planters comprised a vigorous bloc of opinion opposing annexation to the United States, and the key to their attitude lies in their dependence upon contract labor. Annexation to the United States would mean conformity to American immigration legislation and the cessation of the influx of laborers from Asiatic countries so necessary to the life of the plantations.</ref>
The major events of the overthrow took place between [[January 15]] to [[January 17]], [[1893]], when 1,500 armed local people, mostly Euro-Americans under the leadership of the thirteen-member [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)|Committee of Safety]], organized the [[Honolulu Rifles]] to depose Queen [[Liliuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]]. They quickly took over government buildings, disarmed the Royal Guard, and declared a Provisional Government.
As these events were unfolding, U.S. Minister John L. Stevens requested that troops be landed. Captain Wiltse of the ''[[USS Boston (1884)|USS Boston]]'' ordered 162 sailors and [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] to come ashore with rifles and [[Gatling gun]]s, "for the purpose of protecting our legation, consulate, and the lives and property of American citizens, and to assist in preserving public order."<ref>[http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=834-835 The Morgan Report, p. 834]</ref> Stevens was accused of ordering the landing himself on his own authority, and inappropriately using his discretion. Historian William Russ concluded that "the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself".<ref>Russ, William Adam. 1992. The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-94). p. 350.</ref>
On [[July 17]], [[1893]], [[Sanford B. Dole]] and his committee declared itself the Provisional Government "to rule until annexation by the United States."<ref>Russ, William Adam. 1992. The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-94). p. 90.</ref> On [[July 4]], [[1894]] the [[Republic of Hawaii|Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i]] was proclaimed. Dole was president of both governments.
Later, after a weapons cache was found on the palace grounds after an attempted counter-rebellion in [[1895]], Queen [[Liliuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]] was placed under arrest, tried by a military tribunal of the [[Republic of Hawaii|Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i]], convicted of [[misprision of treason]] and then imprisoned in her own home.
The Republic of Hawaii succeeded in its goal when in [[1898]], Congress approved a joint resolution of [[Hawaii#Hawaiian territory|annexation]] creating the U.S. Territory of Hawai{{okina}}i. This followed the precedent of [[Texas]] which was also annexed by a joint resolution of Congress. Dole was appointed to be the first governor of the Territory of Hawaii.
The overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i and the subsequent annexation of Hawai{{okina}}i has recently been cited as the first major instance of [[American Empire#US foreign interventions|American imperialism]] in a book by Stephen Kinzer, a ''New York Times'' foreign correspondent.<ref>''Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq'' by Stephen Kinzer, 2006</ref>
==Royal estates==
Early in its history, the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i was governed from several locations including coastal towns on the islands of Hawai{{okina}}i and Maui ([[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lāhainā]]). It wasn't until the reign of Kamehameha III that a capital was established in Honolulu on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu.
[[Image:loweringhawaiianflag.jpg|thumb|220px|On [[August 12]], [[1898]], the flag of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i over {{okina}}Iolani Palace was lowered to raise the United States flag to signify annexation.]]
By the time Kamehameha V was king, he saw the need to build a royal palace fitting of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i's new found prosperity and standing with the royals of other nations. He commissioned the building of the palace at Ali{{okina}}iōlani Hale. He died before it was completed. Today, the palace houses the Supreme Court of the [[State of Hawaii|State of Hawai{{okina}}i]].
David Kalākaua shared the dream of Kamehameha V to build a palace, and eagerly desired the trappings of European royalty. He commissioned the construction of {{okina}}Iolani Palace from which he and his successor would govern. In later years, the palace would become his sister's makeshift prison under guard by the U.S. Armed Forces, the site of the official raising of the U.S. flag during annexation, and then the site of the territorial governor's and legislature's offices.
'''Palaces and Royal Grounds'''<br>
* [[Pohukaina]] Royal Burial Ground of the Hawaiian Royal Family on the Iolani Palace ground
* [[Ainahau|{{okina}}Āinahau]], Home of Princess Victoria Ka{{okina}}iulani
* [[Aliiolani Hale|Ali{{okina}}iōlani Hale]], Originally designed as a Palace for Kamehameha V, although Kamehameha V later decided to convert the building into a government building during construction
* [[Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew, Honolulu|Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew]]
* [[Hanaiakamalama]], Summer Palace of Queen Emma
* [[Hulihee Palace|Hulihe{{okina}}e Palace]], Palace of Princess Ruth
* [[Keoua Hale|Keōua Hale]], Palace of Princess Ruth
* [[Kaniakapupu]], Palace of King Kamehameha III and Queen Kalama
* [[Muolaulani Palace]], Liliuokalani's residence at Kapalama
* [[Iolani Palace|{{okina}}Iolani Palace]], Palace of the Kalākaua Dynasty
* [[Kawaiahao Church|Kawaiaha{{okina}}o Church]], Westminister Abbey of Hawaii
* [[Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii|Mauna Ala the Royal Mausoleum]]
* [[Washington Place]], residence of Liliuokalani in Honolulu
==Notable Hawaiians==
[[Image:kawaiahao.jpg|thumb|220px|Kawaiaha{{okina}}o Church is known as the Westminster Abbey of Hawai{{okina}}i, the site of coronations, royal christenings and funerals. It sits on Punchbowl Street near {{okina}}Iolani Palace and Ali{{okina}}iōlani Hale. King William C. Lunalilo's mausoleum is in its courtyard.]]
'''Kamehameha Dynasty'''<br>
* [[Bernice Pauahi Bishop]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kaahumanu|Ka{{okina}}ahumanu]], Queen Regent of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili]], Queen Consort of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kamamalu|Victoria Kamamalu I]], Queen Consort of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Keopuolani]], Queen Mother of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kinau|Kina{{okina}}u]], Queen Regent of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kalani Pauahi]], Queen Dowager of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kekauonohi]], Queen Dowager of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kekauluohi]], Queen Dowager of Hawai{{okina}}i and Priemer
* [[Kalakua Kaheiheimaile]], Queen Dowager of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Lydia Namahana Piia]], Queen Dowager of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kaahumanu IV|Victoria Kamamalu II]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Ruth Keelikolani|Ruth Ke{{okina}}elikōlani]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[William Pitt Kinau|John William Pitt Kina{{okina}}u]], Prince of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kaoanaeha]], High Chiefess and grandmother of Queen Emma
* [[Fanny Kekelaokalani Young]], High Chiefess and mother of Queen Emma
* [[Grace Kamaikui Young]], High Chiefess and aunt of Queen Emma
* [[Jane Lahilahi Young]], High Chiefess and aunt of Queen Emma
* [[Emma Rooke]], Queen Consort of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Moses Kekuaiwa]], Prince of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Albert Kamehameha]], Crown Prince of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kalokuokamaile]], Prince of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Gideon Kailipalaki Laanui|Gideon Kailipalaki La{{okina}}anui]], Prince of Hawai{{okina}}
* [[Elizabeth Kekaaniau]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Theresa Owana Kaohelelani Laanui]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Laura Konia]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Abner Paki]], Governor of Hawaii Island and father of Princess Pauahi
* [[Mataio Kekuanaoa]], Governor of Oahu and consort to two Hawaiian princesses
* [[Nahienaena]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
'''Kalākaua Dynasty'''<br>
* [[Kaisera Kapaakea|Caesar Kapa{{okina}}akea]], patriach of the Kalakaua Family
* [[Analea Keohokalole]], matriach of the Kalakaua Family
* [[James Kaliokalani]], Prince of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Anna Kaiulani|Anna Ka{{okina}}iulani]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Kaiminaauao|Kaimina{{okina}}auao]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[William Pitt Leleiohoku II]], Prince of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Miriam K. Likelike]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Victoria Kaiulani|Victoria Kaiulani]], Princess of Hawaii
* [[Kapiolani|Esther Kapi{{okina}}olani]], Queen Consort of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Poomaikelani|Viriginia Kapo{{okina}}oloku Po{{okina}}omaikelani]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Hiram Kahanawai|Captain Hiram Kahanawai]]
* [[Victoria Kinoiki Kekaulike|Victoria Kūhiō Kinoiki Kekaulike]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[David Piikoi|David Kahalepouli Pi{{okina}}ikoi]],
* [[Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole|Jonah Kuhio Kalaniana{{okina}}ole]], Prince of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Elizabeth Kahanu Kalanianaole|Elizabeth Kahanu Kalaniana{{okina}}ole]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[David Kawananakoa]], Prince of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Abigail Campbell Kawananakoa]], Princess of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Edward Keliiahonui|Edward Abner Keli{{okina}}iahonui]], Prince of Hawai{{okina}}i
'''Authors and artists'''<br>
* [[Henri Berger]], composer
* [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], author
'''Civil leaders'''<br>
* [[John Kaleipahala Young II]] Minister of Interior
* [[John Adams Kuakini]], governor and royal brother-in-law
* [[Charles Reed Bishop]], businessman and philanthropist
* [[James Campbell]], businessman and philanthropist
* [[Archibald Cleghorn]], businessman and royal consort
* [[Sanford B. Dole]], chief justice
* [[Bennet Namekeha]], noble
* [[Jonah Pi'ikoi]], noble
* [[John Owen Dominis]], governor and prince consort
* [[Gerrit P. Judd]], royal advisor
* [[Robert C. Wyllie]], Minister of Foreign Affairs
* [[Kuini Liliha]], governor
* [[George Cox Keeaumoku|George Cox Ke{{okina}}eaumoku]], governor and royal brother-in-law
* [[Keeaumoku Papaiahiahi|Ke{{okina}}eaumoku Papaiahiahi]], govenror, general, Prime Minister and royal father-in-law
* [[Naihe Kukui|Captain Jack Naihe Kukui]], governor and royal pilot
* [[Boki]], governor
* [[Hoapili]], royal advisor, governor, and Commander-in-Chief
* [[William Pitt Kalanimoku]], Commander-in-Chief and Prime Minister
* [[Lorrin A. Thurston]], lawyer and publisher
* [[Robert William Wilcox]], soldier
* [[John Young of Hawaii|John Young {{okina}}Olohana]], royal advisor
* [[Isaac Davis of Hawaii|Isaac Davis {{okina}}Aikake]], royal advisor
* [[Benjamin Dillingham]], businessman and industrialist
* [[Asher B. Bates]], Attorney General
* [[Curtis Iaukea]], Secretary of Foreign Affairs
'''Religious leaders'''<br>
* [[Father Damien]], Catholic missionary
* [[Louis Maigret]], Catholic bishop
* [[Thomas Nettleship Staley]], Anglican bishop
* Jacob Korchinsky, Russian Orthodox missionary priest
==See also==
* [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)]], Committee of Safety
* [[Republic of Hawaii]], Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i
* [[Orthodox Church in Hawaii]], History of the Orthodox Christian Church in the Hawaiian Islands
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.janesoceania.com/hawaii_monarchy/index.htm Monarchy in Hawaii Part 1]
*[http://www.janesoceania.com/hawaii_monarchy1/index.htm Monarchy in Hawaii Part 2]
*[http://www.innerself.com/nyp/naturalhawaii/history/colonialhistory.htm Hawaii a colony or a monarchy]
*[http://thehawaiianportal.com/monarchs.php Early Hawaiian Monarchy]
*[http://www.mindfulnessclasses.com/hawaii2.htm]
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/81524598@N00/457536516/ Royal Family of Hawaii]
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/cosmorific/444433723/ Aliilani]
*[http://www.angelfire.com/nv2/citeaux/kalaupapa/royalty.html HAWAIIAN ROYALTY]
{{Hawaii history}}
[[Category:Former countries in Oceania|Hawaii, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Oceania|Hawaii, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:History of Hawaii]]
[[Category:1810 establishments]]
[[de:Könige von Hawaii]]
[[es:Reino de Hawái]]
[[fr:Royaume de Hawaii]]
[[gl:Reino das Hawaii]]
[[id:Kerajaan Hawaii]]
[[he:ממלכת הוואי]]
[[nl:Koninkrijk Hawaï]]
[[ja:ハワイ王国]]
[[nds:List vun de Königen vun Hawaii]]
[[pl:Królestwo Hawajów]]
[[sk:Havajské kráľovstvo]]
[[sv:Konungadömet Hawaii]]
[[zh:夏威夷王國]]