Kingdom of Scotland
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Revert to revision 223270994 dated 2008-07-03 10:08:27 by Lightbot using [[:en:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]
{{otheruses4|the historical Kingdom of Scotland (843-1707)|the modern country|Scotland}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = <!--
--><small>''Rìoghachd na h-Alba''{{spaces|2}}{{resize|75%|([[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]] )}}<br/><!--
-->''Kinrick o Scotland''{{spaces|2}}{{resize|75%|([[Scots Language|Scots]])</small>}}
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Scotland
|common_name = Scotland
|continent =Europe
|region = British Isles
|country = Scotland
|year_start = 843
|year_end = 1707
|date_start =
|date_end = May 1
|event_start = United
|event1= [[Lothian]] and [[Strathclyde]] incorporated
|date_event1= 1124 (confirmed [[Treaty of York]], 1237)
|event2= [[Galloway]] incorporated
|date_event2= 1234/5
|event3= [[Hebrides]], [[Isle of Man]] and [[Caithness]] incorporated
|date_event3= 1266 ([[Treaty of Perth]])
|event4= [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]] annexed
|date_event4= 1472
|event_end = [[Act of Union 1707|Acts of Union]]
|p1 =Picts
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = Kingdom of Great Britain
|flag_s1 = Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg
|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg
|image_coat = Royal coat of arms of Scotland.svg
|symbol=Royal coat of arms of Scotland
|symbol_type=Royal coat of arms
|image_map = Europe location SCO 3.png
|image_map_caption = {{map_caption|location_color=orange|region=[[Europe]]|region_color=white}}
|national_motto = <SMALL>''[[In My Defens God Me Defend]]'' ([[Scots language|Scots]]) (Often shown abbreviated as '''''IN DEFENS''''')</SMALL>
|capital = [[Edinburgh]]¹
|common_languages = [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]], [[Scots language|Scots]]
|government_type = Monarchy
|title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Scotland|Monarch]]
|leader1 = [[Kenneth I of Scotland|Kenneth I]]
|year_leader1= 843-858
|leader2= [[James I of England|James VI]]
|year_leader2=1567–1625
|leader3= [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]]
|year_leader3= 1702-1707
|legislature=Parliament of Scotland
|stat_year1=
|stat_area1=
|stat_pop1 =
|currency = [[Pound Scots]] (Pund)
|footnotes=¹ By the early modern era established at Edinburgh, and before that [[Scone]] & various.
}}
The '''Kingdom of Scotland''' ([[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]]: ''Rìoghachd na h-Alba'', [[Scots language|Scots]]: ''Kinrick o Scotland'') was a [[state]] in northwest [[Europe]] which existed from 843 until 1707. It occupied the northern third of the island of [[Great Britain]] and shared a [[Anglo-Scottish border|land border]] to the south with the [[Kingdom of England]], with which it was united to form a unified [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], under the terms of the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]], in 1707. Since 1482, following England's taking control of the coastal town of [[Berwick upon Tweed|Berwick]], the territory of the Kingdom of Scotland corresponded to that of modern day [[Scotland|Scotland's]]. It was bounded by the [[North Sea]] to the east, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the north and west, and the [[North Channel (British Isles)|North Channel]] and [[Irish Sea]] to the southwest. Apart from the mainland, the Kingdom of Scotland consisted of over 790 [[List of islands of Scotland|islands]].
[[Edinburgh]], the country's largest town, was preceded by the towns of [[Scone]], [[Dunfermline]] and [[Stirling]], as the country's [[capital]]. The population of the Kingdom of Scotland in 1700 was approximately 1.1 million.
==History==
{{main|History of Scotland}}
The Kingdom of Scotland was united in 843, by King [[Cináed I of Scotland]]. Over the next 850 years it developed its own legal and educational systems, which still exist to this day, as well as separate [[Pound Scots|monetary]] and [[Obsolete Scottish units of measurement|measurement]] systems. At first the kingdom was confined to the area north of the Rivers [[River Forth|Forth]] and [[River Clyde|Clyde]]. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]] [[Brython|Britons]]. Southeast Scotland was under the control from around 638 of the proto-English kingdom of [[Bernicia]], then of the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]]. This part of Scotland was contested from the time of [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] and finally fell into Scottish hands in 1018, when [[Máel Coluim II of Scotland|Máel Coluim II]] pushed the border as far south as the [[River Tweed]]. This remains the south-eastern border to this day (except around [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]]).
[[Image:Alexander III and Ollamh Rígh.JPG|thumb|left|<small>Coronation of Alexander III on [[Moot Hill]], [[Scone, Perth and Kinross|Scone]], the ancient capital and coronation site of Scottish kings. He is greeted by the ''ollamh rígh'', (royal poet), who addresses him with the proclamation "''benach De re albanne''" ("''Beannachd Dé Rígh Alban''","God Bless the King of Scotland"); the poet then recites Alexander's genealogy.]]</small>
In 1263 Scotland and [[Norway]] fought the [[Battle of Largs]] for control over the Western Isles. The battle was indecisive, but the campaign proved once and for all that the Norse were unable to retain effective control over the distant Isles. In 1266 the Norwegian king [[Magnus VI of Norway]] signed the [[Treaty of Perth]], which acknowledged Scottish suzerainty over the islands. Despite the treaty the practical independence of the [[Lord of the Isles]] continued.
The [[Auld Alliance]] was an important alliance between Scotland and [[France]]. It dates from the treaty signed by [[John Balliol]] and [[Philip IV of France]] in 1295. It played a varying but sometimes large role in Franco-Scottish (and [[Kingdom of England|English]] affairs), until 1560. In 1512 under a treaty extending the Auld Alliance, all nationals of Scotland and France also became nationals of each other's countries, a status not repealed in France until 1903 and which may never have been repealed in Scotland.
Scotland's kings placed great importance on the strategic stronghold of [[Stirling]], leading to the battles of [[battle of Stirling Bridge|Stirling Bridge]] and [[Battle of Bannockburn|Bannockburn]] during the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]], when the historic figures of [[William Wallace]] and [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]] emerged. In 1320 a remonstrance to the Pope from the nobles of Scotland (the [[Declaration of Arbroath]]) finally convinced [[Pope John XXII]] to overturn the earlier excommunication and nullify the various acts of submission by Scottish kings to English ones so that Scotland's sovereignty could be recognised by the major European dynasties.
In 1468 the last great acquisition of Scottish territory occurred when [[James III of Scotland|James III]] married [[Margaret of Denmark]], receiving the [[Orkney Islands]] and the [[Shetland Islands]] in payment of her [[dowry]] and in 1493 his son, [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]], successfully ended the quasi-independent rule of the [[Lord of the Isles]], bringing the Western Isles under effective Royal control for the first time.
James IV's reign is often considered to be a period of cultural flourishing, and it was around this period that the European [[Renaissance]] began to infiltrate Scotland. Scotland advanced markedly in educational terms during the fifteenth century with the founding of the [[University of St Andrews]] in 1413, the [[University of Glasgow]] in 1450 and the [[University of Aberdeen]] in 1494, and with the passing of the [[Education Act 1496]].
[[Image:John Knox.jpg|left|thumb|John Knox]]
During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a [[Scottish Reformation|Protestant Reformation]]. In the earlier part of the century, the teachings of first [[Martin Luther]] and then [[John Calvin]] began to influence Scotland. The execution of a number of Protestant preachers, most notably the Lutheran influenced [[Patrick Hamilton (martyr)|Patrick Hamilton]] in 1527 and later the Calvinist [[George Wishart]] in 1546 who were burnt at the stake in [[St Andrews]] by [[Cardinal Beaton]] for [[heresy]], did nothing to stem the growth of these ideas. Beaton was assassinated shortly after the execution of George Wishart.
The eventual Reformation of the Scottish Church, was carried out by [[Scottish Reformation Parliament|Parliament]] from 1560 (during the minority of [[Mary Queen of Scots]]) when most Scots adopted [[Calvinism]]. The most influential figure was that of [[John Knox]], who had been a disciple of both John Calvin and George Wishart. [[Roman Catholicism]] was not totally eliminated, and remained strong particularly in parts of the [[Scottish highlands|highlands]].
[[Image:Kingdom of scotland royal arms.svg|thumb|right|Royal Coat of Arms of the King of Scots, as used prior to the [[Union of the Crowns]] in 1603]] In 1603 [[James I of England|James VI King of Scots]], became [[james I of England|King James I of England]] thus Scotland entered into a [[personal union]] with [[England]] and [[Ireland]]. The seventeenth century saw a period of unrest in Scotland, religious Confrontation in Scotland with [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], who attempted to impose English-style prayer books on the Scottish church, led to the setting up of the [[National Covenant]], and later to the [[Bishops' Wars]], the [[Scottish Civil War]] and [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]. From 1651-1660 Scotland was occupied by a [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwellian]] army under [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]].
In 1689 the Dutch Prince William of Orange became [[William III of Orange|William II, King of Scots]]. Whilst the "[[Glorious Revolution]]" was primarily an English event, it had a great impact on Scottish history. The [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]] offered the [[Crown of Scotland]] which William accepted under the conditions of the ''[[Claim of Right]]'' (an important document in the evolution of the rule of law and the rights of subjects similar to the English [[Bill of Rights]]).
Many Scots supported William, but many (particularly in the Highlands) remained sympathetic to James VII. His cause, which became known as [[Jacobitism]] from the [[Latin]] 'Jacobus', meaning 'James', spawned a series of uprisings. An initial Jacobite rising under [[John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee]] (''[[Bonnie Dundee]]'') defeated William's forces at the [[Battle of Killiecrankie]] in 1689, but Dundee was slain in the fighting, and the Jacobite army was soon defeated at the [[Battle of Dunkeld]]. The complete defeat of James VII in Ireland by William at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in 1690, followed by the [[Massacre of Glencoe]] in 1692, succeeded in finally persuading those remaining Highland [[Scottish clan|Clan]] Chieftains reluctant to pledge allegiance to William to reconsider their positions.
The late 17th century was economically difficult for Scotland. The bad harvests of the ''seven ill years'' or ''lean years'' in the 1690s led to severe famine and depopulation. English protectionism kept Scots traders out of the new colonies, and English foreign policy disrupted trade with France. As a result many Scots emigrated to [[Ulster]] (the [[Ulster-Scots]]). The Parliament of Scotland of 1695 enacted a number of remedies for the desperate economic situation, including setting up the [[Bank of Scotland]]. The ''Act for the Settling of Schools'' established a parish-based system of public education throughout Scotland. The [[Company of Scotland]] received a charter to raise capital through public subscription to trade with Africa and the Indies. By the early eighteenth century, Scotland was a kingdom in crisis. Her economy had been severely weakened by a series of major harvest failures beginning. The ''lean years'' of the 1690s were compounded by the catastrophic failure of the [[Darien Scheme]], deliberately sabotaged by the combined efforts of the English [[British East India Company|East India Company]], the international financial markets at [[Amsterdam]] and King William, it is estimated that almost 25% of Scotland's total liquid capital was lost in the Darien venture.
==Government==
{{main|Parliament of Scotland|Monarchs of Scotland}}
[[Image:Kingdom of Scotland Map.PNG|thumb|left|Kingdom of Scotland in the 16th century; note, until the later Middle Ages, the traditional capital was at [[Scone, Perthshire|Scone]].]][[Image:Parliament House, Edinburgh.JPG|thumb|right|[[Parliament House, Edinburgh|Parliament House]] in [[Edinburgh]]]]
The political structure of [[Scotland]] was historically complex. During most of the existence of the Kingdom of the Scots, however, a single monarch, or [[High King]] was recognized. Under the [[suzerainty]] of the High King, there were [[Scottish clan|chieftains]], and [[petty kings]], and offices filled through selection by an [[Deliberative assembly|assembly]] under a system known as [[tanistry]], which combined an [[hereditary]] element with the consent of those ruled. Usually, the candidate was nominated by the current office holder on the approach of death, and his heir-elect was known as the tanist, from the [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] ''tànaiste''.
After [[Macbeth I of Scotland|Macbeth]] was overthrown by [[Máel Coluim III of Scotland|Máel Coluim III]] in 1057, and during the reign of King [[David I of Scotland|David I]], the influence of [[Normans|Norman]] settlers in Scotland saw [[primogeniture]] adopted as the means of succession in Scotland, as in much of Western Europe, and witnessed the development of a 'hybrid kingdom', one part of which was governed by a mixture of a [[feudal]] government, the other following traditional [[Celt]]ic customary law. These early assemblies cannot be considered 'parliaments' in the later sense of the word.
Originally, Scots owed their allegiance primarily to their Clan chieftain, or to the laird, thus the High King consistently had to keep them of favorable disposition, or else risk armed conflict.
The [[Parliament of Scotland]], was the legislature. The members were collectively referred to as the [[Estates of the realm|"Three Estates"]] for nearly all of the parliament's history. It was composed of the first estate of prelates (bishops and abbots), the second estate of lords (dukes, earls, parliamentary peers and lay tenants-in-chief), and the third estate of burgh commissioners. From the sixteenth century, the second estate was reorganised by the selection of shire commissioners. This has been argued to have created a 'fourth estate', while a 'fifth estate', composed of royal office holders, has also been identified. These identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless of these distinctions and controversial demarcation lines with the body, the term used for the assembled members continued to be 'the Three Estates'. The Parliament was a unicameral assembly.
The Scottish parliament is first found on record during the early thirteenth century, and the first meeting for which reliable evidence survives (referred to, like the English parliament, as a ''[[colloquium]]'' in the surviving Latin records), was at [[Kirkliston]], in 1235, during the reign of [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]].
The two most powerful periods of the Scottish Parliament's existence can be defined as 1639-51 and 1689-1707. During the era of [[Covenanter|Covenanting control]], the Scottish Parliament emerged as a mature political and institutional forum, and was one of the most powerful assemblies in Europe. Drawing on the Scottish Constitutional Settlement of 1640-41, a programme of constitutional reform was renewed from 1689, when it passed the [[Claim of Right]], onwards. The last session sat on [[25 May]], [[1707]], after which the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] assumed responsibility for Scottish affairs, under the terms of the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]], with effect from [[1 May]], 1707.
==Union with England==
[[Image:JamesIEngland.jpg|thumb|left|'''James VI''' [[King of Scots]], [[King of England]] and [[King of Ireland]]]]
Scotland's monarch, [[James I of England|James VI, King of Scots]], succeeded to the throne of the [[Kingdom of England]] in 1603, becoming [[James I of England|King James I of England]], after the death of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I of England]]. This was merely a [[personal union]]: the two nations shared a [[head of state]] but retained their own separate parliaments and administration.
While there had been three earlier attempts (in 1606, 1667 and 1689) to politically unite the two countries by Acts of Parliament, these were the first Acts which had the will of both political establishments behind them, albeit for rather different reasons. In the English case, the purpose was to establish the Royal succession along [[Protestant]] lines in the same manner as provided for by the English [[Act of Settlement 1701]] rather than that of the Scottish [[Act of Security]]. In the Scottish case, the purpose was partly to use English subsidies to recover from the financial problems caused by the failure of the [[Darién scheme]] and partly to remove English trade sanctions put in place through the [[Alien Act 1705|Alien Act]] to force the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scots Parliament]] into compliance with the Act of Settlement.
A major feature of English politics from 1702 to 1707 was the necessity of securing the Hanoverian Succession. The death of King William in 1702 resulted in the succession of [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] to the crowns of England and Scotland. Anne's last surviving child had died in 1700 and the English Act of Settlement had passed the English Succession over to the [[Protestant]] [[House of Hanover]]. Since it was unthinkable that Scotland and England should again have separate monarchs, the securing of the Hanoverian Succession in Scotland became the primary objective in English strategic thinking towards Scotland. By 1703 the Anglo-Scottish dynastic union, the [[Union of the Crowns]], was in crisis. The Scottish Parliament was pursuing both an independent dynastic and foreign policy and the Scottish Act of Security allowed for the Scottish Parliament to choose a different monarch to succeed to the Scottish crown from that of [[Kingdom of England|England]], if it so wished. Many in Scotland saw this as a desirable position given that the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]] had executed [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] during the [[English Civil War]] without any reference to the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]], despite Charles also being [[King of Scots]]. This meant that the Act allowed for the Scottish Parliament to initiate an independent foreign policy during an era of major European warfare like the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] and the [[Great Northern War]]. From the English political perspective, this opened up the possibilities of the restoration of a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] on the Scottish throne or a Scottish trading and/or military alliance with another power in Europe like [[France]] or the [[Dutch Republic]]. Such an alignment could result in attacks from Scotland, [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] and the continent and compromise English interests abroad. Hence the political union was pursued by both parilaments, albeit for different reasons.
The Kingdom of Scotland ceased to exist on [[1 May]] [[1707]], following passage of the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]], which merged Scotland with England thereby creating the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. The Acts incorporated provisions for Scotland to send [[Peers and Parliament|representative peer]]s from the [[Peerage of Scotland]] to sit in the [[House of Lords]]. It guaranteed that the [[Church of Scotland]] would remain the established church in Scotland, that the [[Court of Session]] would "remain in all time coming within Scotland" and that [[Scots law]] would "remain in the same force as before". Other provisions included the restatement of the [[Act of Settlement 1701]] and the ban on [[Roman Catholics]] from taking the throne. It also created a [[customs union]] and [[monetary union]]. The Act provided that any "laws and statutes" that were "contrary to or inconsistent with the terms" of the Act would "cease and become void." So the Scottish parliament succeeded in getting a number of concessions.
==Flag==
[[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|thumb|right|The [[Flag of Scotland]]]]
[[Image:Union Jack 1606 Scotland.svg|thumb|right|'Scotch' [[Union Flag]]<ref><br>
"Discover the Flag of Scotland ." Scotland.com. 1 5 Mar. 2008 <http://www.scotland.com/flag/>.</ref>]]
[[Image:Lionrampant.svg|right|thumb|The [[Royal Standard of Scotland|Lion Rampant]]]]
The '''flag of Scotland''' features a white [[saltire]], a ''crux decussate'' (X-shaped cross) representing the [[cross]] of the [[Christian]] [[martyr]] [[Saint Andrew]], the [[patron saint]] of [[Scotland]], on a blue field. It is named the '''Saltire''' or the '''Saint Andrew's Cross'''. In [[heraldry|heraldic]] language, it may be [[blazon]]ed ''[[Azure]], a saltire [[argent]]''. The flag of Scotland is one of the oldest [[flag]]s in the world, traditionally dating back to the 9th century, and is the oldest [[national flag]] still in modern use.
Following the Union of the Crowns in 1603, King James I & VI commissioned new designs for a banner incorporating the flags of the Kingdom of Scotland and [[Kingdom of England]]. In 1606, a [[Union Flag]] was commissioned, with separate versions being used in each independent kingdom. The 'Scotch' version, showing the Cross of Saint Andrew overlying the Cross of [[Saint George]], saw limited use in Scotland from 1606 to 1707. The reverse was the case in England, with the 'English' version ultimately being adopted as the flag of the unified [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] from 1707.
The [[Royal Standard of Scotland]], also known as the [[Lion Rampant]], was the flag of the [[King of Scotland|King of Scots]], a banner of the [[Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland]]. It remains the personal banner of the monarch and use of this flag is restricted under the Act of the [[Parliament of Scotland]] 1672 cap. 47 and 30 & 31 Vict. cap. 17. Its correct use is now restricted to only a few Great Officers who officially represent The Sovereign, and flies above Royal Residences in Scotland when the monarch is not in residence.
==References==
<references />
Williams , Peter N. "Chapter 2: The Kingdom of Scotland." Britannia's Guide To Scotland. 1 14 Feb. 2008 <http://www.britannia.com/celtic/scotland/scot3.html>.
"Discover the Flag of Scotland ." Scotland.com. 1 5 Mar. 2008 <http://www.scotland.com/flag/>.
== See also ==
*[[Origins of the Kingdom of Alba]]
*[[List of monarchs of Scotland]]
*[[List of monarchs of Scotland in Gaelic]]
*[[Scottish monarchs family tree]]
*[[Royal Consorts of Scotland]]
*[[Parliament of Scotland]]
*[[Royal Scottish Navy]]
*[[Honours of Scotland]]
*[[Linlithgow Palace]]
*[[Falkland Palace]]
*[[Bank of Scotland]]
*[[Scottish Term Day]]
*[[Pound Scots]]
*[[Obsolete Scottish units of measurement]]
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
| width="25%" align="center" |'''Kingdom of Scotland'''<br> <small>c843-1707</small>
| width="25%" align="center" |''Succeeded by:''<br>[[Kingdom of Great Britain]]<br><small>1707-1801</small>
| width="25%" align="center" |''Succeeded by:''<br>[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]<br><small>1801-1921</small>
| width="25%" align="center" |''Succeeded by:''<br>[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]<br><small>since 1921</small>
|}
</center>
{{Scotland topics}}
[[Category:History of Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish monarchy]]
[[af:Koninkryk van Skotland]]
[[ca:Regne d'Escòcia]]
[[cy:Teyrnas yr Alban]]
[[es:Reino de Escocia]]
[[fr:Royaume d'Écosse]]
[[ko:스코틀랜드 왕국]]
[[id:Kerajaan Skotlandia]]
[[it:Regno di Scozia]]
[[he:ממלכת סקוטלנד]]
[[hu:Skót Királyság]]
[[nl:Koninkrijk Schotland]]
[[pl:Królestwo Szkocji]]
[[pt:Reino da Escócia]]
[[simple:Kingdom of Scotland]]
[[fi:Skotlannin kuningaskunta]]
[[th:ราชอาณาจักรสกอตแลนด์]]
[[zh:苏格兰王国]]