Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
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2008-07-15T18:36:57Z
Tamfang
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/* Aragonese and Spanish direct rule */ improve English, again
{{other uses|Two Sicilies (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = {{Collapsible list
|title = <center> Kingdom of the Two Sicilies <center>
|<center> {{lang|it|'''Regno delle Due Sicilie'''}} {{it icon}} </center>
<center> {{lang|nap|'''Regno d’’e Ddoje Sicilie'''}} {{nap icon}}</center>
<center> {{lang|scn|'''Regnu dî Dui Sicili'''}} {{scn icon}} </center>}}
|common_name = Two Sicilies
|
|continent = Europe
|country = Italy
|region = Italy
|government_type = Monarchy
|
|year_start = 1816
|year_end = 1861
|
|event_start =
|date_start = 12 December
|event_end = Italian unification
|date_end = 12 February
|p1 = Kingdom of Sicily
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Kingdom of Sicily.svg
|p2 = Kingdom of Naples
|flag_p2 = Flag of the Kingdom of Naples.svg
|s1 = Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
|flag_s1 = Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946).svg
|
|image_flag = Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1738).svg
|flag =
|flag_type = Flag of the Two Sicilies
|
|image_coat = Coat of arms of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.svg
|
|image_map = Location of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies-it.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
|
|capital = Naples
|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW=
|
|national_motto =
|national_anthem = [[Inno al Re]]
|common_languages = official language [[Italian language|Italian]]. Other languages: [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]
|religion =
|currency =
|leader1 = [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]]
|leader2 = [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies|Francis II]]
|leader3 =
|leader4 =
|year_leader1 = 1816-1825
|year_leader2 = 1859-1861
|year_leader3 =
|year_leader4 =
|stat_year1 = 1860
|stat_area1 = 111900
|stat_pop1 = 8703000
|currency = Two Sicilies piastra
}}
The '''Kingdom of the Two Sicilies''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]: '''''Regno delle Due Sicilie'''''), commonly known as just the '''Two Sicilies''',<ref>{{cite book | last =Swinburne | first = Henry | title =Travels in the Two Sicilies (1790)| publisher = British Library| url =http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=dgALAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22two+sicilies%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=T9tFlAm7Ya&sig=uZsnUMvPvae69bEivQqUzFNZVQs}} In this book the term is a geographical expression, before the territory was within a single state.</ref> was the name of a [[kingdom]] in [[Europe]]. The most common definition of the kingdom's extent is that it was a uniting of two much older kingdoms in the [[Mediterranean]] that had shared some common history: the [[Kingdom of Naples]], on the southern part of the [[Italian Peninsula]], and the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], located on the island of [[Sicily]]. The capital city of the combined kingdom was [[Naples]].
Technically, the kingdom was established in the Edict of Bayonne in 1808, under Bonapartist king [[Joachim Murat]]; he was officially titled ''"King of the two Sicilies"'', although ''[[de facto]]'' he controlled only the kingdom commonly known as Naples.<ref name="colletta">{{cite book | last = Colletta | first = Pietro | title =History of the Kingdom of Naples (1858)| publisher = University of Michigan | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=7IM2AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Edict+of+Bayonne%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tolentino815.it/paginaeng2949.aspx|publisher=Tolentino815.it|title=The Battle of Tolentino > Joachim Murat|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> It was put into actual practice by [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] king [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]] in 1816, uniting the two much older kingdoms he owned, established with the aid of a [[concordat]] with the [[Papal States]], which previously had feudal rights on the land.<ref>{{cite book | last = Blanch | first = L| title =Luigi de' Medici come uomo di stato e amministratore| publisher = Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane | url =http://www.murat.it/Libri/Bibliogafia%20della%20Valente.htm}}</ref>
The [[French Revolutionary Wars|French Revolutionary]] invasion of the Kingdom of Naples had seen that area under two Bonapartist [[Kings of Naples]] for around a decade. After the mainland kingdom was won back for the Bourbons during the [[Neapolitan War]], thanks to their allies [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], Ferdinand agreed to unite his two historic kingdoms at the [[Congress of Vienna]] as a matter of necessity and an act of solidarity.
Although the origins of the two kingdoms are ancient, in its united Two Sicilies form it existed from 1816 until 1860. There had been some rebellions on the island of [[Sicily]] against the Bourbon king [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand II]] which would lead to the [[Expedition of the Thousand]] a decade later. The invasion by the [[House of Savoy|Savoy]] [[kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]], led by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]], led to the [[Italian unification]] in 1860: deposing [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies|Francis II]] and dissolving the Kingdom of Two Sicilies in highly controversial circumstances.
==History==
===Origins===
{{main|Kingdom of Sicily|Kingdom of Naples}}
[[Image:Chapelle Palatine.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Cappella Palatina]], church of first uniter [[Roger II of Sicily]].]]
The territories later known as Two Sicilies were first united as a single kingdom by the [[Normans|Norman]] king [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]], who formed the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] by combining the [[County of Sicily]] with the southern part of the Italian Peninsula (then known as the [[Duchy of Apulia and Calabria]]) as well as the [[Maltese Islands]]. The capital of this kingdom was [[Palermo]], on the actual island of [[Sicily]]. The state existed in that form from 1130 until 1285.
In the reign of the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] king [[Charles I of Naples|Charles I]],
the kingdom was split by the [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]].<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
Charles, who was ultimately of [[France|French]] origin, lost Sicily proper to the [[List of Aragonese monarchs|Aragonese]], who were ultimately [[Catalonia|Catalan]], with support from the natives.<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
Charles remained king over the peninsular part of the realm, thereafter informally known as the [[Kingdom of Naples]]; officially he never gave up the "Kingdom of Sicily" name, and thus there were two kingdoms calling themselves "Sicily".<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
===Aragonese and Spanish direct rule===
{{main|Crown of Aragon|Spanish Empire}}
[[Image:Imperi de la Corona d'Aragó.png|thumb|left|180px|Aragonese Empire, fullest extent.]]
It wasn't until the [[Peace of Caltabellotta]] in 1302, sponsored by [[Pope Boniface VIII]], that the two kings of "Sicily" recognized each other's legitimacy; the island kingdom then became the "[[Kingdom of Trinacria]]" in an official context, though the populance still called it Sicily.<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
Eventually by 1442 the Angevin line of [[Kings of Naples]] was coming to an end, [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], whose [[Crown of Aragon|realm]] included insular Sicily, conquered Naples and became king of both. His regnal titles in [[Latin]] included the phrase ''Utriusque Siciliae'', meaning "and of each of the two Sicilies".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-14661/Alfonso-V|publisher=Britannica.com|title=Alfonso V, or Alfonso el Magnánimo|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> After the death of Alfonso, both remained under direct rule from the [[Crown of Aragon]], but Naples had a different Aragonese king to the island of Sicily from 1458 until 1501.
For a brief period Naples was controlled by a different power than Sicily, in the form of French king [[Louis XII of France]] who took the mainland kingdom and held it for around three years. After the [[Battle of Garigliano (1503)|Battle of Garigliano]], led by the last Aragonese king [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], the two areas were once again under control of the same power and the exact same king.
From 1516 when [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] became the first [[King of Spain]], both Naples and Sicily were under direct Spanish rule. It was during this era that Charles V granted the islands of [[Malta]] and [[Gozo]], which had been part of the Kingdom of Sicily for four centuries, to the [[Knights Hospitaller]] (thereafter known as the [[Order of Malta]]).
The period of direct Spanish rule under the same line of kings lasted until 1713, when Spain and both Sicilies passed to [[Philip V of Spain|Philip, duke of Anjou]], who founded the Spanish branch of the [[House of Bourbon]].
Briefly interrupted by an eight year spell of [[Savoy]] rule of Sicily, the two kingdoms fell under the same king after the [[Treaty of The Hague (1720)|Treaty of The Hague]], as [[Austrian]] king [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]] was named ruler.
===Uniting of the Crowns===
[[Image:Ferdinand IV of Naples.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]].]]
The kingdoms were conquered by a young Bourbon prince called [[Charles III of Spain|Charles VII of Naples]] during the [[War of the Polish Succession]]. The two kingdoms were recongised as both independent and under Charles' rule as a [[cadet]] branch of the Spanish Bourbons by the [[Treaty of Vienna]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm|publisher=RealCasaDiBorbone.it|title= Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> After Charles inherited the Spanish Crown in 1759, his son [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand]] became king of the two kingdoms. He was highly popular with the ''[[Naples Lazzaroni|lazzaroni]]'' class. Ferdinand's reign was highly eventful. For a brief period the [[Parthenopaean Republic]] was instated in Naples by [[French Revolution]] supporters: a [[counter-revolutionary]] army of ''lazzaroni'' retook [[Naples]] for the Bourbons.<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
[[Image:Murat2.jpg|thumb|left|145px|[[Joachim Murat]].]]
However only eight years later, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] conquered the peninsula part of the kingdom during the [[War of the Third Coalition]] and instated his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]] as king.<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples - Neapolitan War 1815|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
Ferdinand fled to his other kingdom, on the island of Sicily itself; here the alliance he had previously made with [[George III of the United Kingdom]] and [[British Tory Party|Tory]] Prime Minister the [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Earl of Liverpool]] saved him.
The British protected Ferdinand and the island of Sicily from Napoleonic conquest with a powerful [[Royal Navy]] fleet presence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_05.htm|publisher=RealCasaDiBorbone.it|title= Ferdinand IV King of Naples and Sicily (Ferdinand I as King of the Two Sicilies)|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
Meanwhile, back on the mainland [[Joachim Murat]], had become the second [[Bonapartist]] king. In the ''Edict of Bayonne'' he was technically named as the first "King of the Two Sicilies",<ref name="colletta">{{cite book | last=Colletta | first=Pietro | title=History of the Kingdom of Naples (1858)| publisher=University of Michigan | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7IM2AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Edict+of+Bayonne%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0}}</ref> though ''de facto'' he never actually held the island of Sicily where Ferdinand was, and is usually referred to as just a [[King of Naples]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ameliefr.club.fr/E-Murat.html|publisher=Emeliefr.club.fr|title=Joachim Murat, |date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
Murat had actually switched sides for a while, abandoning [[La Grande Armée]] after the disastrous [[Battle of Leipzig]] in an attempt to save his Neapolitan throne. However, as the [[Congress of Vienna]] progressed, tensions arose as there was strong pressure to restore Ferdinand to the Neapolitan kingdom as well as keeping his Sicilian one.<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples - Neapolitan War 1815|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
Murat returned to Napoleon and together they declared war on [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], leading to the [[Neapolitan War]] in March 1815. Ferdinand and his allies Austria, Britain and [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]] were victorious, restoring him to his Neapolitan throne. To avoid further French attempts, it was agreed at the [[Congress of Vienna]] that Ferdinand would unite his two kingdoms for solidarity; becoming the first actual [[King of the Two Sicilies]] to control both parts of his united kingdom.<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples - Neapolitan War 1815|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref>
====Bourbon nation====
===Invasion by Sardinia===
Between 1816 and 1848 the island of [[Sicily]] experienced no less than three popular revolts against Bourbon rule, including the [[Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848|revolution of independence]] of 1848, when the island was fully independent of Bourbon control for 16 months.
Apart from having occurred at an interesting point in European history (see [[Revolutions of 1848]]), there is a clear link between this revolution and the more well known historical event that was to occur 11 years hence (the [[Italian unification|''Risorgimento'']]).
==Geography==
===Provinces===
On the [[Italian Peninsula]] there were twelve provinces of the Two Sicilies. The capital city of Naples was within the [[Terra di Lavoro]]. The island of Sicily itself had a special administrative status, with its base at [[Palermo]] (the "second city" of the kingdom), viewed as different and at a more prestigious standing than just a standard, much smaller Peninsula provinces.
<div style="font-size:100%">
{|
|width="10"|
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:100%"
|- style="font-size:110%;"
!width="10px"| !!width="180px"| Peninsula !!width="70px"| [[Capital]]
|-
| 1 ||[[Image:Abruzzo Ultra.png|20px]] [[Abruzzo Ultra]] || [[L'Aquila]]
|-
| 2 ||[[Image:Abruzzo Citra.png|20px]] [[Abruzzo Citra]] || [[Chieti]]
|-
| 3 ||[[Image:Terra di Lavoro.png|20px]] [[Terra di Lavoro]] || [[Naples]]
|-
| 4 ||[[Image:Contado di Molise.png|20px]] [[Contado di Molise]] || [[Campobasso]]
|-
| 5 ||[[Image:Principato Ultra.png|20px]] [[Principato Ultra]] || [[Benevento]]
|-
| 6 ||[[Image:Principato Citra.png|20px]] [[Principato Citra]] || [[Salerno]]
|-
| 7 ||[[Image:Province of Capitanata.png|20px]] [[Capitanata]] || [[Foggia]]
|-
| 8 ||[[Image:Province of Basilicata.png|20px]] [[Basilicata]] || [[Potenza]]
|-
| 9 ||[[Image:Terra di Bari.png|20px]] [[Terra di Bari]] || [[Bari]]
|-
| 10 ||[[Image:Terra di Otranto.png|20px]] [[Terra di Otranto]] || [[Lecce]]
|-
| 11 ||[[Image:Calabria Citra.png|20px]] [[Calabria Citra]] || [[Cosenza]]
|-
| 12 ||[[Image:Calabria Ultra.png|20px]] [[Calabria Ultra]] || [[Catanzaro]]
|-
|}
|width="30"|
|valign="top"|
<br>
[[Image:Provinces of Two Sicilies.png|350px|Provinces of the Kingdom]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:100%"
|- style="font-size:110%;"
!width="10px"| !!width="180px"| Insular !!width="70px"| [[Capital]]
|-
| 13 || [[Sicily]] || [[Palermo]]
|}
|}
</div>
==Monarchy==
===Kings of the Two Sicilies===
{{main|Monarchs of the Two Sicilies|Monarchs of Sicily|Monarchs of Naples}}
<div style="font-size:100%">
{|
|width="0"|
|valign="top"|
{| width=10% class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Image:Joachim_Murat,_King_of_the_Two_Sicilies.jpg|94px]]<br><center>[[Joachim Murat|Joachim I]]<br>[[House of Murat|Murat]]<br>1808–1815<br>
|-
|}
|width="10"|
|valign="top"|
{| width=10% class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Image:Ferdinand i twosicilies.jpg|90px]]<br><center>[[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]]<br>[[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]]<br>1816–1825<br>
|-
|}
|width="10"|
|valign="top"|
{| width=10% class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Image:Francis I of the Two Sicilies.jpg|95px]]<br><center>[[Francis I of the Two Sicilies|Francis I]]<br>Bourbon<br>1825–1830<br>
|-
|}
|width="10"|
|valign="top"|
{| width=10% class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Image:Fernando II de las Dos Sicilias 2.jpg|90px]]<br><center>[[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand II]]<br>Bourbon<br>1830–1859<br>
|-
|}
|width="10"|
|valign="top"|
{| width=10% class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Image:Franz2Sizilien.jpg|85px]]<br><center>[[Francis II of the Two Sicilies|Francis II]]<br>Bourbon<br>1859–1861<br>
|-
|}
|}
</div>
In 1860–1861 the kingdom was conquered by the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], and the title dropped. It is still claimed by the head of the [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]].
===Titles of King of the Two Sicilies===
Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies, of [[King of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], etc, [[Duchy of Parma|Duke of Parma]], Piacenza, [[Duke of Castro|Castro]], etc, Hereditary Grand Prince of Tuscany, etc
==House of Bourbon Two Sicilies in exile==
Some Sovereigns continued to maintain diplomatic relations with the exiled Court, including the [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Emperor of Austria]], the Kings of Bavaria, Württemberg and Hanover, the Queen of Spain, the [[Alexander II of Russia|Emperor of Russia]], and the Papacy.
==Heads of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies, 1861–present==
* 1861-1894: [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies|Francis II]]
* 1894-1934: [[Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta]]
* 1934-1960: [[Prince Ferdinando Pius, Duke of Calabria|Prince Ferdinando Pius]], Duke of Noto, later, Duke of Calabria
* 1960-1964: Disputed between [[Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro]] and [[Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria]]
* 1964-1966: Disputed between [[Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro]] and [[Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria]]
* 1966-2008: Disputed between [[Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Castro]] and [[Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria]]
* 2008-present: Disputed between [[Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro]] and [[Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria]]
Upon Ferdinando Pio's death in 1960, there was a dispute about who inherited the headship of the house. Ferdinando's next brother [[Carlos, Prince of Bourbon-Two Sicilies|Carlo]] had, in anticipation of his marriage to [[Mercedes, Princess of Asturias|the eldest sister]] and [[heir presumptive|heiress presumptive]] of King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]], signed the so-called ''Act of Cannes'' on [[14 December]] 1900:<blockquote>...Here present is His Royal Highness Prince Don Carlo our dearest loved Son and he has declared that he shall be entering into marriage with Her Royal Highness the Infanta Doña Maria Mercedes, Princess of the Asturias, and assuming by that marriage the nationality and quality of Spanish Prince, intends to renounce, and by this present act solemnly renounces for Himself and for his Heirs and Successors to any right and rights to the eventual succession to the Crown of the Two Sicilies and to all the Properties of the Royal House found in Italy and elsewhere and this according to our laws, constitutions and customs of the Family and in execution of the Pragmatic Decree of King Charles III, Our August ancestor, of the 6th October 1759, to whose prescriptions he declares freely and explicitly to subscribe to and obey.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://chivalricorders.org/royalty/bourbon/twosicilies/success.htm| title = ChivalricOrders.org| accessdate = 2000-October-10| author = [[Guy Stair Sainty|Sainty, Guy Stair]]| work = The Two Sicilies Succession| publisher = Guy Stair Sainty}}</ref></blockquote> The laws of the deposed Sicilian dynasty and Spain's Pragmatic Decree, however, required a renunciation only in very limited circumstances: the actual union of the Crown of the Two Sicilies in the person of the King of Spain or his [[heir apparent]], which had not happened in 1900 nor did it occur subsequently. Furthermore, this act was signed subsequent to the agreement by marriage contract between the Count of Caserta (the father of prince Carlo, then head of the Royal House in exile), and the Queen Regent of Spain, which specifically excluded the need for a dynastic renunciation to the non-existent throne. Prince Carlo was created an [[Infante]] of Spain, a title held by several other princes of the Two Sicilies in the past, but with his wife's death and the birth of a [[Prince of Asturias]] (and three other sons) to the King and Queen of Spain, the possibility of him becoming [[king consort]] and his son becoming both King of Spain and [[pretender]] to the Two Sicilies, receded. All the descendants of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies by his wife, Infanta Isabel, already enjoyed a right to the Spanish throne by virtue of the royal constitutions of 1837, 1845 and 1876.
===Calabria line===
Prince Carlo's son, Infante Don Alfonso, became the senior male of the house on the death of his uncle, Ferdinando Pio, Duke of Calabria, in 1960 and was proclaimed Head of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies, with the recognition of the Heads of the royal houses of Spain, Parma and Portugal, and the senior line (Bourbon) pretender to the throne of France. Prince Carlo and his descendants continued to be included as Princes of the Two Sicilies in the [[Almanach de Gotha]] from 1901-1944, and in the [[Libro d'Oro]] of the Italian Nobility from the first edition in 1907 until 1964, at which time the editor came out in support of the [[cadet line]] claimant. Infante Don Alfonso took the title of Duke of Calabria, considering that the title of Duke of Castro (a Farnese inheritance) had been lost with the sale of the last portions of the duchy to the Italian government in 1941 (a sale from which Prince Carlo received his portion of the proceeds, along with his brothers and sisters, although if the alleged renunciation of 1900 had been valid he would not have been entitled to do so). Prince Carlo married as his second wife, in 1907, Princess Louise of Orléans, and by her had a son (Carlos, killed in the [[Spanish Civil War]]) and three daughters (of whom Princess Maria Mercedes married [[Juan, Count of Barcelona]] and was the mother of King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]], and Princess Esperanza married [[Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza]]). The descent in the senior line is as follows:
* 1960-1964: [[Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria|Alfonso, Duke of Calabria]], Infante of Spain (married in 1936 to [[Alice, Duchess of Calabria|Princess Alice of Bourbon-Parma]], born 1917, daughter of [[Elias, Duke of Parma]])
* 1964-present: [[Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria|Carlos, Duke of Calabria]], Infante of Spain since 1994 (married in 1965 to [[Anne, Duchess of Calabria|Princess Anne of Orléans]], daughter of the late Count and Countess of Paris)
The latter's immediate heir is Pedro, Duke of Noto, married to D. Sofia de Landaluce y Melgarejo (a descendant through her mother of the Dukes of San Fernando de Quiroga).
Most of the rest of the Bourbon-Two Sicilies family rejected Alfonso's claims, however, and recognized Ranieri, the next surviving brother of Ferdinando Pio, as head of the house. Ranieri took the style of "Duke of Castro" as his title of pretence. The representatives of the junior branch are as follows:
* 1960-1966: [[Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro]] (Died 1973), married to Countess Carolina Zamoyska (whose mother was a Bourbon-Sicily princess).
* 1966-2008: [[Prince Ferdinand Maria, Duke of Castro]], who had one son and two daughters, including Princess Beatrice, the former wife of Prince [[Charles Napoléon]].
*2008-present: [[Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro]]
They also claim the office of the Grand Master of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George.
===Current lines of succession===
{{Order of Succession (Former Monarchies)}}
To Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro:
# Prince Antoine of the Two Sicilies (born 1929), married to Duchess Elizabeth of Wurttemberg
# Prince François of the Two Sicilies (born 1960), married to Countess Alexandra of [[Schönborn-Wiesentheid]]
# Prince Antoine of the Two Sicilies (born 2003)
# Prince Gennaro of the Two Sicilies (born 1966)
# Prince Casimir of the Two Sicilies (born 1938)
# Prince Louis of the Two Sicilies (born 1970) married to Christine Apovian
# Prince Alexander of the Two Sicilies (born 1974), a Catholic Priest
To Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria
# Prince Pedro, Duke of Noto married to D. Sofia de Landaluce y Melgarejo
# [[Prince Carlo, Duke of Calabria|Prince Carlo of the Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro]] (born 1963), married to [[Camilla Crociani]]
# Prince Antoine of the Two Sicilies (born 1929), married to Duchess Elizabeth of Wurttemberg
# Prince François of the Two Sicilies (born 1960), married to Countess Alexandra of [[Schönborn-Wiesentheid]]
# Prince Antoine of the Two Sicilies (born 2003)
# Prince Gennaro of the Two Sicilies (born 1966)
# Prince Casimir of the Two Sicilies (born 1938)
# Prince Louis of the Two Sicilies (born 1970) married to Christine Apovian
# Prince Alexander of the Two Sicilies (born 1974), a Catholic Priest
==Flags of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies==
<center><gallery>
Image:Flag of the Kingdom of Naples (1811).gif|First Two Sicilies' flag (1811-1815) returning [[Hauteville family|Hauteville]]'s coat of arms colors.
Image:Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1738).svg|1815-1848; 1849-1860 flag<ref>This flag was also adopted by Kingdom of Naples since 1738</ref>
Image:Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1848).svg|1848-49 flag
Image:Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1860).svg|1860-61 flag
</gallery></center>
[[Image:Arms of the flag of two sicilies.png|center|thumb|600px|Description of the arms appearing in the flag. Corrections: the upper part of the block marked "[[Flanders]]" is Burgundy Ancient; Burgundy Modern (as it is called in English; shown here as New Burgundy) includes a red-and-white border; the block marked "Two Sicilies" is only for Sicily proper (the other "Sicily" being the Angevin kingdom of Naples).]]
==Orders of knighthood==
*[[Order of St. Januarius]]
*[[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George]]
*[[Order of Saint George and Reunion]]
*[[Order of Saint Ferdinand and Merit]]
*[[Royal Order of Francis I]]
== See also ==
* [[Historical states of Italy]].
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
Some cultural websites about the history of Naples and Sicily:
===Cultural===
*[http://www.ilportaledelsud.org/ Brigantino - Il portale del Sud] - A massive Italian-language site dedicated to History, Culture and Arts of southern Italy. {{it icon}}
*[http://www.editorialeilgiglio.it/ Casa Editoriale Il Giglio] - An Italian publisher that focuses its production upon history, culture and the arts in the Two Sicilies. {{it icon}}
*[http://www.librerianeapolis.it/ Bookshop Neapolis] - The website of a bookshop, located in the heart of the historical center of Naples, specialized in History and Culture of Naples and Southern Italy (mainly in Italian). {{it icon}} / {{en icon}}
*[http://www.vocedimegaride.it/ La Voce di Megaride] - A website dedicated to Napoli and Southern Italy, by Marina Salvadore. {{it icon}}
*[http://www.angelomanna.it/ Associazione culturale "Amici di Angelo Manna"] - A website dedicated to the work of volcanic Angelo Manna, historian, poet, deputy. {{it icon}}
*[http://www.eleaml.altervista.org/index.html Fora! The e-journal of Nicola Zitara] - Large amount of articles about Southern Italy's Culture and History by prof. Nicola Zitara. {{it icon}}
*[http://www.regalis.com/ Regalis] Italian dynastic history, with sections on the House of the Two Sicilies. {{en icon}}
===Neo-Bourbon===
*[http://www.neoborbonici.it/ Associazione culturale neoborbonica] - Southern Italian "neo-Bourbonist" site, making a case for a positive view of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Mostly in Italian, some pages in English. {{it icon}} / {{en icon}}
*[http://www.ekeko.it/spagnuolo/ Edoardo Spagnuolo website] - A websites with many historical documents about the rebellions against invasion in 1860, with particular interest in the region of Irpinia. {{it icon}}
The headship of the house is in dispute between two branches of the family::
===Royal house===
*[http://www.realcasadiborbone.it The Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies, Head HRH Don Ferdinando Maria, Duke of Castro] {{it icon}} / {{en icon}} / {{fr icon}} / {{es icon}}
*[http://www.borbone-due-sicilie.org The Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies, Head HRH Infante Don Carlos, Duke of Calabria] {{it icon}} / {{en icon}}
{{Sicily}}
[[Category:Two Sicilies]]
[[Category:History of Sicily]]
[[Category:House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]
[[Category:Risorgimento]]
[[Category:Rival successions|Two Sicilies]]
[[ar:مملكة الصقليتان]]
[[bg:Кралство на двете Сицилии]]
[[ca:Regne de les Dues Sicílies]]
[[cs:Království obojí Sicílie]]
[[da:Begge Sicilier]]
[[de:Königreich beider Sizilien]]
[[es:Reino de las Dos Sicilias]]
[[eo:Reĝlando de la du Sicilioj]]
[[fr:Royaume des Deux-Siciles]]
[[ko:양시칠리아 왕국]]
[[id:Kerajaan Dua Sisilia]]
[[it:Regno delle Due Sicilie]]
[[he:ממלכת שתי הסיציליות]]
[[la:Regnum Utriusque Siciliae]]
[[hu:Két Szicília Királysága]]
[[nl:Koninkrijk der Beide Siciliën]]
[[ja:両シチリア王国]]
[[no:Begge Sicilier]]
[[nn:Dei to Sicilia]]
[[pl:Królestwo Obojga Sycylii]]
[[pt:Reino das Duas Sicílias]]
[[ru:Королевство Обеих Сицилий]]
[[scn:Regnu dî Dui Sicili]]
[[sk:Kráľovstvo oboch Sicílií]]
[[fi:Molempain Sisiliain kuningaskunta]]
[[sv:Bägge Sicilierna]]
[[th:ราชอาณาจักรทูซิชิลีส์]]
[[uk:Королівство Обох Сицилій]]
[[zh:兩西西里王國]]