Kirk 419013 225194927 2008-07-12T11:44:07Z Rror 6252166 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/82.21.49.26|82.21.49.26]] to last version by Vivio Testarossa (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Unreferenced|date=December 2007}} {{otheruses}} '''Kirk''' can mean "[[church]]" in general or the [[Church of Scotland]] in particular. Many place names and personal names are also derived from it. ==Basic meaning and etymology== As a [[common noun]], ''kirk'' is the [[Scots language|Scots]] and [[Scottish English]] word for '[[church]]', attested as a noun from the 14th century onwards, but as an element in placenames much earlier. Both words, ''kirk'' and ''church'', derive from the [[Koine Greek]] '''κυριακόν (δωμα)''' (kyriakon (dōma)) meaning ''Lord's (house)'', which was borrowed into the [[Germanic languages]] in late antiquity, possibly in the course of the [[Gothic missions]]. (Only a connection with the idiosyncrasies of [[Gothic language|Gothic]] explains how a Greek neuter noun became a Germanic feminine.) Whereas ''church'' displays [[Old English language|Old English]] [[palatalisation]], ''kirk'' is likely to be a [[loanword]] from [[Old Norse]] and thus has the original mainland Germanic consonants. Compare [[cognate]]s: [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] & [[Faroese language|Faroese]] ''kirkja''; [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ''kyrka''; [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] & [[Danish language|Danish]] ''kirke''; [[German language|German]] ''Kirche''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''kerk''; [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] ''tsjerke''; and borrowed into non-Germanic languages: [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ''kirik'' and [[Finnish language|Finnish]] ''kirkko''. ==Church of Scotland== As a [[proper noun]], ''The Kirk'' is an informal name for the [[Church of Scotland]], the country's national church. ''The Kirk of Scotland'' was in official use as the name of the Church of Scotland until the 17th century, and still today the term is frequently used in the press and everyday speech, though seldom in the Church's own literature. However, [[Kirk Session]] is still the standard term in church law for the court of elders in the local parish, both in the Church of Scotland and in any of the other Scottish Presbyterian denominations. ==Free Kirk== Even more commonly, ''The Free Kirk'' is heard as an informal name for the [[Free Church of Scotland (post 1900)|Free Church of Scotland]], an evangelical presbyterian church formed in 1843 when its founders withdrew from the Church of Scotland. See: * [[Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)]] * [[Free Church of Scotland (post 1900)]] ==High Kirk==<!-- This section is linked from [[City status in the United Kingdom]] --> ''High kirk'' is the term sometimes used to describe a congregation of the Church of Scotland which uses a building which was a [[cathedral]] prior to the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]]. As the Church of Scotland is not governed by [[Bishops in the Church of Scotland|bishops]], it also has no cathedrals in the episcopal sense of the word. In more recent times, the traditional names have been revived, so that in many cases both forms can be heard: [[St. Mungo's Cathedral, Glasgow|Glasgow Cathedral]], as well as the ''High Kirk of Glasgow'', and [[St. Giles' Cathedral]], as well as the ''High Kirk of Edinburgh''. The term High Kirk should, however, be used with some caution. Several towns have a congregation known as the High Kirk which have never been pre-Reformation Cathedrals. Examples include [[Paisley]], [[Dundee]] (where the High Kirk is not the historic [[Dundee Parish Church (St Mary's)]]), Old High St Stephen's in [[Inverness]] and Stevenston High Kirk in [[Ayrshire]]. (There is no connection with the term [[High Church]], which represents a grouping within Anglicanism.) ==Kirking ceremonies== The verb ''to kirk'', meaning 'to present in church', was probably first used for the annual church services of some Scottish town councils, known as the [[Kirking of the Council]]. Since the establishment of a Scottish Parliament in 1999, the [[Kirking of the Parliament]] has become a fixed ceremony at the beginning of a session. [http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/hrh_attends_the_kirking_of_the_scottish_parliament_969931870.html] In Nova Scotia, [[Kirking of the Tartan]] ceremonies have become an integral part of most Scottish Festivals and Highland Games. [http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Heritage/FSCNS/Scots_NS/Thr_Yrs/Kirking_Tartan.html] ==Place names== Like words meaning "church" in other languages, ''kirk'' is found as an element in many place names in [[Scotland]] and northern [[England]], and in countries with large [[Scottish expatriate]] communities. Examples include [[Falkirk]] or [[Kirkwall]] in Scotland, [[Kirkstall]] in England and [[Newkirk, Oklahoma]] in the United States. For a fuller list, see [[Kirk as a placename element]]. What may be slightly surprising is that this element is found not only in place names of Anglo-Saxon origin, but also in some Southern Scottish names of Gaelic origin such as [[Kirkcudbright]] (where the second element is the ''Gaelic'' form of "Cuthbert"). Here, the Gaelic element ''cil-'' (church, monk's cell) might be expected. The reason appears to be that ''kirk'' was borrowed into [[Galwegian Gaelic]], though it was never part of standard Scottish Gaelic. When the element appears in placenames in the former British empire, a distinction can be made between those where the element is productive (the place is named because of the presence of a church) and those where it is merely transferred (the place is named after a place in Scotland). [[Kirkland, Washington]] is an exception, being named after a person. The element ''kirk'' is also used in [[anglicisation]]s of continental European place names originally formed from one of the continental Germanic cognates. Thus [[Dunkirk]] ([[France]]) is a rendering of an original Dutch form, ''Duinkerke''. See: David Dorward, ''Scotland's Place-names'', 1995, p.82f. ISBN 1-873644-50-7 ==Personal names== ''Kirk'' is also in use as both a surname and a male forename. For lists of these, see [[Kirk (surname)]] and [[Kirk (given name)]]. Parallels in other languages are far rarer than with placenames, but English ''[[Church (disambiguation)|Church]]'' can also be a surname. [[Category:Church of Scotland]] [[de:Kirk]]