Klaipėda Region 749860 221638917 2008-06-25T12:12:38Z Hexagon1 281545 how is it dubious? (rm dubious tag) [[Image:Memelland 1923-1939.png|thumb|right|300px|Historical map of Memelland and the northern part of [[East Prussia]].]] [[Image:Flag of Memelland.png|thumb|right|300px|Historical flag of the Memelland from [[1919]] to [[1924]] and ''[[de facto]]'' until [[1939]].]] [[Image:Klaipeda stamps1920 23.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Postage stamps of the Klaipėda Region in use 1920-1925. The upper stamp is French with overprint in German "MEMEL". The other stamps are Lithuanian, one with overprint in Lithuanian and in German, the other without. The latter one was issued especially for postal use in the Klaipėda Region.]] The '''Klaipėda Region''' ({{lang-lt|Klaipėdos kraštas}}) or '''Memel Territory''' ({{lang-de|Memelland'' or ''Memelgebiet}}; {{lang-fr|Territoire de Memel}}) was defined by the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1920 when it was put under the administration of the [[Council of Ambassadors]]. The Memel Territory together with [[Saar (League of Nations)|Saar]] and [[Free City of Danzig|Danzig]] were put under the control of the [[League of Nations]] and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum. The original [[Scalovians|Scalovian]] and [[Curonians|Curonian]] territory was conquered around 1252 by the [[Teutonic Knights]], who constructed ''Memelburg'' ("Memel Castle") and the city of ''Memel'' (now [[Klaipėda]]). In 1422, a border was drawn up between Prussia and Lithuania under the [[Treaty of Melno]], and this border existed up to 1918. The then predominantly [[ethnic German]] (other ethnic groups, [[Prussian Lithuanians]] and [[Memellanders]] constituted the other ethnic groups) Memel Territory, situated between the river and the town of that name, was occupied by [[Lithuania]] in the "[[Klaipėda Revolt]]" of 1923, annexed by [[Nazi Germany]] in 1939, annexed by [[Soviet Union]] in 1946 and made a part of the [[Lithuanian SSR]] in 1948. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, it has been part of the [[Republic of Lithuania]] and contained within [[Klaipėda County|Klaipėda]] and [[Tauragė County|Tauragė Counties]]. The border, that was established by the [[Treaty of Versailles]] along the river, remains in effect as the current boundary between Lithuania and the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] of Russia. == Timeline == {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="margin:1em; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; font-size:100%; line-height:normal;" |- | colspan="2" |Timeline with changes of control over the territory |- | pre–[[1252]] || [[Curonians|Curonian]] and [[Scalovians|Scalovian]] tribes |- | [[1252]]–[[1525]] || [[Livonian Order]] and [[Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights]] |- | [[1525]]–[[1657]] || [[Duchy of Prussia]], a fief of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] |- | [[1657]]–[[1701]] || [[Duchy of Prussia]], part of the [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] |- | [[1701]]–[[1871]] || [[Kingdom of Prussia]] |- | [[1871]]–[[1918]] || [[Kingdom of Prussia]], part of the [[German Empire]] |- | [[1918]]–[[1920]] || [[Weimar Republic]] |- | [[1920]]–[[1923]] || [[Council of Ambassadors]] |- | [[1923]]–[[1939]] || [[Lithuania|Republic of Lithuania]] |- | [[1939]]–[[1945]] || [[Nazi Germany]] |- | [[1946]]–[[1948]] || [[Russian SFSR]], part of the [[Soviet Union]] |- | [[1948]]–[[1991]] || [[Lithuanian SSR]], part of the [[Soviet Union]] |- | [[1991]]–present || [[Lithuania|Republic of Lithuania]] |} == Treaty of Versailles == [[Image:Memel-10mark-1922b.jpg|frame|right|[[Banknote]] of emergency money from [[1922]] issued and used in Memel ([http://www.germannotes.com/notgeld/notgeld_memel.shtml www.GermanNotes.com])]] The eastern boundaries of [[Prussia]] (from 1871, part of the [[German Empire]]), having remained unchanged since the [[Treaty of Melno]] in [[1422]], became a matter of discussion following [[World War I]], as the newly independent states of Poland and [[Lithuania]] emerged. The separatist [[Act of Tilsit]] was signed by few pro-Lithuanian oriented [[Prussian Lithuanians]] in 1918, demanding the unification of [[Prussian Lithuania]] with [[Lithuania proper]]. It is traditionally viewed by Lithuanians as expressing the desire of Lithuania Minor to unite with Lithuania. The majority of Prussian Lithuanians did not want to join with Lithuania<ref name="arnasius"> {{cite journal | last = Arnašius | first = Helmut | title = Vokiečiai Klaipėdoje | url = http://ausis.gf.vu.lt/mg/nr/2002/078/078vok.html | journal = Mokslas ir Gyvenimas | accessdate = 2007-11-14 | year = 2002 | volume = 7-8 | language = Lithuanian | quote = Apie norą susijungti su nuskurdusia Lietuva daugumai lietuvininkų negalėjo būti nė kalbos.<br/> Tr.: The majority of Prussian Lithuanians did not even want to talk about unification with poor Lithuania.}}</ref> and the Prussian Lithuanians did not make up a majority of the population. The division of Prussia was also promoted by [[Poland]]'s [[Roman Dmowski]]<ref name="dmowski">"Lemtinga situacija susidarė 1919 m. Versalio taikos konferencijoje. Lenkijos atstovas R. Dmovskis ten pareiškė, kad Lietuva nepribrendo valstybingumui, ir reikalavo ją prijungti prie Lenkijos. Dmovskis su prancūzų atstovu Klemanso iškėlė Rytprūsių pasidalijimo klausimą. Jie siūlė Gumbinę su Įsrutimi prijungti prie Lenkijos, Karaliaučių paskelbti laisvu miestu, o likusią dalį atiduoti būsimai marionetinei, nuo Lenkijos priklausomai Lietuvai." Translation: "A fatal situation appeared in 1919 at the Versailles peace conference. The Polish representative Dmowski expressed that Lithuania is not ready for independence, and insisted on attaching Lithuania to Poland. Dmowski and French representative Clemenceau promoted the idea of a partition of East Prussia. They proposed to attach [[Gumbinnen]] and [[Insterburg]] to Poland, Königsberg should be declared a free city, and the remaining part should be attached to Lithuania which would be controlled by Poland." {{lt icon}} [http://www.moscovia1.narod.ru/archivas/2002_4/Is_Mazosios_Lietuvos_istorijos.htm Nuotrupos iš Mažosios Lietuvos istorijos] Retrieved [[2007]], [[January 3|12-59]]; excerpted from {{cite book | author=Šilas, V., Sambora H. | title =Mažosios Lietuvos kultūros pėdsakai | year =1990 | pages =p.24 | publisher =Mintis | location =Vilnius | id =ISBN 5-417-00367-0}}</ref> in [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles]] who acted by orders of [[Józef Piłsudski]]: the purpose was to give the lower part of [[Neman River]] and its delta, which was located in Germany and called the Memel River, to Lithuania as this would provide her access to the [[Curonian Lagoon|Baltic Sea]], while Lithuania itself should be part of Poland. These ideas were supported by the French prime minister [[Georges Clemenceau]].<ref name="clemenceau">"dem Entschluß, das Memelgebiet von Deutschland abzutrennen, trug die antideutsche Einstellung des französischen Premiers, Georges Clemenceau, bei, der „die armen versklavten Litauer in Ostpreußen aus dem deutschen Joch“ befreien wollte. Litauische Politiker haben diese antideutsche Haltung Clemenceaus später erfolgreich ausgenutzt und Forderungen, die für Litauen günstig waren, gestellt." Translation: "The resolution to separate the Memel Territory from Germany, the [[anti-German sentiment|anti-German]] attitude of the French Prime Minister, Georges Clemenceau, who wanted to „free the poor enslaved Lithuanians in East Prussia from the German yoke“. Lithuanian politicians later successfully took advantage of Clemenceau's anti-German attitude and made claims that were favorable for Lithuania." [http://jahrbuch.annaberg.de/vareikis.html Vygantas Vareikis] Retrieved [[2007]], [[January 6|19-52]]</ref> In 1920, according to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], the German area north of [[Memel river]] was given the status of ''Territoire de Memel'' under the administration of the [[Council of Ambassadors]], and French troops were sent for protection. During the period of French administration, the idea of an independent State of Memelland grew in popularity among local inhabitants. The organisation "Deutsch-Litauischer Heimatbund" (German-Lithuanian homeland federation) promoted the idea of an ''Freistaat Memelland'', which later should return back to Germany. It had 30,000 members, both ethnic German and/or Lithuanian, about 21% of the total population. == "Revolt" == {{main|Klaipėda Revolt}} On [[9 January]] [[1923]], three years after the Versailles Treaty had become effective, Lithuania occupied the territory during the so called [[Klaipėda Revolt]],<ref>Occupation is admitted by modern lithuanian historians: "Neue Untersuchungen machen es heute möglich, die tatsächliche Verteilung der Rollen auf die Schützen, die litauische Regierung und die Armee bei der Besetzung des Memelgebietes offenzulegen." tr.: "New investigations allow it today to reveal the actual distribution of the roles of the [[Lithuanian Riflemen's Union]], the Lithuanian Government and the [[Lithuanian Army]] in the case of the occupation of the Memel territory." [http://jahrbuch.annaberg.de/vareikis.html] Retrieved [[2007]], [[January 3|13-04]]</ref> mainly by militia that had entered from [[Lithuania]]. France at the same time had started the [[Occupation of the Ruhr]] in Germany, and the French administration in Memel did not take any significant counteractive measures against the rebels. The inhabitants of the Memel Territory wanted to have a status similar to that of the [[Free City of Danzig]], not to join with Lithuania.<ref name="arnasius">Tr.: Inhabitants of Memelland sought for Danzig status.</ref> Subsequently, on [[19 January]], the territory was annexed by Lithuania, and the ''fait accompli'' was eventually confirmed by the [[Council of Ambassadors]] in 1924. This was regarded as another humiliation for the [[Weimar Republic]]. == Autonomous region within Lithuania == The area was subsequently annexed by Lithuania. In the Memel Convention, signed between Council of Ambassadors and Lithuania, the area was granted a separate parliament, two official languages, capacity to raise its own taxes, charge custom duties, manage its cultural and religious affairs, allowed a separate judicial system, separate citizenship, internal control of agriculture and forestry, as well as a separate social security system. The Council of Ambassadors accepted the resulting arrangement and confirmed the autonomy of the region within the Republic of Lithuania. On [[8 May]] [[1924]] a further Convention on the Klaipėda region confirmed the annexation, and a resulting autonomy agreement was signed in Paris. Memel Territory was recognized as an integral part{{Dubious|date=March 2008}} of the [[Republic of Lithuania]] also by [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] on [[29 January]] [[1928]], where the two countries signed the [[Lithuanian-German Border Treaty]]. Importantly, the annexation gave Lithuania control of a year-round ice-free Baltic port. [[Lithuania]] made full use of Klaipėda port, modernizing and adapting it, largely for its agricultural exports. The port reconstruction was certainly one of the larger long-term investment projects enacted by the government of Lithuania in the interwar period. The inhabitants of the area were not given a choice on the ballot whether they wanted to be part of the Lithuanian state or part of Germany. Since the pro-German political parties had an overall majority of more than 80% in all elections to the local parliament (see election statistics below) in the interwar period, there can be little doubt that such a referendum would have been in favour of Germany. In fact, the area had been united since the [[Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights|monastic state]] of the 13th century, and even many Lithuanian-speakers, regarding themselves as [[East Prussia]]ns, declared themselves as "Memellanders/Klaipėdiškiai" in the official census (see below for demographic information) and did not want to belong to a Lithuanian national state. According to the Lithuanian point of view, Memellanders were viewed as Germanised Lithuanians who should be re-Lithuanised.<ref name="Vareikis">{{cite journal |last=Vareikis |first=V. |year=2001 |url=http://www.ku.lt/smf/sociologija/zurnalas/2001_nr.1-2.pdf |title=Memellander/Klaipėdiškiai Identity and German-Lithuanian Relations in Lithuania Minor in the Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries |journal=Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas. |volume=1-2 |pages=54–65 |issn=1392-3358 |format={{dead link|date=June 2008}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3AVareikis+intitle%3AMemellander%2FKlaip%C4%97di%C5%A1kiai+Identity+and+German-Lithuanian+Relations+in+Lithuania+Minor+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+centuries&as_publication=Sociologija.+Mintis+ir+veiksmas.&as_ylo=2001&as_yhi=2001&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}} According to the pre-war Lithuanian view, the Memellanders were Germanised Lithuanians who should be re-Lithuanised</ref> There was also a strong confessional difference since about 95% of the inhabitants of [[Lithuania Minor]] were [[Lutheran]]s while more than 90% of Greater Lithuanians were [[Catholic]]s. And thus the government of Lithuania faced considerable opposition from the region's autonomous institutions. As years passed, claims were becoming more and more vocal about a re-integration into a resurgent Germany. It was only during the latter period that Lithuania then instituted a policy of "Lithuanization". This was met by even more opposition, as religious and regional differences slowly became insurmountable. After the [[1926 Lithuanian coup d'état|December 1926 coup d’etat]], [[Antanas Smetona]] came to power. As the status of the Memel Territory was regulated by international treaties, the Memel Territory became an oasis of democracy {{Fact|date=May 2008}}in Lithuania. Lithuanian intelligentsia often held marriages in Memel/Klaipėda, since Memel Territory was the only place in Lithuania where [[civil union]] was in use, in the rest of Lithuania only church [[marriage]]s were legitimized. Thus, Lithuanian opposition to Smetona's regime was also based in Memel Territory. At the start of the 1930s, certain leaders of pro-Nazi organizations in the region were put on trial by Lithuania. The 1934–5 proceedings of Neumann and Sass in Kaunas can be presented as the first anti-Nazi trial in Europe. A significant difference however, was that its leaders were not indicted for their pro-Nazi ideology, but rather for their undesirable relations with [[Nazi Germany]]. On account of later political and economical pressure from Germany, most of these leaders were released. ===Election results for the local parliament=== The local parliament had 29 seats, one for every 5,000 inhabitants. Men and women from age 23 had the right to vote. [http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Memelgebiet/Uebersicht_LTW.html ] [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Lithuania.htm#Memel%20Territory ] See also the results [http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Memelgebiet/NV.html] of the January 1919 elections to the [[Nationalversammlung]]. {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Year ! <small>Memelländische<br>Landwirtschaftspartei<br>("Agricultural Party")</small> ! <small>Memelländische<br>Volkspartei<br>("People's Party")</small> ! <small>Sozialdemokratische<br>Partei<br>("Social Democratic Party")</small> ! <small>Arbeiterpartei<br>(Worker's Party)</small> ! <small>Communist Party<br> </small> ! <small>Others</small> ! <small>Lithuanian<br>People's Party</small> |- | [[1925]] || 38.1%: 11 seats || 36.9%: 11 seats ||16.0%: 5 seats || || || Others 9.0%: 2 seats || |- | [[1927]] || 33.6%: 10 seats || 32.7%: 10 seats|| 10.1%: 3 seats || || 7.2%: 2 seats || || 13.6%: 4 seats |- | [[1930]] || 31.8%: 10 seats || 27.6%: 8 seats|| 13.8%: 4 seats || 4.2%: 2 seats || || || 22.7%: 5 seats |- | [[1932]] || 37.1%: 11 seats || 27.2%: 8 seats|| 7.8%: 2 seats || 8.2%: 3 seats || || || 19.7%: 5 seats |- ! || colspan=5| Unified German Election List || colspan=2| Greater Lithuania Parties |- | [[1935]] || colspan=5 align=center| 81.2%: 24 seats || colspan=2 align=center| 18,8%: 5 seats |- | [[1938]] || colspan=5 align=center| 87.2%: 25 seats || colspan=2 align=center| 12,8%: 4 seats |} === Demographic data === In the Memelland census [http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Memelgebiet/index.htm] of 1925 [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Lithuania.htm#Memel%20Territory], over 41% of the population declared themselves German, less than 27% Lithuanian, and over 24% ''Memellandish''. {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Population || German || ''Memellandish'' || Lithuanian || other || Religion || Source |- | 141,645 || 41.9% || 27.1% || 26.6% || 4.4% || 95% Evangelical Christians || [http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Memelgebiet/index.htm] |- | 141,645 (1930) || 45.2% || 24.2% (1925) || 26.5% || - || Evangelical Lutheran 95%, Roman Catholic (1925) || [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Lithuania.htm#Memel%20Territory] |- |} Overall, Prussian Lithuanians were more rural than Germans; the part of Lithuanian speakers in the city of Klaipėda itself increased over time due to urbanization and migration from villages into cities and later also from remaining Lithuania (in the city of Klaipėda, Lithuanian-speaking people made up 21.5% in 1912, 32.6% in 1925 and 38.7% in 1932*). Foreign citizens might include some Germans, who opted for German citizenship instead of Lithuanian (although at the time the German government pressured local Germans to take Lithuanian citizenship, so that German presence would remain). There were more Lithuanian speakers in the north of region (Klaipėdos apskritis and Šilutės apskritis) than in south (Pagėgių apskritis). Other locals included people of other nationalities who had citizenship of Lithuania, such as [[Jews]]. In the 1930s, a novel by local author [[Ieva Simonaitytė]]<ref>[http://www.muziejai.lt/Klaipeda/simonaitytes_muziejus.en.htm Ieva Simonaityte Memorial Museum<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> based on family history illustrated the centuries-old German–Lithuanian relations in the region. The authoritarian regime of A. Smetona enforced a policy of discrimination and Lithuanisation: it sent administrators from Lithuania, and German teachers, officials and priests were fired from jobs. Local inhabitants -- both Germans and Prussian Lithuanians -- were not accepted for state service in Memel Territory. People were sent from [[Kaunas]] instead. Until 1938, no Governor was appointed from local Prussian Lithuanians. This policy led Prussian Lithuanian intelligentsia and some local Germans to organise a society in 1934 to oppose Lithuanian rule. This group was soom dismantled.<ref>[http://www.lrytas.lt/?id=11919032961191434646&view=4 Ko neįstengė suprasti Lietuvos valdžia ir klaipėdiškiai 1923-1939 metais?] {{lt icon}}</ref> Election results in Memel Territory were irritating{{Fact|date=October 2007}} for the authoritarian Smetona regime, and it attempted to "colonise" Memel Territory with Lithuanians. The Lithuanian settlements Jakai and Smeltė were built. The number of newcomers increased: in 1926 was 5,000, in 1939 - 30,000 newcomers. Lithuania introduced a hard-line lithuanisation campaign that led to even deeper antagonism between local Prussian Lithuanians, Memellanders, Germans and newcomers.<ref name="Pocytė">{{cite journal |last=Pocytė |first=S. |year=2003 |url=http://www.istorija.lt/lim/pocyte2003en2.html |title=Didlietuviai: an example of committee of Lithuanian organizations activities (1934–1939) |journal=Lietuvos istorijos metraštis |volume=2 |accessdate=2007-05-29 |quote=The strong lithuanization policy from Lithuanian State gave the inverse effect, reflected by anti-Lithuanian dispositions among Germans and local Lietuvininkai people. The forms of Lithuanization policy were not acceptable for Klaipeda region local Lietuvininkai people. Having no other alternatives, they started to nestle themselves with much more known for them German national identity}}</ref> == ''Heim ins Reich'' == {{main|1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania}} [[Image:Klaipdėda Region 1939.Adolf Hitler street.jpg|thumb|250px|Cult of [[Antanas Smetona]] was changed to cult of [[Adolf Hitler]]]] By late 1938, Lithuania had lost control over the situation in the Territory. In the early hours of [[23 March]] [[1939]], after an oral ultimatum had made a Lithuanian delegation travel to [[Berlin]], the Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Juozas Urbšys]] and his German counterpart [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] signed the ''Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany'' in exchange for a Lithuanian Free Zone for 99 years in the port of Memel, using the facilities erected in previous years. Hitler had anticipated this aboard a [[Kriegsmarine]] naval ship, and at dawn<ref>[http://worldatwar.net/nations/other/memel/index.html Memel - Klaipeda<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> sailed into Memel to celebrate the return ''heim ins Reich'' of the Memelland. This proved to be the last of a series of bloodless annexations of territories separated from the German or Austrian Empire by the [[Treaty of Versailles]] which had been perceived by the German-speaking peoples as humiliations. The Allies and neighboring countries had granted no concessions to the democratic German governments which had struggled for over a decade in the [[Weimar Republic]]; but when the hardliner Hitler took charge, these countries undertook a policy of [[appeasement]] of [[Nazi Germany]]. German forces seized the territory even before the official Lithuanian ratification. The United Kingdom and France, as after the revolt of 1923, did not actively protect the autonomy of the territory. It was under these conditions that the [[Seimas]] was forced to approve the treaty, hoping that Germany would not press any other territorial demands upon Lithuania. The reunion with Germany was welcomed by the majority of the population, both by Germans and by Memellanders.<ref name="Vareikis">In March 1939 the majority of Memellanders greeted the reunion with the [[Deutsches Reich|Reich]] with joy</ref> According to the treaty, the citizens of Memel Territory were allowed to choose citizenship: either German, or Lithuanian. 303 people (counting family members, 585) asked for Lithuanian citizenship and only 20 requests were granted.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.voruta.lt/article.php?article=159| title=Nesėkmės Klaipėdos krašte| accessdate=2007-02-24}}</ref> Another item stated that persons who settled in Memel Territory during the occupation period from 1923 to 1939 should emigrate. About 8,900 Lithuanians did so. In the same time, [[Nazis]] expelled about 1,300 (local Memel and Lithuanian) Jews and only about 40 Prussian Lithuanians. Transfer of Memel Territory from Lithuania to Germany in 1939 was confirmed by Lithuania itself, United Kingdom, France and other countries except United States. == World War II and after == [[Image:Lietuvninkai monument.jpg|thumb|252 px|A monument of united Lithuania (Klaipėda)]] When the area was returned to German control in 1939 under Nazi Germany, many Lithuanians and their organizations began leaving Memel and the surrounding area. Memel was quickly turned into a fortified naval base by the Germans. After the failure of the German invasion of the USSR ([[Operation Barbarossa]]), the fate of [[East Prussia]] and Memel was sealed. By 1944 October the inhabitants of the area, without ethnic distinction, had to make a decision whether to stay or leave. Nearly all of the population was evacuated from the approaching [[Red Army]], but the city itelf was defended by the German army during the [[Battle of Memel]] until [[January 28]], [[1945]]. After its capture only six persons were found in the city. The resulting decisions of the [[Potsdam Conference]] decreed that East Prussia and Memel Territory as part of it should be placed under administration of the Soviet Union. On [[7 April]] [[1946]], the Königsberg Oblast (later renamed [[Kaliningrad Oblast]]) was founded that included the Memel Territory and becomes a new subject of the [[Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wellmann |first=Christian |url=http://www.schiff.uni-kiel.de/pdf_files/KaliningradChallenge-ContestedTerritory(Wellmann).pdf |title=Recognising Borders: Coping with Historically Contested Territory |accessdate=2007-03-01}}</ref> On [[7 April]] [[1948]], the [[Soviet Union]] transferred the Memel/Klaipeda District from [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] to the Lithuanian SSR and the area was divided between several [[Raion|rayons]] of the Lithuanian SSR. At the end of the war, the majority of the inhabitants had fled to the West to settle in Germany. Still in 1945–46 there were around 35,000<ref name="trys knygos">{{cite web| url=http://ausis.gf.vu.lt/mg/nr/98/3/03knygos.html| title=Trys knygos apie lietuvininkų tragediją| accessdate=2007-03-31}} {{lt icon}}</ref> local inhabitants, both Prussian Lithuanians and Germans. The government of the Lithuanian SSR sent agitators in to the [[displaced persons camp]]s to make promises to former inhabitants that they could return and their property would be restored, yet the promises were never fulfilled. In the period of 1945–50 about 8,000 persons were repatriated. Bilingual Lithuanian-German returners were viewed as Germans. The few remaining ethnic Germans were then forcibly [[expulsion of Germans after World War II|expelled]], with most opting to flee to what would become [[West Germany]]. [[Autochthonous]] people who remained in the former Memel territory were dismissed from their jobs. Families of notable local Lithuanians, who had opposed German parties before the war, were deported to [[Siberia]]. In 1951 Lithuanian SSR expelled 3,500 people from former Memel Territory to [[East Germany]]. In 1958, when emigration was allowed, the majority of the surviving population, both Germans and Prussian Lithuanians, emigrated to West Germany; this event was called a repatriation of Germans by the Lithuanian SSR. Today these formerly Lutheran territories are mostly inhabited by Lithuanians who are Catholic and by [[Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox]] Russians. However, the minority Prussian Lithuanian [[Protestantism|Protestants]] historically were concentrated in these regions, and some remain to this day. Only a few thousand<ref name="trys knygos">"Dabar jų yra vos keli tūkstančiai." Tr.: Only a few thousand remains.</ref> autochthons are left. Their continued emigration is facilitated by the fact they are considered German citizens by the [[Federal Republic of Germany]]. No property restoration was performed by [[Republic of Lithuania]] for owners prior to 1945.<ref name="trys knygos">"Kai kurie ir iš nepriklausomos Lietuvos išvažiuoja į Vokietiją, nes čia ne visiems pavyksta atgauti žemę ir sodybas, miestuose ir miesteliuose turėtus gyvenamuosius namus. Vis dar yra net nebandomų sudrausminti piktavalių, kurie lietuvininkams siūlo "grįžti" į "faterliandą"." Tr.: Even some from independent Lithuanians emigrate to Germany, because not for all property is returned. There are still persons who propose for lietuvininks to "return" to "vaterland". It should be noted, that article is written in 1998 and represents situation in these years.</ref> While maintaining that Memel Territory in 1939 was annexed by Germany, and Lithuania itself was occupied in 1940 by the Soviets, Lithuania after regaining independence in [[March 11]], [[1990]] neither restored autonomy to Memel Territory nor returned citizenship and property to former inhabitants, even to those who had opted for Lithuanian citizenship in 1939. The former Memel Territory is of continuing vital importance to Lithuania, acting as an important harbour, as well as an industrial and agrarian region. == Notes and references == {{reflist|2}} == External links == *{{de icon}} Joachim Tauber: Das Memelgebiet (1919-1944) in der deutschen und litauischen Historiographie nach 1945 [http://www.ikgn.de/zeitschrift_nordost-archiv.volltext.54.htm] * [http://www.online-ofb.de/memelland/index.php?lang=en Local heritage book Memelland] *{{fr icon}} [http://www.dircost.unito.it/cs/docs/MEMEL%201924.htm STATUT DU TERRITOIRE DE MEMEL] *{{de icon}} [http://gauss.suub.uni-bremen.de/suub/hist/index.jsp?id=Kt.+I-896 Map of languages in East Prussia, as of 1900] [http://gauss.suub.uni-bremen.de/suub/hist/servlet/servlet.hmap?id=245837&blatt=0 (larger)] *{{de icon}} German translation of the Commission Report to the Council of Ambassadors [http://www.ostdeutsches-forum.net/preussen/ostpreussen/Memelland/Bericht-1923.htm] *{{de icon}} German translation of Vygantas Vareikis' thesis [http://jahrbuch.annaberg.de/jahrbuch/2000/Annaberg%20Nr.8%20Kap1.pdf ''Die Rolle des Schützenbundes Litauens bei der Besetzung des Memelgebietes 1923''] * {{YouTube |id=PFsfP_5AcQ4 | title=Hitler in Klaipeda}} [[Category:Geography of Lithuania]] [[Category:History of Germany by place]] [[Category:History of Lithuania]] [[Category:History of Prussia]] [[Category:Lithuania Minor]] [[Category:League of Nations mandates]] [[de:Memelland]] [[it:Territorio di Memel]] [[lt:Klaipėdos kraštas]] [[nl:Memelland]] [[no:Memelland]] [[nn:Memelland]] [[pl:Okręg Kłajpedy]] [[sv:Memelland]] [[uk:Клайпедський край]]