Košice 310708 225798744 2008-07-15T13:28:27Z Svetovid 2394817 /* History */ no source; info added by a possible sock puppet {{otheruses4|the city in Slovakia|other uses|Kosice (disambiguation)}} {{Geobox | Settlement <!-- *** Heading *** --> | name = Košice | category = City <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Kosice (Slovakia) - Main Street 4.jpg | image_caption = Hlavná ulica (Main Street) <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = | symbol = KEcoat.png | symbol_type = Coat of arms <!-- *** Name *** --> | etymology = | official_name = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> | country = Slovakia | country_flag = 1 | state = | region = [[Košice Region|Košice]] | district = Košice I-IV | commune = | municipality = <!-- *** Family *** --> | part_type = Districts | part = Košice I | part1 = Košice II | part2 = Košice III | part3 = Košice IV | river = Hornád <!-- *** Locations *** --> | location = | elevation = 206 | lat_d = 48 | lat_m = 42 | lat_s = 58 | lat_NS = N | long_d = 21 | long_m = 15 | long_s = 41 | long_EW = E | coordinates_type = region:SK_type:city | highest = | highest_elevation = | highest_lat_d = | highest_long_d = | lowest = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_lat_d = | lowest_long_d = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | area = 242.768 | area_round = 3 <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 234596 | population_date = 2006-12-31 | population_density = auto <!-- *** History & management *** --> | established = 1230 | established_type = First mentioned | government = City council | mayor = František Knapík <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code = 040 00 | area_code = +421-55 | code = KE | code_type = [[Slovak car registration plates|Car plate]] <!-- *** Free fields *** --> | free = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = Slovakia - outline map.svg | map_background = Slovakia - background map.png | map_caption = Location in Slovakia | map_locator = Slovakia | map1 = Košice Region - outline map.svg | map1_background = Košice Region - background map.png | map1_caption = Location in the Košice Region | map1_locator = Košice Region <!-- *** Websites *** --> | commons = Košice | statistics = [http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/prvav2.jsp?txtUroven&#61;440890&lstObec&#61;599981&Okruh&#61;zaklad MOŠ/MIS] | website = [http://www.kosice.sk/languages.asp?id&#61;1 www.kosice.sk] <!-- *** Footnotes *** --> | footnotes = <!-- Processed by Geoboxer 3.0 on 2007-10-27T12:37:46+02:00 --> }} '''Košice''' ({{Audio|Kosice.ogg|Slovak pronunciation}}: {{IPA|[ˈkɔʃɪʦɛ]}}; [[Hungarian]]: '''Kassa'''; (also known by [[Košice#Names|other alternative names]]) is a city in eastern [[Slovakia]]. It is situated on the [[Hornád]] River at the eastern reaches of the [[Slovak Ore Mountains]], near the borders with [[Hungary]]. With a population of nearly 235,000 Košice is the second largest city after [[Bratislava]]. Being the economic and cultural centre of eastern Slovakia, Košice is the seat of the [[Košice Region]] and [[Košice Self-governing Region]], the Slovak [[Constitutional Court of Slovakia|Constitutional Court]], three [[universities]], various [[diocese]]s, and other institutions. The city has a well-preserved historical centre, with Slovakia's biggest Gothic cathedral. ==Names== The first written mention of the city was in 1230 as "villa Cassa".<ref name="short">{{cite web | City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?sekcia=historia | title = Short History of Košice | date = 2005 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008}}</ref> The name of the city comes from the Slavic personal name "Koša" with the patronymic suffix "-ice".<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_13_stor.htm | title = Z histórie Košíc - 13. storočie | date = 2005 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> Historically, the city has been known as ''Kaschau'' in [[German language|German]], ''Kassa'' in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], ''Cassovia'' or ''Caschovia'' in [[Latin]], ''Cassovie'' in [[French language|French]], ''Caşovia'' in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and ''Koszyce'' in [[Polish language|Polish]] (see [[Names of European cities in different languages: I-L#K|here]] for more languages). ==History== The first evidence of inhabitance can be traced back to the end of the [[Paleolithic]] era. However, the first written reference to Košice (its southern suburb) comes only from 1230. After the [[Battle of Mohi|invasion of Mongols]] in 1241, King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] invited German colonists to fill the gaps in population. The city was made of two independent settlements: Lower Košice and Upper Košice, amalgamated in the 13th century. The first known town privileges come from 1290.<ref name="earlymilestones"/> The city grew quickly because of its strategic location on an international trade route to [[Poland]]. The privileges given by the king were helpful in developing crafts, business, increasing importance and for the development of this city.<ref name="short"/> The oldest [[guild]] regulations were registered in 1307.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_14_stor.htm | title = Z histórie Košíc - 14. storočie | date = 2005 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> In 1321 Košice became a free royal town after it reinforced the king's troops in the crucial moment of the bloody [[Battle of Rozhanovce]] against the Amadé family. In 1347, Košice became the second placed city in the hierarchy of the Hungarian free royal towns, after the capital [[Buda]]. As the first city in Europe, Košice received its [[Coat of arms of Košice|own coat of arms]] in 1369 from [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]].<ref name="earlymilestones">{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_letopoct_rok1143.htm | title = Zaujímave letopočty z dejín mesta Košice - 1143-1560 | date = 2005 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> The Diet convened by Louis the Great to Košice decided that women can inherit the Hungarian throne. Since the beginning of the 15th century, the city had been playing a leading role in the [[Pentapolitana]] - a [[league of towns]] of five most important cities of eastern Slovakia ([[Bardejov]], [[Levoča]], Košice, [[Prešov]], and [[Sabinov]]).<ref name="inzine">{{cite web | publisher = inZine | url = http://www.inzine.sk/article.asp?art=9199 | title = Slovenské mestá a ich príbehy - „Ci pana, ta co v tych Košicoch zrobili?“ | date = 2003 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> The history of Košice in the subsequent centuries was influenced by the dynastic disputes over the Hungarian throne. [[Władysław III of Poland]] failed to capture the city in [[1441]]. [[Johann Giskra]]'s mercenaries from [[Bohemia]] defeated Tamás Székely's [[Hungary|Hungarian]] army in [[1449]]. Albert, Prince of [[Poland]] could not capture the city during a six months long siege in [[1491]]. In [[1526]] the city homaged for [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]. [[János Szapolyai]] captured the city in [[1536]] but Ferdinand I reconquered the city in [[1551]]. <ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://mek.oszk.hu/00000/00060/html/055/pc005582.html| title = Pallas nagy lexikon | accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian}}</ref>In [[1604]] [[Stephen Bocskay]] occupied Košice during his insurrection against the [[Habsburg dynasty]]. [[Giorgio Basta]], commander of the Habsburg forces, failed to capture the city, but Ferdinand I eventually conquered it in [[1606]]. [[Stephen Bocskay]] died in Košice on [[29 December]], [[1606]] and was also interred there. On [[5 September]] [[1619]] [[Gabriel Bethlen]] captured Košice in another anti-Habsubrg insurrection. Košice also became the place of his wedding with [[Katalin Brandenburgi]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://utazastender.hu/varoslatogatas_kassa| title = Tenderlap| accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian}}</ref> On [[18 january]] [[1644]] the Diet in Košice elected [[George I Rákóczi]] the prince of Hungary. In [[1657]] a printing house and a college were founded by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] there. The city was besieged by [[kuruc]] armies several times in the [[1670]]s and it revolted against the Habsburg emperor. The rebel leaders were massacred by emperor's soldiers on [[26 November]] [[1677]]. A modern pentagonal fortress was built by the Habsburgs south of the city in [[1670]]. Another rebel leader, [[Imre Thököly]] captured it in [[1682]] but the [[Austrian]] field marshal [[Aeneas de Caprara]] got it back on [[25 October]] [[1685]]. The fortress was demolished by [[1713]]. In the 17th century it was the ''de facto'' capital of [[Upper Hungary]] (in 1563&ndash;1686 as the seat of the "Captaincy of Upper Hungary", and in 1567&ndash;1848 as the seat of the [[Spiš]] Chamber, which was a subsidiary of the supreme financial agency in Vienna responsible for eastern Slovakia). The city was residence of [[Eger]]'s bishop from [[1596]] to [[1700]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url =http://leveltar.katolikus.hu/index.htm?http&&&leveltar.katolikus.hu/eger.htm | title = A történeti Magyarország katolikus levéltárai / Eger| accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian}}</ref>Since 1657 it was also seat of the historic Košice University, which was promoted to a Royal Academy in 1777. It was transformed into a Law Academy in the 19th century and ceased to exist in the turbulent year of [[1921]]. After the end of the anti-Habsburg uprisings in the early 18th century, the victorious Austrian armies drove the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman forces]] back to the south and this major territorial change also created new trade routes, now circumventing Košice. The city came into decay and turned from a rich medieval town into a provincial town, dependent mainly on agriculture.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_18_stor.htm | title = Z histórie Košíc - 18. storočie | date = no date | accessdate = 23 January | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak}}</ref> In 1723, there was erected the [[Immaculata (Statue)|Immaculata]] statue at the place of a former [[gallows]] at Hlavná ulica (''Main Street'') commemorating the [[Black Death|plague]] from the years 1710&ndash;1711.<ref>{{cite web | published = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_remembrances_immacul.htm | title = Immaculata | date = 2005 | accessdate = 10 February | accessyear = 2008}}</ref> There was a centre of the Hungarian language regenerate movement which published the first Hungarian language periodical called Magyar Museum in [[Hungary]] in [[1788]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:ZEaqH-4h4TMJ:k2.jozsef.kando.hu/~guczi/MAGYAR/SANGER/kazinczy.doc+kassa+nyelv%C3%BAj%C3%ADt%C3%B3&hl=hu&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=| title = Kazinczy Ferenc| accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian}}</ref> The city's walls were demolished step by step from the late 18th century to [[1856]]; only the [[Executioner's Bastion]] remained with few parts of the wall. The city became a seat of its own bishopric in 1802. The city's surroundings became a theatre of war again during the [[Revolutions of 1848]], when the Imperial cavalry general Franz Schlik defeated the Hungarian army on [[8 December]], [[1848]] and on [[4 January]], [[1849]]. The city was captured by the Hungarian army on [[15 February]], [[1849]], but the Russian troops drove them back on [[24 June]], [[1849]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url =http://mek.oszk.hu/01300/01344/html/foglalat.htm | title = MEK (Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár)| accessyear = 2008 | language = Hungarian}}</ref> [[Image:Kaschau.General view.jpg|thumb|250px|left|General view of Košice around 1900]] At the beginning of the 19th century there were three manufactures and 460 workshops in 1828.<ref name="milestones"/> The first factories were established in the 1840s (sugar and nail factories). The first telegram message arrived in 1856 and the railway connected the city to [[Miskolc]] in 1860. In 1873 there were already connections to [[Prešov]], [[Žilina]] and [[Chop, Ukraine|Chop]] (in present-day [[Ukraine]]). The city gained a public [[Košice public transit|transit system]] in 1891 when track was laid down for a horse-drawn tramway. The traction was electrified in 1914.<ref name="milestones"/> In 1906, [[Francis II Rákóczi]]'s house of [[Tekirdağ|Rodosto]] was reproduced in Košice and his remains were buried in the [[St. Elisabeth Cathedral]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = various | url = http://www.rakoci.webex.sk/eng/rakoci.php| title = Rákóczi in Košice 1906–2006 - Who was Ferenc II Rákóczi? | date = [[24 February]] [[2006]] | accessdate = 3 March | accessyear = 2008}}</ref> After [[World War I]] and during the gradual break-up of [[Austria-Hungary]], the city at first became a part of the transient "Eastern Slovak Republic", declared on 11 December 1918 in Košice and earlier in Prešov under [[protectorate|protection]] of Hungary. On 29 December 1918 the [[Czechoslovak Legions]] entered the city, making it part of the newly established [[Czechoslovakia]]. However, in June 1919 Košice was occupied again, as part of the [[Slovak Soviet Republic]], a proletarian puppet state of Hungary. The Czechoslovak troops secured the city for Czechoslovakia in July 1919,<ref name="20thcentury">{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_20_stor.htm | title = Z histórie Košíc - 20. storočie (Slovak) | date = 2005 | accessdate = 20 January | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> confirmed by the [[Treaty of Trianon]] in 1920. Košice was awarded to [[Hungary]], by the [[First Vienna Award]], from 1938 until early 1945. The town was [[Košice attack|bombarded on 26 June 1941]], in what became a welcome pretext for the Hungarian government to declare war on [[Soviet Union]] a day later. Hungary's collaboration with the [[Third Reich]] led to the easy deportation of Košice's entire [[Jew]]ish population of 12,000 and an additional 2,000 from surrounding areas via cattle cars to the [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] for their eventual murder. Thus their fate was identical to that of the other Jews of Slovakia and those from [[Hungary]]. The town was captured by Soviets in January 1945 and for a short time it became a temporary capital city of the restored Czechoslovak Republic until the Soviet [[Red Army]] reached [[Prague]]. Among other acts, the [[Košice Government Programme]] was declared on 5 April 1945.<ref name="20thcentury"/> After the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia|Communist Party]] seized power in [[Czechoslovakia]] in February 1948, the city became part of the [[Eastern Bloc]]. Several present-day cultural institutions were founded and large residential areas around the city were built. and the construction and expansion of the East Slovak Ironworks caused population growth from population of 60,700 in 1950 to 235,000 in 1991 and before break-up of Czechoslovakia, it was the fifth largest city in the country. Following the [[Velvet Divorce]] and creation of the Slovak Republic, Košice became the second largest city in the country, became a seat of a [[constitutional court]] and since 1995 is the seat of the [[Archdiocese of Košice]]. ==Geography== Košice lies at an altitude of {{convert|206|m|ft|0}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] and covers an area of {{convert|242.77|km2|sqmi|1|lk=on}}.<ref name="statistics">{{cite web | title = Municipal Statistics | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak republic | date = | url = http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html | accessdate = 2007-05-03}}</ref> It is located in eastern Slovakia, about {{convert|20|km|mi|0}} from [[Hungary|Hungarian]], {{convert|80|km|mi|0}} from [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] and {{convert|90|km|mi|0}} from [[Poland|Polish]] borders. It is about {{convert|400|km|mi|0}} east from Slovakia's capital [[Bratislava]] and a chain of villages connects it to [[Prešov]] about {{convert|36|km|mi|0}} to the north. Košice is situated on the [[Hornád]] River in the [[Košice Basin]], at the easternmost reaches of the [[Slovak Ore Mountains]], more precisely its subdivisions of [[Čierna hora]] mountains in the north-west and [[Volovské vrchy]] mountains in the south-west. The basin is surrounded from the east by the [[Slanské vrchy]] mountains. ===Climate=== Košice lies in the [[Temperate|north temperate zone]] and has a [[continental climate]] with four distinct seasons. It is characterized by a significant variation between hot summers and cold, snowy winters. {{-}} {{Infobox Weather |metric_first= Yes |single_line= Yes |location = Košice |Jan_Hi_°F = 32 |Jan_Hi_°C = 0 |Jan_REC_Hi_°F = |Jan_REC_Lo_°F= <!--REC temps are optional; use sparely--> |Feb_Hi_°F = 37 |Feb_Hi_°C = 3 |Feb_REC_Hi_°F = |Feb_REC_Lo_°F = |Mar_Hi_°F = 48 |Mar_Hi_°C = 9 |Mar_REC_Hi_°F = |Mar_REC_Lo_°F = |Apr_Hi_°F = 59 |Apr_Hi_°C = 15 |Apr_REC_Hi_°F = |Apr_REC_Lo_°F = |May_Hi_°F = 67 |May_Hi_°C = 21 |May_REC_Hi_°F = |May_REC_Lo_°F = |Jun_Hi_°F = 74 |Jun_Hi_°C = 24 |Jun_REC_Hi_°F = |Jun_REC_Lo_°F = |Jul_Hi_°F = 78 |Jul_Hi_°C = 25 |Jul_REC_Hi_°F = |Jul_REC_Lo_°F = |Aug_Hi_°F = 78 |Aug_Hi_°C = 25 |Aug_REC_Hi_°F = |Aug_REC_Lo_°F = |Sep_Hi_°F = 69 |Sep_Hi_°C = 20 |Sep_REC_Hi_°F = |Sep_REC_Lo_°F = |Oct_Hi_°F = 58 |Oct_Hi_°C = 14 |Oct_REC_Hi_°F = |Oct_REC_Lo_°F = |Nov_Hi_°F = 44 |Nov_Hi_°C = 6 |Nov_REC_Hi_°F = |Nov_REC_Lo_°F = |Dec_Hi_°F = 34 |Dec_Hi_°C = 1 |Dec_REC_Hi_°F = |Dec_REC_Lo_°F = |Year_Hi_°F = |Year_Hi_°C = |Year_REC_Hi_°F = |Year_REC_Lo_°F = |Jan_Lo_°F = 23 |Jan_Lo_°C = -5 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = |Jan_REC_Lo_°C = |Feb_Lo_°F = 25 |Feb_Lo_°C = -4 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = |Feb_REC_Lo_°C = |Mar_Lo_°F = 32 |Mar_Lo_°C = 0 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C = |Mar_REC_Lo_°C = |Apr_Lo_°F = 40 |Apr_Lo_°C = 5 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C = |Apr_REC_Lo_°C = |May_Lo_°F = 49 |May_Lo_°C = 9 |May_REC_Hi_°C = |May_REC_Lo_°C = |Jun_Lo_°F = 54 |Jun_Lo_°C = 12 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C = |Jun_REC_Lo_°C = |Jul_Lo_°F = 57 |Jul_Lo_°C = 14 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C = |Jul_REC_Lo_°C = |Aug_Lo_°F = 57 |Aug_Lo_°C = 14 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C = |Aug_REC_Lo_°C = |Sep_Lo_°F = 49 |Sep_Lo_°C = 10 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C = |Sep_REC_Lo_°C = |Oct_Lo_°F = 41 |Oct_Lo_°C = 5 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = |Oct_REC_Lo_°C = |Nov_Lo_°F = 33 |Nov_Lo_°C = 0 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = |Nov_REC_Lo_°C = |Dec_Lo_°F = 26 |Dec_Lo_°C = -4 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C = |Dec_REC_Lo_°C = |Year_Lo_°F = |Year_Lo_°C = |Year_REC_Hi_°C = |Year_REC_Lo_°C = |Jan_Precip_inch = 0.63 |Feb_Precip_inch = 0.74 |Mar_Precip_inch = 0.75 |Apr_Precip_inch = 1.52 |May_Precip_inch = 1.76 |Jun_Precip_inch = 2.36 |Jul_Precip_inch = 2.66 |Aug_Precip_inch = 2.00 |Sep_Precip_inch = 1.41 |Oct_Precip_inch = 1.30 |Nov_Precip_inch = 1.15 |Dec_Precip_inch = 0.78 |Year_Precip_inch = |Jan_Precip_cm = 1.59 |Jan_Precip_mm = |Feb_Precip_cm = 1.89 |Feb_Precip_mm = |Mar_Precip_cm = 1.90 |Mar_Precip_mm = |Apr_Precip_cm = 3.85 |Apr_Precip_mm = |May_Precip_cm = 4.48 |May_Precip_mm = |Jun_Precip_cm = 5.99 |Jun_Precip_mm = |Jul_Precip_cm = 6.76 |Jul_Precip_mm = |Aug_Precip_cm = 5.09 |Aug_Precip_mm = |Sep_Precip_cm = 3.57 |Sep_Precip_mm = |Oct_Precip_cm = 3.30 |Oct_Precip_mm = |Nov_Precip_cm = 2.91 |Nov_Precip_mm = |Dec_Precip_cm = 1.97 |Dec_Precip_mm = |Year_Precip_cm = |Year_Precip_mm = |source =MSN Weather<ref name=msn>{{cite web | url = http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?&wealocations=wc%3aLOXX0003&setunit=C | title = Monthly Averages for Košice, Slovakia | accessdate = 20 January | accessyear = 2008 | publisher = MSN }}</ref> |accessdate = 2008-01-20}} ==Demographics== [[Image:Kosice (Slovakia) - Main Street - Coat of Arms Statue.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Statue of Košice's coat of arms, the first municipal coat of arms in Europe]] Košice has a population of 234,596 (31 December 2006).<ref>Štatistický úrad Slovenskej republiky, [http://px-web.statistics.sk/PXWebSlovak/index.htm RegDat]</ref> According to the 2001 [[census]], 89.1% of its inhabitants were [[Slovaks]], 3,8% [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]], 2,1% [[Roma people|Roma]], 1.2% [[Czechs]], 0.5% [[Rusyns]], 0.5% [[Ukrainians]], and 0.2% [[Germans]]. The religious makeup was 58.3% [[Roman Catholics]], 19.4% people with no religious affiliation, 7.6% [[Greek Catholics]], and 4.1% [[Lutherans]].<ref name="stats">{{cite web | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic | url = http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/prvav2.jsp?txtUroven=440890&lstObec=599981&Okruh=sodb | title = Municipal Statistics of Košice from the Statistical Office | date = no date | accessdate = 2 May | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> ===Historical demographics=== {| class="wikitable" align="left" border="1" bordercolor="#EEEEEE" cellpadding="2" style="margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; align="left"; text-align: center;" | colspan="6" | <div align="center">'''Population of Košice'''<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Populstat | url =http://www.populstat.info/Europe/slovakit.htm | title = Slovakia: urban population | date = 2003 | accessdate = 24 January | accessyear = 2008}}</ref><ref name="stats"/></div> |- |'''Year''' |'''Population''' |'''Year''' |'''Population''' |'''Year''' |'''Population''' |- |1480 |10,000 |1890 |28,900 |1961 |79,400 |- |1800 |6,000 |1910 |44,200 |1970 |142,200 |- |1820 |8,700 |1921 |52,900 |1980 |202,400 |- |1846 |13,700 |1942 |67,000 |1991 |235,160 |- |1869 |21,700 |1950 |60,700 |2001 |236,093 |} <br clear="left" /> The linguistic makeup of the town's population underwent historical changes that alternated between a growth of the ratio of those who claimed [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and those who claimed [[Slovak language|Slovak]] as their language. With a population of 28,884 in 1891, just under a half (49.9%) of the inhabitants of Košice declared the then official Hungarian language as their main means of communication, 33.6% Slovak, and 13.5% [[German language|German]]. 72.2% were Roman Catholics, 11.4% Jews, 7.3% Lutherans, 6.7% Greek Catholics, and 4.3% [[Calvinism|Calvinists]].<ref>{{Citation|title=A Pallas nagy lexikona; Az összes ismeretek enciklopédiája|place=Budapest|publisher= Pallas Irodalmi és Nyomdai Részvénytársaság|year=1895.|volume=X, Kacs−Közellátás|edition =1<sup>st</sup>}}</ref> As a consequence of Magyarization pressures, later formalized in the Apponyi laws that banned education in and official use of the Slovak language, the next two decades were marked by a rapid shift towards those who declared Hungarian. By 1910, 75.4% of the 44,211 inhabitants claimed Hungarian, 14.8% Slovak, 7.2% German, and 1.8% [[Polish language|Polish]].<ref>Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914, [http://www.talmakiado.hu/ Talma Kiadó]</ref> The Jews were split among other groups by the 1910 census, as only the most frequently used language and not ethnicity was registered.<ref name='abauj'>{{cite web|url=http://www.talmamedia.com/php/district/district.php?county=Aba%FAj-Torna |title=Abaúj-Torna County |accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> The linguistic balance within the town limits, too, began to shift towards Slovak after [[World War I]]with Slovakisation in the newly established Czechoslovakia. As a consequence of the Vienna Award Kosice was ceded to Hungary. During the German ocupation of Hungary towards the end of [[World War II]], approximately 10,000 Jews were deported by the [[Arrow Cross Party]] and nazists, and killed in Auschwitz concentration camps.<ref name='zidia'>{{cite web|url=http://www.cassovia.sk/hist/zidia/ |title=Židia v Košiciach |accessdate=2008-01-26 |language=Slovak}}</ref> <br clear="left" /> ==Economy== Košice is the economic hub of eastern Slovakia. It accounts for about 9% of the Slovak [[gross domestic product]].<ref name="economy">{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=info_basic_hosp_eko.htm | title = Hospodársko - ekonomické informácie | date = 2005 | accessdate = 24 January | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> The steel mill [[U. S. Steel Košice, s.r.o.|U. S. Steel Košice]] (16,000 employees) is the largest employer in the city and the second largest employer in Slovakia.<ref name='zamestnavatelia'>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Najväčší zamestnávatelia Slovenska | date= | publisher= | url =http://firmy.etrend.sk/17775/firmy/najvacsi-zamestnavatelia-slovenska | work =Trend | pages = | accessdate = 2008-01-24 | language = Slovak}}</ref> Other major sectors include mechanical engineering, food industry, services and trade.<ref name='urbanaudit'>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx |title=Urban Audit |accessdate=2008-01-24}}</ref> [[GDP per capita]] in 2001 was [[Euro|€]]4,004, which was below Slovakia's average (€4,400).<ref name='urbanaudit'/> The unemployment rate was 11.4% in September 2005,<ref name="economy"/>, which was below the country's average 15.6% at that time.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic | url = http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=1931 | title = Nezamestnanosť podľa výberového zisťovania pracovných síl (2005 - 2006) | date = 2007 | accessdate = 25 January | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> The city has a balanced budget of 2.78 billion [[Slovak koruna]]s (almost €83 million, as of 2007) with a small surplus of 25 million korunas. The budget for 2008 projects spending of 2.82 billion korunas.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/docustore_getByID.asp?id=4986 | title = Uznesenie z II. rokovania Mestského zastupiteľstva v Košiciach, zo dňa 22. februára 2007 | format = [[Rich Text Format|RTF]] | date = 2007 | accessdate = 25 January | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> ==Sights== [[Image:Kosice - St. Elisabeth Cathedral 2.JPG|thumb|180px|right|St. Elisabeth Cathedral]] [[Image:Kaplnka sv. Michala 1.jpg|thumb|180px|right|St. Michael's Chapel]] [[Image:Jakabov palác.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Jakab's Palace]] The city centre and most historical monuments are located in or around the Main Street (''Hlavná ulica'') and the town has the largest Town Monument Reserve in Slovakia.<ref name="slovakia.travel">{{cite web | publisher = Slovak Tourist Board | url = http://www.slovakia.travel/entitaview.aspx?l=2&idp=3640 | title = Town monument reserve - Košice | date = 2007 | accessdate = 23 January | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The dominant monument of the city is Slovakia's biggest church, the 14th-century [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[St. Elisabeth Cathedral]], the easternmost Gothic cathedral of western type in Central Europe,<ref name="slovakia.travel"/> and is the cathedral of the [[Archdiocese of Košice]]. In addition to the cathedral, there is also the 14th-century [[St. Michael Chapel]], the [[St. Urban Tower]] and the [[Neo-baroque]] [[State Theatre Košice|State Theatre]] in the centre of the town. The [[Executioner's Bastion]] and the [[Mill Bastion]] are remains the city fortification system. The [[Greek-Catholic Church of Virgin Mary's Birth (Košice)|Church of Virgin Mary's Birth]] is the cathedral for the Greek Catholic [[Eparchy of Košice]]. The visitors can also discover the beauty of several other monuments and buildings of great cultural and historical interest (the old Town Hall, the Old University, the Captain's Palace, Liberation Square, etc.) as well as several galleries (the [[East Slovak Gallery]]) and museums (the [[East Slovak Museum]]). As for the parks, there is a Municipal Park located between the historical city centre and the main railway station and the city has its [[Košice Zoo|own zoo]], located north-west of the city, in the borough of Kavečany. ===Sacral buildings=== {| | * [[Calvinist Church at Hrnčiarska Street|Calvinist Church]] * [[Dominican Church (Košice)|Dominican Church]] * [[Evangelical Church of Košice|Evangelical Church]] * [[Franciscan Church (Košice)|Franciscan Church]] | * [[Holy Spirit Church (Košice)|Hospital Church of Holy Spirit]] * [[Plague Chapel of St. Rosalie]] * [[Premonstratensian Church]], former Jesuit Church * [[Orthodox synagogue in Košice|Synagogue at Puškinová Street]] |} ==Culture== [[Image:SláviaKošice.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Slávia, the most beautiful [[Art Nouveau]] building in Košice]] ===Performing arts=== There are several theatres in Košice. [[State Theatre Košice]] is a state-run theatre founded in 1945 (then under name East Slovak National Theatre). It consists of three ensembles: drama, opera and ballet. Other theatres include the Marionette Theatre and the Old Town Theatre (''Staromestské divadlo''). Due to the presence of Hungarian and Roma minorities, it also hosts the Hungarian "Thália" theatre and the professional Roma theatre "Romathan".<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Košice.info | url = http://www.kosice.info/sk/ | title = Košice - metropola východného Slovenska | date = 2008 | accessdate = 29 January | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> Košice is also home to the [[State Philharmonic Košice]] (''Štátna filharmónia Košice''), established in 1968 as the second professional symphonic orchestra in Slovakia. It organizes festivals such as the Košice Music Spring, International Organ Music Festival and Festival of Contemporary Art.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = The Slovak State Philharmonic, Košice | url = http://www.sfk.sk/eng_version/index.php?id=historia | title = The Slovak State Philharmonic, Košice - History | date = no date | accessdate = 10 February | accessdate = 2008}}</ref> ===Museums and galleries=== Some of the museums and galleries based in the city include the [[East Slovak Museum]] (Slovak: ''Vychodoslovenské múzeum''), originally established in 1872 under name Upper Hungarian Museum. The [[Slovak Technical Museum]] with [[planetarium]], established in 1947, is the only museum of technical category in Slovakia that specializes on the history and traditions of science and technology.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = | url = http://www.cassovia.sk/stm/historia.php3 | title = Slovenské technické múzeum - História múzea | date = no date | accessdate = 29 January | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> The [[East Slovak Gallery]] was established in 1951 as the first regional gallery, with the aim to document artistic life in present-day eastern Slovakia.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = cassovia.sk | url = http://www.cassovia.sk/vsgaleria/ | title = Východoslovenská galéria | date = no date | accessdate = 29 January | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> ===Sport=== The oldest [[Marathon (sport)|marathon]] in Europe (the second oldest in the world after the [[Boston Marathon]]) is the [[Košice Peace Marathon]], founded in 1924, which is run on the first Sunday of October every year in in the city. Ice hockey club [[HC Košice]] is one of the most successful Slovak hockey clubs. It plays in the Slovak highest league, the [[Slovak Extraliga|Extraliga]], and has won three titles in 1995, 1996 and 1999 and two titles in the former [[Czechoslovak Extraliga]]. Since 2006, their home is at the [[Steel Aréna]], with a capacity of 8,343 spectators. Soccer club [[MFK Košice]] currently plays in the [[Corgoň Liga]]. The club reached as the first club from Slovakia the [[UEFA Champions League]] group stages and is double domestic league winner (1998, 1999). After relegation in 2003, the club returned to the Corgoň Liga in 2005. Other clubs in the city include the women's basketball team KOSIT 2013 Košice. ===Media=== The first and the oldest international festival of local TV broadcasters (founded in 1995) - The [[Golden Beggar]], takes place every year in June in Košice. ==Government== Košice is the seat of the [[Košice Region]], since 2002 also of the autonomous [[Košice Self-governing Region]], and it is also the seat of the Slovak [[Constitutional Court of Slovakia|Constitutional Court]]. The city also hosts a regional branch of the [[National Bank of Slovakia]], and Czech and Hungarian consulates. The local government is composed of a mayor ({{lang-sk|primátor}}), a [[city council]] (''mestské zastupiteľstvo''), a city board (''mestská rada''), city commissions (''Komisie mestského zastupiteľstva'') and a city magistrate's office (''magistrát''). The [[Direct election|directly elected]] mayor is the head of the city and its chief executive. The term of office is for four years. The current mayor, [[František Knapík]], was nominated in 2006 by a coalition of the political parties [[Christian Democratic Movement|KDH]], [[Party of the Hungarian Coalition|SMK]], and [[Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party|SDKÚ-DS]]. Administratively, the city of Košice is divided into four districts: [[Košice I]] (covering centre and northern parts), [[Košice II]] (covering south-west), [[Košice III]] (east) and [[Košice IV]] (south) and further into 22 boroughs (wards): {| class=wikitable ! colspan=2 | Administrative division of Košice |- ! ''District'' ! ''Boroughs'' |- ! [[Košice I]] | [[Džungľa]], [[Kavečany]], [[Košice-Sever|Sever]], [[Sídlisko Ťahanovce]], [[Staré mesto]], [[Ťahanovce]] |- ! [[Košice II]] | [[Lorinčík]], [[Luník IX]], [[Myslava]], [[Pereš]], [[Poľov]], [[Sídlisko KVP]], [[Šaca]], [[Košice-Západ|Západ]] |- ! [[Košice III]] | [[Sídlisko dargovských hrdinov]], [[Košická Nová Ves]] |- ! [[Košice IV]] | [[Košice-Barca|Barca]], [[Košice-Juh|Juh]], [[Krásna]], [[Nad jazerom]], [[Šebastovce]], [[Vyšné Opátske]] |} ==Education== Košice is the second university town in Slovakia, after Bratislava. [[Technical University of Košice]] is the largest university, with 16,015 students, including 867 doctoral students.<ref name='uips24'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P24.PDF |title=Technická univerzita Košice |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref> Another major university is the [[Pavol Jozef Šafárik University]], with 7,403 students, including 527 doctoral students.<ref name='uips4'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P04.PDF |title=Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref> Other universities and colleges include the [[University of Veterinary Medicine]] (1,381 students)<ref name='uips16'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P1.PDF |title=Univerzita veterinárneho lekárstva |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref> and the private [[Security Management College in Košice]] (1,168 students).<ref name='uips96'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P96.PDF |title=Vysoká škola bezpečnostného manažérstva |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref> In addition, each of [[University of Economics in Bratislava]], [[Slovak University of Agriculture]] in [[Nitra]] and [[Catholic University in Ružomberok]] have one faculty based in the city. There are 38 public [[elementary school]]s, six private elementary schools, and three religious elementary schools.<ref name='uips'>{{cite web | title=Prehľad základných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 | date= 2006 | publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva | url =http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZS_P8.PDF | accessdate = 2008-02-14 | language = Slovak|format=PDF}}</ref> Overall, they enroll 20,158 pupils.<ref name='uips'/> The city's system of [[secondary education]] (some middle schools and all high schools) consists of 20 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasia]] with 7,692 students,<ref name='uips2'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/GYM_P8.PDF |title=Prehľad gymnázií v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak }}</ref> 24 specialized [[high school]]s with 8,812 students,<ref name='uips3'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOS_P8.PDF |title=Prehľad stredných odborných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak }}</ref> and 13 [[vocational school]]s with 6,616 students.<ref name='uips4'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZSS_P8.PDF |title=Prehľad združených stredných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak }}</ref><ref name='uips5'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOU_P8.PDF |title=Prehľad stredných odborných učilíšť a učilíšť v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak }}</ref> ==Transport== [[Košice public transit|Public transport in Košice]] is managed by ''Dopravný podnik mesta Košice'' (literally Public Transport Company of the city of Košice). The municipal mass transit system is the oldest one in present-day Slovakia, with the first horse-car line in operation in 1891 (electrified in 1914).<ref name="milestones">{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_letopoct_rok1657.htm | title = Zaujímave letopočty z dejín mesta Košice (1657-1938) | date = no date | accessdate = 20 January | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> Today, the city's public transport system is composed of buses (in use since 1950s), trams and trolleybuses (since 1990s). Košice is also a rail hub of eastern Slovakia. It is connected by rail to [[Bratislava]], [[Prešov]], [[Čierna nad Tisou]], [[Miskolc]] and [[Zvolen]]. There is also a [[Uzhhorod - Košice broad gauge track|broad gauge track]] from [[Ukraine]], leading to a [[U. S. Steel Košice, s.r.o.|steel mill]] south-west of the city. The [[Motorway D1 (Slovakia)|D1 motorway]] also connects the city to [[Prešov]] and more motorways and motorroads are planned around the city.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.highways.sk/indexE.html | title = Highways and tunnels in Slovakia | author = Ján Gana | date = 2007 | accessdate = 23 January | accessyear = 2008}}</ref> The city also has an [[Košice International Airport|international airport]], located south of the city. It served 443,448 passengers in 2007, which is more than a threefold increase since 2001.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Košice International Airport | url = http://eng.airportkosice.sk/c/portal_public/layout?p_l_id=26.15 | title = Košice International Airport - Statistics | date = 2008 | accessdate = 23 January | accessyear = 2008}}</ref> ==Partner towns== [[Image:Košice Hlavná.jpg|thumb|right|180px|View of ''Hlavná ulica'' (Main Street) from the St. Elizabeth Cathedral, with the [[State Theatre Košice]] building in the centre]] Košice has several partner towns and sister cities around the world:<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Košice | url = http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=gov_s_c-00.html | title = Sister cities of the City of Košice | date = 2006 | accessdate = 25 January | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> {| | * {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], since 1997 * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]], [[Turkey]], since 2000 * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Cottbus]], [[Germany]], since 1992 * {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Miskolc]], [[Hungary]], since 1997 * {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Niš]], [[Serbia]], since 2001 * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Ostrava]], [[Czech Republic]], since 2001 * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Plovdiv]], [[Bulgaria]], since 2000 | * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Raahe]], [[Finland]], since 1987 * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Rzeszów]], [[Poland]], since 1991 * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]], since 1995 * {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Uzhhorod]], [[Ukraine]], since 1993 * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Verona]], [[Italy]], since 1992 * {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Vysoké Tatry (town)|Vysoké Tatry]], [[Slovakia]], since 2006 * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Wuppertal]], [[Germany]], since 1980 |} ==See also== *[[List of people from Košice]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.kosice.sk Official website of the town of Košice] * {{Wikitravel}} * [http://www.cassovia.info Cassovia.info Photos and history of Košice] * [http://www.kosice.info/ Tourist guide] ===Photographs=== * [http://fotokosice.eu Comprehensive photo gallery of Kosice] {{sk icon}} * [http://www.panoramy.net/index.php?cat=13&lang=english Panoramic photo gallery of Košice] [[Category:Cities and towns in Slovakia|Kosice]] [[Category:Košice|!]] [[ar:كوشيتسه]] [[bs:Košice]] [[br:Košice]] [[bg:Кошице]] [[ca:Košice]] [[cs:Košice]] [[da:Košice]] [[de:Košice]] [[et:Košice]] [[el:Κόσιτσε]] [[es:Košice]] [[eo:Košice (Košice)]] [[fr:Košice]] [[gl:Košice]] [[ko:코시체]] [[hr:Košice]] [[id:Košice]] [[it:Košice]] [[he:קושיצה]] [[la:Cassovia]] [[lv:Košice]] [[lt:Košicė]] [[li:Košice]] [[hu:Kassa]] [[nl:Košice]] [[ja:コシツェ]] [[no:Košice]] [[nn:Košice]] [[pl:Koszyce]] [[pt:Košice]] [[ro:Košice]] [[ru:Кошице]] [[simple:Košice]] [[sk:Košice]] [[sl:Košice]] [[sr:Кошице]] [[fi:Košice]] [[sv:Košice]] [[tr:Kösice]] [[uk:Кошице]] [[vo:Košice]] [[zh:科希策]]