Kofi Annan
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224963357
2008-07-11T05:42:59Z
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/202.151.193.105|202.151.193.105]] ([[User talk:202.151.193.105|talk]]) to last version by JayHenry
{{Infobox Secretary-General
| name = Kofi Annan {{click|image=Nobel medal dsc06171.jpg|link=Nobel Peace Prize|width=20px|height=20px}}
| image = Kofi Annan.jpg
| order = 7th [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| term_start = [[January 1]], [[1997]]
| term_end = [[January 1]], [[2007]]
| predecessor = [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]]
| successor = [[Ban Ki-moon]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|04|8}}
| birth_place = [[Kumasi]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]]
| dead = alive
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Ghana]]ian
| spouse = Titi Alakija (divorced)<br>Nane Maria Annan
| party =
| religion = [[Christian]], [[Protestantism|Protestant]]<ref>{{cite news | last = Lefevere | first = Patricia | title = Annan: `Peace is never a perfect achievement' - United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan | publisher = National Catholic Reporter | date = [[1998-12-11]] | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_7_35/ai_53460476 | accessdate = 2008-02-26}}</ref>
| vicepresident =
|}}
{{UN portal}}
'''Kofi Atta Annan''', [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] (born [[April 8]], [[1938]]) is a [[Ghana]]ian [[diplomat]] who served as the seventh [[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] of the [[United Nations]] from [[January 1]] [[1997]] to [[January 1]] [[2007]]. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 [[Nobel Peace Prize]].
==Early years and family==
Kofi Annan was born to Victoria and Henry Reginald Annan in the Kofandros section of [[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]]. He is a [[twin]], a respected status in [[Culture of Ghana|Ghanaian culture]]. His twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shares the middle name 'Atta', which in [[Akan languages|Fante]] and Akan means 'twin'.
Annan's family was part of the country's elite; both of his grandfathers and his uncle were tribal chiefs. His father was [[Ashanti people|Asante]] and [[Fante]]; his mother was Fante. Annan's father worked for a long period as an export manager for the [[Lever Brothers]] [[cocoa]] company. {{Fact|date=September 2007}}
Annan is married to Nane Maria Annan, a [[Sweden|Swedish]] lawyer and artist who is the half-niece of [[Raoul Wallenberg]]. He has two children, [[Kojo Annan|Kojo]] and Ama, from his previous marriage to a [[Nigeria]]n woman, Titi Alakija, whom he divorced in the late 1970s. Annan also has one stepchild, Nina Cronstedt de Groot, Nane's daughter from a previous marriage.
===Name===
As with most [[Akan name]]s, his first name indicates the day of the week he was born: Kofi denotes a boy born on a Friday. His middle name Atta is that of an elder twin. The name Annan can indicate that a child was the fourth in the family, but in Annan's family at some time in the past it became a family name, which Annan inherited from his parents.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
In his earlier years at the UN, Annan's last name had widely been mispronounced as rhyming with "anon"; Annan has let it be known that he pronounces his name to rhyme with "cannon" ({{IPA|/ˈænən/}}).<ref name=Crossette>{{cite news | last = Crossette | first = Barbara | title = New U.N. Chief Promises Reforms but Says He Won't Cut Jobs | publisher = [[New York Times]] | date = [[1997-01-10]] | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE1D81638F933A25752C0A961958260 | accessdate = 2008-02-25}}</ref>
==Education==
From 1954 to 1957, Annan attended the elite [[Mfantsipim]] school, a [[Methodism|Methodist]] [[boarding school]] in [[Cape Coast]] founded in the 1870s. Annan has said that the school taught him "that suffering anywhere concerns people everywhere". In 1957, the year Annan graduated from Mfantsipim, Ghana became the first British colony in Sub-Saharan Africa to gain independence.
In 1958, Annan began studying for a [[academic degree|degree]] in [[economics]] at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now the [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology of Ghana]]. He received a [[Ford Foundation]] grant, enabling him to complete his undergraduate studies at [[Macalester College]] in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], [[Minnesota]], [[United States]], in 1961. Annan then did a [[DEA (former French degree)|DEA]] degree in International Relations at the [[Graduate Institute of International Studies]] (''Institut universitaire des hautes études internationales'' IUHEI) in [[Geneva, Switzerland|Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], from 1961–62, later attending the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]] (1971–72) [[Sloan Fellows]] program and receiving a [[Master of Science]] (M.S.) degree from the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]].
Annan is fluent in [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Kru languages|Kru]], other dialects of [[Akan languages|Akan]], and other [[African languages]].
==Early career==
In 1962, Annan started working as a Budget Officer for the [[World Health Organization]], an agency of the United Nations. From 1974 to 1976, he worked as the Director of [[Tourism]] in Ghana. Annan then returned to work for the United Nations as an Assistant Secretary-General in three consecutive positions: Human Resources Management and Security Coordinator, from 1987 to 1990; Program Planning, Budget and Finance, and Controller, from 1990 to 1992; and Peacekeeping Operations, from March 1993 to February 1994.
The chain of events which lead up to the 1994 [[Rwandan Genocide]] unfolded while Annan was heading up Peacekeeping Operations.
In his book ''[[Shake Hands with the Devil (book)|Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda]]'', Canadian ex-General [[Roméo Dallaire]], who was force commander of the [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda]], claims that Annan was overly passive in his response to the incipient genocide. Gen. Dallaire explicitly asserts that Annan held back U. N. troops from intervening to settle the conflict, and from providing more logistical and material support. In particular, Dallaire claims that Annan failed to provide any responses to his repeated faxes asking him for access to a weapons depository, something that could have helped defend the endangered [[Tutsi]]s. Dallaire concedes, however, that Annan was a man whom he found extremely "committed" to the founding principles of the United Nations.
Annan served as Under-Secretary-General until October 1995, when he was made a Special Representative of the Secretary-General to the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], serving for five months in that capacity before returning to his duties as Under-Secretary-General in April 1996.
==Secretary-General of the United Nations==
===Appointment===
On [[December 13]] [[1996]], Annan was recommended by the [[United Nations Security Council]] to replace the previous Secretary-General, [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] of [[Egypt]], whose second term faced the veto of the United States.<ref>{{cite press release |title=BIO/3051 - Kofi Annan of Ghana recommended by Security Council for appointment as Secretary-General of United Nations |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=[[1996-12-13]] |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1996/19961213.bio3051.html |accessdate=2006-12-12}}</ref><ref name="traub book">{{cite book | last = Traub | first = James
| authorlink = James Traub | title = The Best Intentions | publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] | date = 2006 | location = [[New York]] | pages = 66-67 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=chP1YnYFTKYC | isbn = 978-0-374-18220-5}}</ref> He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]],<ref>{{cite press release |title=GA/9208 - General Assembly appoints Kofi Annan of Ghana as seventh Secretary-General |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=[[1996-12-17]] |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1996/19961217.ga9208.html |accessdate=2006-12-12}}</ref> and he started his first term as Secretary-General on [[January 1]], [[1997]].
===Activities===
[[Mark Malloch Brown]] succeeded [[Louise Frechette]] as Annan's Deputy Secretary-General in April 2004.
In April 2001, he issued a five-point "Call to Action" to address the [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] [[pandemic]]. As Secretary-General, Annan saw this pandemic as a "personal priority" and proposed the establishment of a [[Global AIDS and Health Fund]] in an attempt to stimulate the increased spending needed to help developing countries confront the HIV/AIDS crisis.
On December 10, 2001, Annan and the United Nations were jointly awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world".
During the buildup to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], Annan called on the United States and the [[United Kingdom]] not to invade without the support of the United Nations. In a September 2004 interview on the [[BBC]], Annan was asked about the legal authority for the invasion, and responded, "from [[The UN Security Council and the Iraq war|our point of view]], from the [[United Nations Charter|charter]] point of view it was illegal."<ref>{{cite news | title = Iraq war illegal, says Annan| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661134.stm| work = [[BBC News]]| publisher = [[BBC]]| date = 2004-09-16| accessdate = 2006-12-12| quote = When pressed on whether he viewed the invasion of Iraq as illegal, he said: "Yes, if you wish. I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN charter from our point of view, from the charter point of view, it was illegal."
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Excerpts: Annan interview| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661640.stm| work = [[BBC News]]| publisher = [[BBC]]| date = [[2004-09-16]]| accessdate = 2006-12-12}}</ref>
Annan supported sending a [[UNMIS|UN peacekeeping mission]] to [[Darfur conflict|Darfur]], [[Sudan]], and worked with the government of Sudan to accept a transfer of power from the [[African Union]] [[African Union Mission in Sudan|peacekeeping mission]] to a UN one. Annan also worked with several [[Arab]] and [[Islam|Muslim]] [[Islamic countries|countries]] on [[women's rights]] and other topics. [[Nuala O'Loan]], the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland recently stated, "I imagine that if Kofi Annan saw somebody abusing human rights he would kick them in the knee".{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
Beginning in 1998 Annan convened an annual UN ''Security Council Retreat'' with 15 States representatives of the Council at the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] (RBF) Conference Center at the [[Rockefeller family]] estate at Pocantico, which was sponsored by both the RBF and the UN.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbf.org/grants/programs/pocconference_2005_F.html |title=Pocantico Conferences 2005 |accessdate=2006-12-12 |work=[[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] website }}</ref> He and his wife also attended the Playhouse at the family estate on the occasion of [[Brooke Astor]]'s 100th birthday celebration.<ref>{{cite news | first = Alex| last = Kuczynski| title = Grandest Of Dames Turns 100 in Style| url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04E0DD153AF932A35757C0A9649C8B63| work = [[New York Times]]| page = B3| date = [[2002-04-01]]| accessdate = 2008-03-27}}</ref> He is a strong supporter and guest of the family's [[Asia Society]] in New York.<ref>{{cite news | first = Tim | last = Boxer| title = Society’s 50th Milestone Honors Rockefellers| url = http://www.15minutesmagazine.com/archives/Issue_74/front_page.htm| work = 15 Minutes Magazine| date = April 2006| accessdate = 2006-12-12}}</ref>
====Lubbers sexual-harassment investigation====
In [[June 2004]], Annan was given a copy of the [[OIOS|Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)]] report on the complaint of [[sexual harassment]], abuse of authority, and retaliation against [[Ruud Lubbers]], [[United Nations High Commission for Refugees|UN High Commissioner for Refugees]]. The report also discussed allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct against Werner Blatter, Director of UNHCR Personnel, by a long-serving staff member. The investigation report found Ruud Lubbers guilty of sexual harassment and no mention was made publicly of the other charge against a senior official or the two subsequent complaints she filed later that year. In the course of the official investigation, Lubbers wrote a letter that some speculate was a threat to the female worker who had brought the charges of misconduct.<ref>{{cite news | title = UN report slams Lubbers for 'regular sexual harassment'| url = http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=1&story_id=17094&name=UN+report+slams+Lubbers+over+sexual+harassment| work = Expatica| date = [[2005-02-18]]
| accessdate = 2006-12-12}}</ref> However, on [[July 15]], [[2004]], Lubbers was declared innocent by Kofi Annan {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. His decision only lasted until November when OIOS issued its annual report to the UN General Assembly noting it has found Lubbers guilty. Widely reported in the media, these events served to weaken Annan's position.
On [[November 17]], [[2004]], Annan accepted a report clearing UN Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services [[Dileep Nair]] of [[political corruption]] and sexual harassment charges — charges which some viewed as retaliation against Nair for supporting the complainant in the Lubbers affair. However, clearance was not viewed favorably by some UN staff in New York, leading to extensive debate on November 19. In February 2005, Lubbers resigned as head of the UN refugee agency. [http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/UN-refugee-chief-quits-over-sex-claims/2005/02/21/1108834690036.html]
====Oil-for-Food scandal====
In December 2004, reports surfaced that the Secretary-General's son Kojo received payments from the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] company [[Cotecna Inspection SA]], which won a lucrative contract under the UN [[Oil-for-Food Program]]. Kofi Annan called for an investigation into this matter.
The Independent Inquiry Committee into The United Nations Oil-for-Food Program was appointed by Annan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iic-offp.org/about.htm |title=About the Committee |accessdate=2006-12-12 |work=Independent Inquiry Committee into The United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme website}}</ref> and led by former US Federal Reserve Chairman [[Paul Volcker]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iic-offp.org/members.htm |title=Members |accessdate=2006-12-12 |work=Independent Inquiry Committee into The United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme website }}</ref> Volcker has strong ideological ties to the UN as director of the [[United Nations Association of the United States of America]]. In his first interview with the Inquiry Committee, Annan denied having had a meeting with Cotecna. Later in the inquiry he recalled that he had met with Cotecna's chief executive Elie-Georges Massey twice. In a final report issued on [[October 27]], the committee found insufficient evidence to indict Kofi Annan on any illegal actions, but did find fault with Mr. Benan Sevan, a Cypriot national who had worked for the UN for about 40 years. Appointed to his Oil-For-Food role by Kofi Annan, Mr. Sevan repeatedly asked Iraqis for allocations of oil to the African Middle East Petroleum Company. Sevan's behavior was "ethically improper", Volcker said to reporters. Sevan for his part, has repeatedly denied the charges and argues that he is being made a "scapegoat". The Volcker report was also highly critical of the UN management structure and the Security Council oversight and strongly recommended a new position of Chief Operating Officer to handle the fiscal and administrative responsibilities which currently fall to the Secretary General's office. The report listed the companies, both Western and [[Middle East]]ern, who illegally benefited from the program.
=== Conflict between the United States and the United Nations ===
Kofi Annan supported his deputy Secretary-General [[Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown|Mark Malloch Brown]], who openly criticized segments of the United States media in a speech on [[June 6]], [[2006]]: "But [the UN's role in peacekeeping] is not well known or understood, in part because much of the public discourse that reaches the US heartland has been largely abandoned to its loudest detractors such as Rush Limbaugh and Fox News. The prevailing practice of seeking to use the UN almost by stealth as a diplomatic tool while failing to stand up for it against its domestic critics is simply not sustainable…. You will lose the UN one way or another."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/dsgsm287.doc.htm |title=UN needs US, US needs UN to face challenges -- HIV/AIDS, SUDAN -- that defy national solutions, says Deputy Secretary-General in New York address |accessdate=2006-12-12 |last=Brown |first=Mark Malloch |authorlink=Mark Malloch Brown |date=[[2006-06-06]] |work=United Nations website |publisher=[[United Nations]] }}</ref> The U.S. ambassador [[John R. Bolton]] was reported to have told Annan on the phone: "I've known you since 1989 and I'm telling you this is the worst mistake by a senior UN official that I have seen in that entire time."<ref>{{cite news | title = Speech by U. N. Leader Draws Angry Response From US| url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,198535,00.html| work = [[Fox News]]| date = [[2006-06-07]]| accessdate = 2006-12-12}}</ref> At the end of Kofi Annan's tenure as Secretary General, Bolton was asked to sum up Annan's years at the UN. He responded simply: "I'll pass."[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0612/11/cnr.03.html] However, despite criticism of the United States by one of the United Nations' top officials, the U.S. remained, and remains, the largest single contributor of funds to the United Nations in the world.<ref>http://www.unausa.org/site/pp.asp?c=fvKRI8MPJpF&b=1813833</ref>
===Farewell addresses===
{{wikisource|Secretary-General Kofi Annan's address at the Truman Presidential Museum & Library on December 11, 2006}}
On [[September 19]], [[2006]], Annan gave a farewell address to world leaders gathered at the [[United Nations headquarters|UN headquarters]] in New York, in anticipation of his retirement on [[December 31]]. In the speech he outlined three major problems of "an unjust world economy, world disorder, and widespread contempt for [[human rights]] and the rule of law", which he believes "have not resolved, but sharpened" during his time as Secretary-General. He also pointed to violence in [[Africa]], and the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] as two major issues warranting attention.<ref>{{cite news | first = Evelyn | last = Leopold | title = UN's Annan depicts polarized world in farewell speech | url = http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-09-19T173615Z_01_N19388437_RTRUKOC_0_US-UN-ASSEMBLY-ANNAN.xml&archived=False&src=091906_1412_ARTICLE_PROMO_also_on_reuters | publisher = [[Reuters]] | date = [[2006-09-16]] | accessdate = 2006-12-12}}</ref>
On [[December 11]] [[2006]], in his final speech as Secretary-General, delivered at the [[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum|Harry S. Truman Presidential Library]] in [[Independence, Missouri|Independence]], [[Missouri]], Annan recalled [[Harry S. Truman|Truman's]] leadership in the founding of the United Nations. He called for the United States to return to President Truman's [[multilateralism|multilateralist]] foreign policies, and to follow Truman's credo that "the responsibility of the great states is to serve and not dominate the peoples of the world". He also said that the United States must maintain its commitment to human rights, "including in the struggle against terrorism."<ref>{{cite news | title = Annan chides US in final speech | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6169669.stm | work = [[BBC News]] | publisher = [[BBC]] | date = [[2006-12-11]] | accessdate = 2006-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first = Kofi | last = Annan | title = Independence, Missouri, 11 December 2006 - Secretary-General's address at the Truman Presidential Museum and Library followed by Questions and Answers | url = http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=2357
| work = United Nations website | publisher = [[United Nations]] | date = [[2006-12-11]] | accessdate = 2006-12-11}}</ref>
==Recommendations for UN reform==
After years of research, Annan presented a progress report, ''[[In Larger Freedom]]'', to the UN General Assembly, on [[March 21]], [[2005]]. Annan recommended Security Council expansion and a host of other [[reform of the United Nations|UN reform]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/ |title=In Larger Freedom |accessdate=2006-12-12 |work=United Nations website }}</ref>
On [[31 January]], [[2006]], Kofi Annan outlined his vision for a comprehensive and extensive reform of the UN in a policy speech to the [[United Nations Association UK]]. The speech, delivered at Central Hall, [[Westminster]], also marked the 60th Anniversary of the first meetings of the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] and [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17358&Cr=Iran&Cr1=nuclear |title=Annan addresses UNA-UK in London |accessdate=2007-08-05 |work=United Nations website }}</ref>
On [[March 7]], [[2006]], he presented to the General Assembly his proposals for a fundamental overhaul of the United Nations Secretariat. The reform report is entitled: "[[Investing in the United Nations, For a Stronger Organization Worldwide]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/reform/ |title=Reforming the United Nations |accessdate=2006-12-12 |work=United Nations website }}</ref>
On [[March 30]], [[2006]], he presented to the General Assembly his analysis and recommendations for updating the entire work programme of the United Nations Secretariat over the last 60 years. The report is entitled: "Mandating and Delivering: Analysis and Recommendations to Facilitate the Review of Mandates".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/mandatereview |title=Reforming the United Nations, Mandate Review |accessdate=2006-12-12 |work=United Nations website }}</ref>
==Post-UN career==
Upon his return to Ghana, Annan was immediately suggested as a candidate to become the country's next [[president of Ghana|head of state]].<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2058913,00.html Annan 'for president': Africa: News: News24<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
He has become involved with several organizations with both global and African focuses. In 2007, Annan was named chairman of the prize committee for the [[Mo Ibrahim]] Prize for Achievement in African Leadership, was chosen to lead the new formation of Alliance for a [[Green Revolution]] in Africa (AGRA), became a member of the [[Global Elders]], was appointed president of the [[Global Humanitarian Forum]] in Geneva, and was selected for the [[MacArthur Foundation]] Award for International Justice.
In the beginning of 2008, as head of the Panel of Eminent African Personalities, Annan participated in the negotiations to end the [[Civil unrest in Kenya (2007–present)|civil unrest in Kenya]]. He threatened to leave the negotions as mediatior if a quick decision was not made.
<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/25/kenya.talks/index.html Annan: Kenya factions 'not capable' of agreement - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> On [[February 26]] [[2008]] he suspended talks to end Kenya's violent post-election crisis.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/26/rice.africa/index.html Annan suspends Kenya's post-election talks - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
On February 28, Annan managed to have President Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga sign a coalition government agreement and was widely lauded by many Kenyans for this landmark achievement. That was the best deal achieved then under the mediation efforts.
Annan currently serves on the board of directors of the [[United Nations Foundation]], a public charity created in 1998 with [[entrepreneur]] and [[philanthropist]] [[Ted Turner]]’s historic $1 billion gift to support UN causes. The UN Foundation builds and implements public-private partnerships to address the world’s most pressing problems, and broadens support for the UN. <ref>[http://www.unfoundation.org/about/board.asp United Nations Foundation Board of Directors]</ref>
Annan is a member of the [[Africa Progress Panel]] (APP), an independent authority on Africa launched in April 2007 to focus world leaders’ attention on delivering their commitments to the continent. The Panel launched a major report in London on Monday 16 June 2008 entitled ''Africa's Development: Promises and Prospects''<ref>APP, Press Release: Africa Progress Panel demands action on global food crisis “reversing decades of economic progress”, 16 June 2008, http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/english/newsreleases.php</ref>.
==Honors==
* [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]], (Kumasi), Honorary Doctor of Science, [[August 24]], [[1998]]
* [[United Nations Mandated University for Peace]], Honorary President, 1999
* [[Lund University]], Honorary Doctor of Law, 1999
* [[National University of Ireland]], Doctor of Law, [[January 22]], [[1999]]
* [[Technische Universität Dresden]], ''doctor honoris causa'', [[April 27]], [[1999]]
* [[Howard University]], honorary doctorate of humane letters, [[May 8]], [[1999]]
* [[University of Notre Dame]], Doctor of Letters, ''honoris causa'', [[May 21]], [[2000]]
* [[Seton Hall University]], [[John C. Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations]], Honorary Doctorate, February 2001
* [[Brown University]], Doctor of Laws, ''honoris causa'', [[May 28]], [[2001]]
* [[Liberty Medal]] International Selection Commission, Liberty Medal, July 4, 2001
* [[Free University of Berlin]], ''doctor honoris causa'', [[July 13]], [[2001]]
* [[Nobel Foundation]], The Nobel Peace Prize, jointly presented to Kofi Annan and the United Nations, 2001
* [[Northwestern University]], Doctor of Laws, [[June 21]], [[2002]]
* 2002 winner of the "[[Profiles in Courage Award]]," given by the JFK Memorial Museum.
* [[University of Pittsburgh]], honorary Doctor of Public and International Affairs degree [[October 21]], [[2003]]
* [[Ghent University]] ([[Belgium]]), ''doctor honoris causa'' [[March 21]], [[2003]]
* [[Carleton University]], ''Legum Doctor, honoris causa'', [[March 9]], [[2004]]
* [[University of Ottawa]], Doctor of the University Degree, [[March 9]], [[2004]]
* [[University of Pennsylvania]], Doctor of Laws, ''honoris causa'', [[May 16]], [[2005]]
* [[Order of Liberty|Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty]] ([[Portugal]]), [[October 11]], [[2005]]
* [[Universidade Nova de Lisboa]], ''doctor honoris causa'', [[October 12]], [[2005]]
* [[The George Washington University]], Doctor of Public Service, [[May 5]], [[2006]]
* [[University of Tokyo]], Honorary Doctorate, [[May 18]], [[2006]]
* [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]], Knight Grand Cross, 2006
* [[Georgetown University]], Doctor of Humane Letters, ''honoris causa'', [[October 30]], [[2006]]
* [[University of St. Gallen]], [[Switzerland]], Max Schmidheiny Foundation Freedom Prize (originally awarded 2003, but postponed due to Annan's illness), [[November 18]], [[2006]]
* [[Princeton University]], Crystal Tiger Award, [[November 28]], [[2006]]
* [[Inter Press Service]], [http://www.ips.org/about/award.shtml International Achievement Award] for Annan's lasting contributions to peace, security, and development, [[December 19]], [[2006]]
* [[Olof Palme Prize]], 2006
* Honorary [[Knighthood]] from [[Queen Elizabeth II]] ([[GCMG]]), 2007.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Honorary knighthood for Kofi Annan
| publisher = Metro
| date = [[2007-10-24]]
| url = http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=72787&in_page_id=34&in_a_source=
| accessdate = 2008-02-25}}</ref>
* [[John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation|MacArthur Foundation]], MacArthur Award for International Justice
* [[King's College London]], Doctor of Laws, ''honoris causa'', [[May 28]], [[2008]]
==See also==
*[[Rwandan Genocide]]
*''[[In Larger Freedom]]''
*[[Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre]] in Ghana
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|Kofi Annan}}
===Biographies, interviews, and profiles===
* [http://www.un.org/sg/annan.shtml Official UN biography]
* [http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/2001/annan-bio.html Nobel Peace Prize biography]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/un/ Kofi Annan: Center of the Storm] Detailed PBS profile. Includes interactive biography and map of Annan's worldwide travels, among other things. Requires Flash.
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/international/un_splash_10-18.html Kofi Annan: An Online News Hour Focus] A compilation of information, interviews, and initiatives about and by Kofi Annan, by the website of the ''NewsHour with Jim Lehrer''. From 1998-1999.
* [http://www.ghf-geneva.org/ghf_board.html Kofi Annan, President], [[Global Humanitarian Forum]] [[Geneva]]
* [http://www.globalpolicy.org/secgen/annanbio.htm Kofi Annan: Biographical Note] Basic biography by Phyllis Bennis of the Global Policy Forum.
* [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n12_v53/ai_21225422/print One-on-one with UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan] October 1998 interview of Kofi Annan by Kevin Chappell of ''Ebony''.
* [http://www.williamshawcross.com/annan1.html Annan Article in Saga Magazine]
*[http://www.africaprogresspanel.org Africa Progress Panel Website]
===Articles===
* Ian Williams, ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[20 September]] [[2005]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1573765,00.html "Annan has paid his dues: The UN declaration of a right to protect people from their governments is a millennial change"]
* [http://www.newsobserver.com/559/story/520366.html Annan, Kofi A. "Lessons from the U.N. leader" ''The Washington Post'', Dec 12, 2006.]
* [http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110009383 "Kofi and U.N. Ideals" ''The Wall Street Journal'', Dec 14, 2006.]
* Colum Lynch, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[April 24]], [[2005]], [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A12395-2005Apr23?language=printer "U.N. Chief's Record Comes Under Fire"]
===Speeches===
* [http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/pages/statements.html Statements of Secretary-General Kofi Annan]
* [http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/2001/annan-lecture.html Nobel Peace Prize lecture]
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]]'''<br /><small>''[[Egypt]]''</small>}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United Nations Secretary-General]]|years=1997 – 2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ban Ki-moon]]'''<br /><small>''[[South Korea]]''</small>}}
{{end}}
{{UNSecretary-General}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 2001-2025}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Annan, Kofi Atta
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[United Nations Secretary-General]]
|DATE OF BIRTH={{Birth date and age|1938|4|8|mf=y}}
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]]
|DATE OF DEATH=living
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Annan, Kofi}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]]
[[Category:Ghanaian diplomats]]
[[Category:Ghanaian economists]]
[[Category:Ghanaian politicians]]
[[Category:Ghanaian Protestants]]
[[Category:Globalization]]
[[Category:Humanitarians]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi Peace Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Olof Palme Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Star of Romania Order]]
[[Category:Sloan Fellows]]
[[Category:The Global Elders]]
[[Category:United Nations Oil-for-Food scandal]]
[[Category:United Nations Secretaries-General]]
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[[ta:கோபி அன்னான்]]
[[te:కోఫీ అన్నన్]]
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[[zh:科菲·安南]]