Kraków 16815 224918919 2008-07-11T00:19:30Z Poeticbent 1227922 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 224905559 by [[Special:Contributions/82.7.234.101|82.7.234.101]] ([[User talk:82.7.234.101|talk]]) speculative, [[WP:POINT]], [[WP:UNDUE]] {{otheruses6|Krakow (disambiguation)|Cracow (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox Settlement | name = Kraków | image_skyline = Krakow rynek 01.jpg | imagesize = 280px | image_caption = View of the Main Market Square | image_flag = Flag of Krakow.svg | image_shield = POL Kraków COA.svg | pushpin_map = Poland | pushpin_label_position = bottom | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{POL}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lesser Poland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]] | subdivision_name2 = ''city county'' | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Jacek Majchrowski]] | established_title = City rights | established_date = [[June 5]], [[1257]] | area_total_km2 = 327 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_total = 756757 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | latd = 50 | latm = 3 | lats = 41 | latNS = N | longd = 19 | longm = 56 | longs = 18 | longEW = E | elevation_m = 219 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 30-024 to 31-962 | area_code = +48 12 | website = http://www.krakow.pl/ | blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]] | blank_info = KR }} '''Kraków''' {{Audio-IPA-pl|Pl-Kraków.ogg|'|k|r|a|k|u|f}}, in English also spelled '''Krakow''' or '''Cracow''' ({{pronEng|ˈkrækaʊ}}, [[Merriam-Webster|M-W]]: [http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/audio.pl?ggkrak03.wav krăk'ou, krāk'ō][[Image:Audiobutton.png|10px]]), is one of the largest and oldest cities in [[Poland]], with a population of 756,336 in 2007 (1,403,247 in the Kraków-[[Tarnów]] sub-region).<ref name="CSO_2007">Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 2007, {{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_ludnosc_stan_struktura_teryt_1pol_2007.pdf|title= Population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division, as of June 30, 2007. Table 3, pg.13 of the Report|accessdate=2007-12-13|format=PDF}}</ref> Situated on the [[Vistula]] river ({{lang-pl|Wisła}}) in the [[Lesser Poland]] region, the [[city]] dates back to the 7th century.<ref name = "History">The Municipality Of Kraków Press Office, 1996–2007, in participation with ACK Cyfronet of the [[AGH University of Science and Technology]], {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html |title= "Our City. History of Krakow, archaeological findings"|accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596, the capital of the [[Grand Duchy of Kraków]] from 1846 to 1918, and the capital of [[Kraków Voivodeship]] from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship]]. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish scientific, cultural and artistic life. As the former national [[capital]] with a history encompassing more than a thousand years, the city remains the spiritual heart of Poland. It is a major attraction for local and international tourists, attracting seven million visitors annually. Famous landmarks include the [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]] with [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]] and the [[Sukiennice|Sukiennice Cloth Hall]], the [[Wawel Castle]], the [[National Museum, Kraków|National Art Museum]], the [[Zygmunt (bell)|Zygmunt Bell]] at the [[Wawel Cathedral]], and the medieval [[Florian Gate|St Florian's Gate]] with the [[Barbican of Kraków|Barbican]] along the [[Royal coronations in Poland#Wawel Cathedral, Kraków|Royal Coronation]] Route. In 1978, [[UNESCO]] added Kraków's historic centre, which includes the [[Kraków - Stare Miasto|Old Town]], [[Kazimierz]] and the Wawel Castle to the list of [[World Heritage Site]]s. == Etymology == The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from [[Krakus]] (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the tribe of [[Lechitians]] ([[Poles]]). In [[Polish language|Polish]], ''Kraków'' is an archaic [[Possessive case|possessive]] form of ''Krak'' and essentially means "Krak's (town)". Krakus's name may derive from "krakula", a [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] word<ref>{{pl icon}} [[Maria Curie-Skłodowska University]], [[Lublin]]. Historical forum, {{cite web|url=http://www.historycy.org/index.php?showtopic=20414|title= "Krak or Krakus?"|accessdate=2007-06-10}}</ref> meaning a judge's staff, or a Proto-Slavic word "krak" meaning an [[oak]], once a sacred tree most often associated with the concept of [[genealogy]]. The first mention of Prince Krakus (then written as ''Grakch'') dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the 7th century, inhabited by the tribe of [[Wiślanie]].<ref name= "History" /> The city's full official name, used on ceremonial occasions, is '''Royal Capital City of Kraków''' ({{lang-pl|Królewskie Stołeczne Miasto Kraków}}).<ref name=ordinance/> A person born, or living, in Kraków is called a ''Cracovian'' ({{lang-pl|Krakowianin}}). The city is known in [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]] as Krakov, in [[French language|French]] as Cracovie, in [[German language|German]] as Krakau, in [[Latin]] as Cracovia, and in [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] as Krokuva. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Yiddish]] languages refer to it as ''Krakiv'' and ''Kroke'' (קראָקע) respectively.<ref>Andrzej Chwalba. ''Krakow w latach 1939–1945'' (Cracow, 1939–1945). Dzieje Krakowa tom 5. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2002. (In Polish.)[http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html]</ref> [[Names of European cities in different languages: I-L#K|Names of Kraków in different languages]] are also available. == History == {{main|History of Kraków}} === Middle Ages === Archaeological evidence suggests that a settlement had been established in the [[Stone Age]] on the present site of the [[Wawel Hill]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/wawel-krakow-castle|title="Wawel Krakow"|accessdate=2007-09-12}} Wawel Hill past and present</ref> A legend attributes its founding to the mythical ruler [[Krakus]], who built it above a cave occupied by a ravenous [[dragon]], [[Smok Wawelski]]. Many knights unsuccessfully attempted to oust the dragon by fighting it, but Krakus fed it a poisoned breakfast, which killed the dragon. He then was able to build the city on top of the hill. The bones are displayed at the entrance of the Wawel Cathedral.<ref>[[Wawel Royal Castle]], homepage. Maria Dębicka, {{cite web|url=http://www.cyfronet.pl/waweln/en/index.php?op=11,1,5|title="The Dragon’s Den"|accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> The first written record of the city's name dates back to 966, when a [[Sephardi Jew]]ish traveller, [[Abraham ben Jacob]], described Kraków as a notable commercial centre.<ref name = "History" /> [[Image:K8.jpg|thumb|[[Florian Gate|Entrance of the Old Town]]]] By the end of the 10th century, the city was a leading trading centre, incorporated into the holdings of the [[Piast dynasty]]. Brick buildings were constructed, including the [[Wawel Castle]], [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] churches such as [[Church of St. Wojciech|St. Adalbert's]], a cathedral, and a basilica.<ref name = "History" /> The city was almost entirely destroyed during the [[Tatar invasions]] of 1241, 1259 and 1287.<ref>Edmund Kolodziejczyk, "Poland. Geography, political history and the position of the church." Catholic Encyclopedia, {{cite web|url=http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:YwNjZ_neCKQJ:www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html+Tatar+invasions+in+1241,+1259+and+1287&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=62|title= Overview of historic events (''see:Tartar raids'')|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> It was rebuilt and [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] in 1257, based on the [[Magdeburg rights|Magdeburg law]], with tax benefits and trade privileges for its citizens.<ref>Marek Strzala,{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/750th.htm|title="Krakow’s oldest known City Charter dates back to 1257"|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> The city again rose to prominence in 1364, when [[Casimir III of Poland]] founded the [[University of Kraków]],<ref>Sharon & Peter Pfeiffer, "Krakow. A brief history." {{cite web|url=http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm|title= The establishment of a university|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> the second oldest university in [[central Europe]] after the [[University of Prague]]. The city continued to grow under the joint [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuanian]]-Polish [[Jagiellon dynasty]] (1386–1572). As the capital of [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|a powerful state]] and a member of the [[Hanseatic League]], the city attracted many craftsmen, businesses, and [[guild]]s as science and the arts began to flourish.<ref name="poloniahans">[http://www.poloniatoday.com/explore10.htm Hanseatic towns: Kraków], Polonia Online, Retrieved on [[25 September]], [[2007]].</ref> ===Golden age=== [[Image:Krakow 37.jpg||thumb|250px|left|[[Wawel Cathedral]] on [[Wawel Hill]]]] The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's ''Złoty Wiek'', the Golden Age.<ref name=NormanDavies>{{cite book| last = Davies | first = Norman | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = God's Playground: A History of Poland| year = 2005 | publisher = [[Oxford University]] Press | isbn= 0199253390 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&pg=PA118&dq=%22Norman+Davies%22+%22God%27s+Playground%22+%22Golden+Age%22&sig=S0kmJEBWyWAXLdK7gGMzmSaZw-M | accessdate =2008-01-21}}p.118. See vol.1, chapter 5 </ref> Many works of [[Polish Renaissance]] art and architecture were created there during that time,<ref name="Mikos">[[Michael J. Mikoś]], ''Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology''. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. ISBN 978-0-89357-257-0 [http://staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/index.html First chapters online], Retrieved on [[25 September]] [[2007]]</ref><ref name="unescoancient">[http://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/29-summary.pdf Cracow's Historic Centre], UNESCO report, retrieved on [[04 October]] [[2007]]</ref> including ancient [[synagogue]]s in Kraków's Jewish quarter of [[Kazimierz]], such as the renown [[Old Synagogue (Kraków)|Old Synagogue]].<ref name="infosyn">[http://www.krakow-info.com/synagog.htm Old Synagogue in Krakow], Retrieved on 25 September, 2007.</ref> During the reign of [[Casimir IV]], crowned King of Poland in 1447, numerous artists, from as far as [[Nuremberg]] and [[Italy]], came to work and live in Kraków. The king's children were taught by an Italian humanist, [[Filip Callimachus]]. In 1488, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]'s ''[[Poet Laureate]]'' [[Conrad Celtes]] founded the ''[[Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana]]'' (''Vistula Literary Society''), which was based on [[Roman Academies]]. In 1489, sculptor [[Veit Stoss]] finished his work on the [[Altar of Veit Stoss|High Altar]] of the [[St Mary's Church in Kraków|St. Mary's Church]],<ref>Marek Strzala, Most Important Dates in Krakow's History. {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/dates.htm|title=Veit Stoss altarpiece for Krakow’s Basilica of Virgin Mary|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> followed by a marble [[sarcophagus]] for King Casimir IV. [[Johann Haller]] established a [[printing press]] in the city<ref name="Haller">Harold B. Segel, ''Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470–1543'', Cornell University Press, 1989, ISBN 0801422868, [http://books.google.com/books?id=VoFks1eW75oC&pg=PA252&dq=%22Jan+Haller%22+printing&as_brr=3&ei=-sH7RuWBO6jA7ALJvNHlDQ&sig=pBVMzF5ydrU2Ou77QuBaFQKTCJY Google Print, p.252]</ref> after [[Kasper Straube]] had printed the [[Calendarium Cracoviense]], the first work printed in Poland, in 1473.<ref>Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5 [http://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&pg=PA118&dq=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22&sig=S0kmJEBWyWAXLdK7gGMzmSaZw-M] </ref><ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88">Wieslaw Wydra, "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475–1520", ''Gutenberg-Jahrbuch'', Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88–94 (88)</ref> In 1520, the most famous [[church bell]] in Poland, named ''[[Zygmunt (bell)|Zygmunt]]'' after [[Sigismund I of Poland]], was cast by [[Hans Behem]].<ref name="dzwon"> "The Warsaw Voice", April 11, 1999. {{cite web|url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/archiwum.phtml/9344/|title= "Bell Woman of Wawel Hill"|accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> At that time, [[Hans Dürer]], a younger brother of [[Albrecht Dürer]], was Sigismund's court painter.<ref name="HansDur">T. Sturge Moore, [http://www.fullbooks.com/Albert-Durer3.html "Albert Durer"]; and Janusz Wałek, {{cite web|url=http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm |title=Painting in Poland - A brief summary |accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> [[Hans von Kulmbach]] made [[altarpiece]]s for several churches.<ref name="Kulmbach">Emil Kren and Daniel Marx, "Artists' biographies."[http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/k/kulmbach/biograph.html Hans Süss von Kulmbach]; J. Paul Getty Museum, [http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=532 "Artists: Hans von Kulmbach"]; also, Agnieszka Janczyk, Kazimierz Kuczman, Joanna Winiewicz-Wolska, {{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33 |title=Wawel Royal Castle, The National Art Collection (homepage) |accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> In 1572, King [[Sigismund II of Poland|Sigismund II]], the last of the Jagiellons, died childless. The Polish throne passed to [[Henry III of France]] and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance that was worsened by pillaging during the [[Polish-Swedish wars|Swedish invasion]] and by an outbreak of [[bubonic plague|plague]] that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead. In 1596, [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]], of the [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[House of Vasa]], moved the capital of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] from Kraków to [[Warsaw]].<ref>[[Jagiellonian University]] Center for European Studies, "A Very Short History of Kraków", see: {{cite web|url=http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm|title= 1596 administrative capital, the tiny village of Warsaw|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> === 18th and early 19th century === <!-- Second Infobox: UNESCO World Heritage Site --> {{Infobox World Heritage Site | Name = Cracow's Historic Centre | infoboxwidth = 260px | Image = [[Image:Krakau Wawel Wisla.jpg|240px|[[Wawel Castle]], [[Old Town, Kraków]]]] | State_Party = {{POL}} | Type = Cultural | Criteria = IV | ID = 29 | Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]] | Year = 1978 | Session = 2nd }} Already weakened during the 18th century, by mid-1790 the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] had been twice [[Partitions of Poland|partitioned]] by its neighbors: [[Russian Empire|Russia]], the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg empire]], and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]].<ref>Dorota Wasik, [[Cracow University of Economics]], International Programs Office: "A short long history of Cracow", see: {{cite web|url=http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html|title= The Polish struggle for freedom|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> In 1794, [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] initiated an unsuccessful [[Kościuszko Uprising|insurrection]] in [[Main Market Square, Kraków|the town's Main Square]] that resulted in the [[Partitions of Poland#Third_Partition|third partition of Poland]].<ref>Grzegorz Reszka, based on:T. Cegielski, K. Zielińska: "Historia. Dzieje nowożytne", J. A. Gierowski: "Historia Polski 1764–1864", Lubicz-Pachoński: "Kościuszko na ziemi krakowskiej", A. Radziwiłł, W. Roszkowski: :Historia 1789–1871:, W. Malski: "Amerykańska wojna pułkownika Kościuszki". {{cite web|url=http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul,idart-139,t-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska|title= Insurekcja kościuszkowska 1764–1798|accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref> Kraków became part of the Austrian province of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]]. In 1809, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]], an independent, though subordinate, Polish state ruled by the [[King of Saxony]], [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus I]]. Following Napoleon's defeat in Russia, the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 mostly restored earlier structures, although it also created the partially independent [[Free City of Kraków]]. As in 1794, the city again became the center of an insurrection, the [[Kraków Uprising]] of 1846, which failed to spread outside the city and was put down. Again, it resulted in an annexation by [[Austria]], on [[16 November]] [[1846]]. The former Free City region became the [[Grand Duchy of Cracow]] ({{lang-de|Großherzogtum Krakau}}, {{lang-pl|Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie}}). [[Image:Kopieckosciuszki.jpg|thumb|235px|left|[[Chapel of St. Bronisława]] adjacent to [[Kościuszko Mound]],<ref>Kościuszko Mound Homepage, Kraków, Poland. {{cite web|url=http://www.kopieckosciuszki.pl/?x=historia_kopca&lang=en|title= "The history of the Kościuszko Mound"|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> erected in 1820 to commemorate the death of Tadeusz Kościuszko]] In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] after the [[Austro-Prussian War]].<ref>Marek Strzala, "History of Krakow" {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|title= (''see: Franz Joseph I granted Krakow the municipal government'')|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> As this form of Austrian rule was more benevolent than that exercised either by the [[Russian Empire]] in [[Congress Poland]] or by [[Prussia]],<ref name=NormanDavisPreussen> see vol.2, chapter 3 {{cite book|last = Davies| first = Norman | title = God's Playground}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=9Tbed6iMNLEC&pg=PA93&dq=author:%22Norman+Davies%22+%22railway+station%22&sig=7rraMu96b3s8_x4KLOEeB8jDVvg]</ref> Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a center of culture and art, sometimes known in Polish as ''Polskie Ateny'' ("Polish Athens"), to which Poles would flock to revere the symbols and monuments of Poland's past.<ref name="Szara">{{pl icon}} Bożena Szara, Przeglad Polski, [[6 April]] [[2001]]. {{cite web|url=http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-01/pp-04-06-04.html|title=Miedzy dwoma swiatami czyli powrot do przeszlosci|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> Several important celebrations took place in Galicia<ref name="Zaw">Hubert Zawadzki, Jerzy Lukowski, ''A Concise History of Poland'', Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0521559170, {{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&pg=PA184&dq=500th+anniversary+Grunwald&as_brr=3&ei=eqrZRqeyH5XC7AKY06XvBQ&sig=uggGMRZl1xLgjwzrGW-2HQtly7s|title= Battle of Grunwald |publisher= Google Print, p.148|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> during the period from 1866 to 1914, including the 500th anniversary of the [[Battle of Grunwald]] in 1910. Many leading Polish artists of that period resided in Kraków, <ref>''Cracow: City of Treasures'', by Beata Moore, [http://books.google.com/books?id=5h2zXFFr2j4C&pg=PT83&dq=%22painter+Jan+Matejko%22+cracow&as_brr=3&sig=cxxgh9CPAhX9nA6qpdPnoZaLP1o]</ref> among them the seminal painter [[Jan Matejko]],<ref name="Matejko">{{cite web|url=http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/JM/JM.html|title=Jan Matejko: The Painter and Patriot|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> and the founder of modern Polish drama, [[Stanisław Wyspiański]].<ref>Maria Prussak, [[Adam Mickiewicz]] Institute, April 2006. Profiles. Visual arts, literature, theatre: {{cite web|url=http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/artykuly/os_wyspianski_stanislaw|title="Stanisław Wyspiański."|accessdate=2007-09-02}}</ref> [[Fin de siècle]] Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis;<ref>{{pl icon}} [[Adam Mickiewicz]] Institute: Culture.pl, editor in chief: Andrzej Lubomirski, Warsaw, ISSN 1734–0624, {{cite web|url=http://www.culture.pl/pl/culture/artykuly/wy_wy_fin_de_siecle_krakow|title= "Fin-de-Siecle in Kraków"|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> [[running water]] and electric [[streetcar]]s were introduced in 1901,<ref name="Kalendarium">{{pl icon}} Artur Turyna, {{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm |title=Kraków - najważniejsze daty - Okres IV - od początku XX wieku do dziś|accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref> and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków (''Wielki Kraków''). At the outbreak of [[World War I]] on [[August 3]] [[1914]], [[Józef Piłsudski]] formed a small [[cadre]] military unit, the [[First Cadre Company]]—the predecessor of the [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]]—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland.<ref name="Urb 171-172">{{pl icon}} [[Bohdan Urbankowski]], {{cite book|title=Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg (''Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist'')|publisher=Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997 |isbn=8370019145 |pages=171–172 |accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914, but they were pushed back afterwards.<ref>{{pl icon}} Paweł Stachnik, [[Dziennik Polski]], [[September 21]] [[2004]]. {{cite web|url=http://www.twierdza.art.pl/a_okrzyk.htm|title= "Okrzyk na cześć cesarza."|accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref> The Austrian rule in Kraków ended on [[31 October]] [[1918]], when the [[Polish Liquidation Committee]] assumed power. === 1918 to the present === [[Image:Fontanna na placu mariackim.jpg|thumb|190px|right|St. Mary's Square with [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]] (left)]] With the emergence of the [[Second Polish Republic]], Kraków restored its role as a major academic and cultural centre with the establishment of new universities such as the [[AGH University of Science and Technology]] and the [[Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts]], including a number of new and essential vocational schools.<ref>StateUniversity.com, 2007, {{cite web|url=http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:ZzD6TubT67oJ:education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1209/Poland-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html+%22Poland+-+History+%26+Background%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2|title=Poland - History & Background|accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref> It became an important cultural centre for [[Polish Jews]] and had a [[Zionism|Zionist]] youth movement that was relatively strong among the city's Jewish population.<ref>Eilat Gordin Levitan, {{cite web|url=http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/krakow/krkw_pages/krkw_old_scenes.html |title=Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs|accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref> However, after [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invading Poland]] in September 1939, the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] forces turned the town into the capital of the [[General Government]], a colonial authority headed by [[Hans Frank]] and seated in [[Wawel Castle]]. In an operation called "[[Operation Sonderaktion Krakau|Sonderaktion Krakau]]", more than 180 university professors and academics were arrested and sent to [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]] and [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]] [[concentration camp]]s, though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians.<ref>Anna M. Cienciala, History 557 Lecture Notes, 2002 (Revised Fall. 2003), {{cite web|url=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm|title=16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945.|accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{pl icon}} Edward Burek, (editor). “Sonderaktion Krakau” in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Krakow: PWM, 2000</ref> The Jewish population was first [[Kraków Ghetto|confined to a ghetto]] and later murdered or [[Aktion Krakau|sent to concentration camps]], including [[Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp|Płaszów]] and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] in Oświęcim.<ref>Bieberstein: Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie. Kraków 1985. J. Kast, B. Siegler, P. Zinke: Das Tagebuch der Partisanin Justyna. Jüdischer Widerstand in Krakau. Berlin 1999. Articles from Kraków newspapers (mostly from the local "[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]") published in March 2003 on the 60th anniversary of the liquidation of the Kraków ghetto. Featuring historical maps. {{cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-krak-beg.htm |title=The Krakow Ghetto 1940–1943 |accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of [[World War II]].<ref name="LukZaw">Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, ''A Concise History of Poland'', Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 052185332X, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&pg=PA66&dq=Krakow+World+War+damage&as_brr=3&ei=euwGR86wEoiS7gLiyKWBAg&sig=fdYllo4AaUp_anVJiFIy9o2YuUg Google Print, p.66]</ref> Allegedly Germans planned to destroy it with massive amounts of explosives,<ref name="Petranker">Norman Salsitz, Stanley Kaish, {{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bLXZEG7sW4cC&pg=PA212&dq=German+explosives+in+Cracow+in+1945&as_brr=3&sig=ig4VGRF9vMKJxpfE270CgzKjGgs|title=Three Homelands: Memories of a Jewish Life in Poland, Israel, and America|accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref><ref name=Ciencala>Anna M. Cienciala, "The German Occupation of Poland and the Holocaust in German-occupied Poland." Chapter: "[http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm The Polish Resistance Movement against the Germans.]" ''The Polish Review'', v.48, 1, 2003, 49–72.</ref> but according to the most popular of several versions of the story,<ref name="Vat">{{pl icon}} Leszek Mazan, [http://www.polityka.pl/archive/do/registry/secure/showArticle?id=2000806 Ocalenie Krakowa], Polityka - nr 3 (2487) z dnia 22-01-2005..</ref> [[Soviet Marshal]] [[Ivan Konev]], after being informed by the Polish patriots of the German plan,<ref name=Ciencala/><ref name=Konev>Ivan Katyshkin, "Sluzhili my v shtabe armeiskom", Moskva, Voenizdat, 1979, {{LCCN|80||503360}}, p. 155</ref> tried to preserve Kraków from destruction by ordering a lightning attack on the city.<ref name=Gareev> [[Makhmut Gareev]], [http://www.redstar.ru/55_yar/12_04_1.html Marshal Konev], ''[[Krasnaia Zvezda]]'', [[April 12]], [[2001]]</ref> The credibility of these accounts has been recently questioned by Polish historian [[Andrzej Chwalba]], who in his recent works finds no evidence for any German plan of massive destruction and portrays Konev's strategy as ordinary, only accidentally resulting in reduced damage to Kraków, a fact that was later exaggerated into the myth of "Konev, savior of Kraków" by [[Soviet propaganda]].<Ref name="Alma"/><ref>{{pl icon}} [[Andrzej Chwalba]]. ''[http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html Krakow w latach 1939–1945]'' Cracow under German Occupation, 1939–1945. Dzieje Krakowa tom 5. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2002.</ref><ref name="Alma">{{pl icon}} ''Alma Mater'', [[Jagiellonian University]] monthly, No.64 (2004). Interview with professor Andrzej Chwalba, by Rita Pagacz-Moczarska. {{cite web|url=http://149.156.65.10/alma/alma/64/01/02.html|title=OKUPOWANY KRAKÓW |accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> After the war, under the [[Stalinist]] regime the intellectual and academic community of Kraków was put under total political control. The universities were soon deprived of their printing rights as well as their autonomy.<ref name="autonomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,78,195.html|title= Science & Higher Education in Cracow 2007|accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref> The [[Communism|communist]] government of the [[People's Republic of Poland]] ordered construction of the country's largest [[steel mill]] in the newly-created suburb of [[Nowa Huta]].<ref>[[Jagiellonian University]] Centre for European Studies, see: {{cite web|url=http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm|title="Worker's paradise" of concrete|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now [[Tadeusz Sendzimir|Sendzimir]] Steelworks owned by [[Mittal Steel Company|Mittal]]) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city to an industrial centre.<ref name="communist era"> Encyclopædia Britannica, {{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415 |title= Nowa Huta (section of Kraków, Poland) |accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref> The new [[working class]], drawn by the industrialization of the city, contributed to its rapid population growth. Also, in an effort that spanned two decades, [[Karol Wojtyła]], cardinal archbishop of Kraków, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the new industrial suburbs.<ref name="communist era" /> == Geography and climate == [[Image:Wisla Krakow.jpg|thumb|220px|left|[[Vistula]] River [[meander]] with the view of Dębnicki Bridge, downtown Kraków]] Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the [[Vistula]] River in a valley at the foot of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], {{m to ft|219|precision=0}} above sea level, between the [[Polish Jura Chain|Jurassic Rock Upland]] ({{lang-pl|Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska}}) to the north and the [[Tatra Mountains]] {{km to mi|100}} to the south. There are five nature reserves in Kraków, with a combined area of ca. 48.6 [[hectare]]s (120 [[acre]]s). Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected. Kraków has also 192 nature monuments characterized by their unique scientific, historical and aesthetic value. The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic [[Bielany (Krakow)|Bielany]]-[[Tyniec]] refuge. The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's [[geomorphological]] features and landscape.<ref>Witold Stefan Alexandrowicz and Zofia Alexandrowicz, Acta Carsologica, Slovenian Academy Of Sciences {{cite web|url=http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185|title="Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)" |accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref> Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network.<ref>Institute of Environmental Sciences of the [[Jagiellonian University]], {{cite web|url=http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm|title="The forms of nature protection within the city limits" |accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref> The city centre is situated on the left (northern) bank of the river. Kraków has a [[temperate]] climate. Average temperatures in summer range from {{convert|17|C|F|0}} to {{convert|19|C|F|0}} and in winter from {{convert|0|C|F|0}} to {{convert|5|C|F|0}}. The average annual temperature fluctuates between {{convert|6|C|F|0}} and {{convert|10|C|F|0|lk=on}}. Kraków usually sees between 23 and 58 days per year with below-freezing temperatures. Predominantly western winds, conducive to rainfall, are typical of summer months, whereas eastern winds, decreasing the amount of precipitation, blow mostly in winter.<ref>Sharon & Peter Pfeiffer, {{cite web|url=http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_location.htm#climate|title= "Kraków climate"|accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref> <br clear="left" /> <center><!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather |metric_first= Yes <!--Entering Yes will swap unit order to metric first. Leave blank for Imperial--> |single_line= Yes <!--Entering Yes will compact the infobox vertically by placing some units on same line.--> |location = Kraków |Jan_Hi_°F =31 |Jan_Hi_°C =-1 |Jan_REC_Hi_°F = |Jan_REC_Lo_°F= <!--REC temps are optional; use sparely--> |Feb_Hi_°F =35 |Feb_Hi_°C =2 |Feb_REC_Hi_°F = |Feb_REC_Lo_°F = |Mar_Hi_°F =44 |Mar_Hi_°C =7 |Mar_REC_Hi_°F = |Mar_REC_Lo_°F = |Apr_Hi_°F =56 |Apr_Hi_°C =13 |Apr_REC_Hi_°F = |Apr_REC_Lo_°F = |May_Hi_°F =65 |May_Hi_°C =18 |May_REC_Hi_°F = |May_REC_Lo_°F = |Jun_Hi_°F =70 |Jun_Hi_°C =21 |Jun_REC_Hi_°F = |Jun_REC_Lo_°F = |Jul_Hi_°F =73 |Jul_Hi_°C =23 |Jul_REC_Hi_°F = |Jul_REC_Lo_°F = |Aug_Hi_°F =73 |Aug_Hi_°C =23 |Aug_REC_Hi_°F = |Aug_REC_Lo_°F = |Sep_Hi_°F =65 |Sep_Hi_°C =18 |Sep_REC_Hi_°F = |Sep_REC_Lo_°F = |Oct_Hi_°F =56 |Oct_Hi_°C =13 |Oct_REC_Hi_°F = |Oct_REC_Lo_°F = |Nov_Hi_°F =44 |Nov_Hi_°C =7 |Nov_REC_Hi_°F = |Nov_REC_Lo_°F = |Dec_Hi_°F =35 |Dec_Hi_°C =2 |Dec_REC_Hi_°F = |Dec_REC_Lo_°F = |Jan_Lo_°F =19 |Jan_Lo_°C =-7 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = |Jan_REC_Lo_°C = |Feb_Lo_°F =23 |Feb_Lo_°C =-5 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = |Feb_REC_Lo_°C = |Mar_Lo_°F =29 |Mar_Lo_°C =-2 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C = |Mar_REC_Lo_°C = |Apr_Lo_°F =37 |Apr_Lo_°C =3 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C = |Apr_REC_Lo_°C = |May_Lo_°F =45 |May_Lo_°C =7 |May_REC_Hi_°C = |May_REC_Lo_°C = |Jun_Lo_°F =51 |Jun_Lo_°C =11 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C = |Jun_REC_Lo_°C = |Jul_Lo_°F =54 |Jul_Lo_°C =12 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C = |Jul_REC_Lo_°C = |Aug_Lo_°F =53 |Aug_Lo_°C =12 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C = |Aug_REC_Lo_°C = |Sep_Lo_°F =47 |Sep_Lo_°C =8 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C = |Sep_REC_Lo_°C = |Oct_Lo_°F =39 |Oct_Lo_°C =4 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = |Oct_REC_Lo_°C = |Nov_Lo_°F =32 |Nov_Lo_°C =0 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = |Nov_REC_Lo_°C = |Dec_Lo_°F =24 |Dec_Lo_°C =-4 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C = |Dec_REC_Lo_°C = |Jan_Precip_inch =1.3 |Feb_Precip_inch =1.3 |Mar_Precip_inch =1.3 |Apr_Precip_inch =1.9 |May_Precip_inch =3.3 |Jun_Precip_inch =3.8 |Jul_Precip_inch =3.4 |Aug_Precip_inch =3.4 |Sep_Precip_inch =2.1 |Oct_Precip_inch =1.8 |Nov_Precip_inch =1.8 |Dec_Precip_inch =1.6 <!--****If the source reports in metric units, use the unit reported by the source—mm or cm ****--> |Jan_Precip_cm = |Jan_Precip_mm = 33.0 |Feb_Precip_cm = |Feb_Precip_mm = 33.0 |Mar_Precip_cm = |Mar_Precip_mm = 33.0 |Apr_Precip_cm = |Apr_Precip_mm = 48.3 |May_Precip_cm = |May_Precip_mm = 83.8 |Jun_Precip_cm = |Jun_Precip_mm = 96.5 |Jul_Precip_cm = |Jul_Precip_mm = 86.4 |Aug_Precip_cm = |Aug_Precip_mm = 86.4 |Sep_Precip_cm = |Sep_Precip_mm = 53.3 |Oct_Precip_cm = |Oct_Precip_mm = 45.7 |Nov_Precip_cm = |Nov_Precip_mm = 45.7 |Dec_Precip_cm = |Dec_Precip_mm = 40.6 |source =[[The Weather Channel]] <ref name=weatherchannel>{{cite web | url =http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/PLXX0012 | title =Monthly Averages for Kraków| accessmonthday =June 09 | accessyear = 2007 | publisher =The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc | language =English }}</ref> |accessdate = <!--For a second source--> |source2 = |accessdate2 = }}<!--Infobox ends--></center> == Districts == [[Image:Hejnalista krakowski.jpg||thumb|250px|left|The [[Steeple (architecture)|steeple]] of [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]] as seen from St. Mary's Square, [[Kraków - Stare Miasto|Old Town]]]] The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late 18th century. They include the Old Town (''[[Kraków - Stare Miasto|Stare Miasto]]''), once contained within the [[Florian Gate|city defensive walls]] and now encircled by the [[Planty Park|Planty]] park; the [[Wawel]] District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and [[Kazimierz]], the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters;<ref>Rick Steves, "Poland Rediscovered: ." Published in ''[[Rick Steves]]' Eastern Europe'', 2005 edition. {{cite web|url=http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/polandrse310_details.htm|title=Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw |accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref> as well as the ancient town of [[Kleparz]]. Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include [[Podgórze]], which until 1915 was a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula, and [[Nowa Huta]], east of the city centre, built after [[World War II]]. [[Image:Kraków dzielnice.svg|right|thumb|250px|The 18 districts of Kraków, with the [[Vistula]] River running from west to east]] [[Image:Wawel Krakow June 2006 004.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Inner courtyard of the [[Wawel Castle]] ]] Since [[March 27]], [[1991]], Kraków has been divided into 18 administrative districts, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government (''Rada Dzielnicy''). The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on [[April 19]], [[1995]]. Districts were assigned Roman numerals as well as the current name:<ref>Original Kraków City Hall bylaw Nr XXI/143/91 (unpublished) introduced on [[March 27]], [[1991]]; current municipal borders established according to City bylaw Nr XVI/192/95 for [[April 19]], [[1995]]. Source: {{cite web|url=http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112 |title=Gazeta Urzędowa Miasta Krakowa Nr 10, poz. 84 |accessdate=2007-09-14|format=pdf}}</ref> [[Kraków - Stare Miasto|Stare Miasto]] (I), [[Grzegórzki]] (II), [[Prądnik Czerwony]] (III), [[Prądnik Biały]] (IV), [[Krowodrza]] (V), [[Bronowice]] (VI), [[Zwierzyniec (district)|Zwierzyniec]] (VII), [[Dębniki]] (VIII), [[Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki]] (IX), [[Swoszowice]] (X), [[Podgórze Duchackie]] (XI), [[Bieżanów-Prokocim]] (XII), [[Podgórze]] (XIII), [[Czyżyny]] (XIV), [[Mistrzejowice]] (XV), [[Bieńczyce]] (XVI), [[Wzgórza Krzesławickie]] (XVII), and [[Nowa Huta]] (XVIII). Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: [[Wawel Hill]], home to [[Wawel Castle]] and [[Wawel Cathedral]], where many Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]] (200 [[metre|metres]], or 656 [[foot (length)|feet]], square); dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the [[Jagiellonian University]]; and [[Kazimierz]], the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life.<ref>Global Portal of Diplomats at eDiplomat.com. Notes on Poland including recreation, entertainment, social and religious life, {{cite web|url=http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_pl.htm|title=Krakow |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art.<ref>Jeffrey Zuehlke, {{cite web|url=http://www.google.ca/books?id=NEChV1p84J0C&pg=PA72&dq=Krakow+historic+architecture&sig=AEFn6e1uth8u8Pc22wn9LOyZsHw |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |title=Poland in Pictures |pages=72 |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> Its rich variety of historic architecture includes [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]], [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches and mansions display great variety of color, architectural details, [[stained glass]], [[painting]]s, [[sculpture]]s, and furnishings. In the Market Square stands the Gothic [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]] (''Kościół Mariacki''). It was built in the 14th century and features the famous wooden altar carved by [[Veit Stoss]]. A trumpet call, ''[[Hejnal Mariacki|hejnał mariacki]]'', is sounded from the church's main tower every hour. The melody played ends unexpectedly in midstream. According to legend, the tune was played during a 13th-century [[Tatar]] invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack. He was shot by a Tatar warrior while playing, the melody breaking off at the moment he died.<ref name=hejnal >O.J's Music, Trumpet Page: including music notations and sound samples in MP3 and Midi version. {{cite web|url=http://abel.hive.no/trumpet/articles/hejnal/ |title=Hejnal Mariacki - The Krakow Bugle Call |accessdate=2007-09-14}}</ref> This story, however, has its origin in a book by an Irish writer, published in the USA in the late 1920s <ref name=JPKelly> ...though there is probably no direct link between this bugle call and a historical event in 1241, this does not detract from its meaning for Polish people today {{cite web|accessdate=2007-12-19 |url=http://www.era.anthropology.ac.uk/Teach-yourself/chap3.html |title=J. P. Kelly, 'The Trumpeter of Cracow'}}</ref>. == Transport == [[Image:Kraków dworzec PKP.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Kraków Main station]]]] Public transport is based around a fairly dense network of tramway and bus lines operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. Local trains connect some of the suburbs. The bulk of the city’s historic area has been turned into a pedestrian zone with rickshaws and horse buggies; however, the tramlines run within a three-block radius.<ref>Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/transpor.htm|title= Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> Rail connections are available to most Polish cities. Trains to [[Warsaw]] depart every hour. International destinations include Berlin, Budapest, Prague, Hamburg, Lvov, Kiev, and Odessa (June–September).<ref>{{pl icon}} ''Magiczny Kraków'', city's official website. {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl//turystyka/?id=praktyczne/12.html |title=International railway connections from Krakow |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> The [[Kraków Main station|main railway station]] is located just outside the [[Kraków-Stare Miasto|Old Town District]] and is well-served by public transport. Kraków airport, ([[John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice]], {{lang-pl|Międzynarodowy Port Lotniczy im. Jana Pawła II Kraków-Balice}}) is {{convert|11|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the city. Direct trains cover the route between [[Kraków Main station|Kraków Główny train station]] and the airport in 15 minutes. The annual capacity of the airport is estimated at 1.3 million passengers; however, in 2007 more than 3.042&nbsp;million people used the airport, giving Kraków Airport 15 percent of all air passenger traffic in Poland. The passenger terminal is undergoing extension and is being adapted to meet the requirements of the [[Schengen Treaty]].<ref>World Airports Guide. {{cite web|url=http://www.azworldairports.com/cfm/frame.cfm?src=http://www.azworldairports.com/airports/p2310krk.htm|title=Kraków Airport |accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> == Economy == [[Image:Kraków - Sukiennice 1.jpg||thumb|250px|left|Cloth Hall (''[[Sukiennice]]'') at the [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]]]] Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres. Its population has quadrupled since the end of [[World War II]]. Following the collapse of communism, history and tradition intermingled with the general trend toward a market economy. The private sector is growing. [[Offshoring]] of [[information technology]] (IT) work in recent years has become important to the economy of Kraków and to that of Poland in general. There are about 20 large multinational companies in Kraków, including [[Google]], [[IBM]], [[General Electric]], [[Capgemini]],<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland/|title="Capgemini offices in Poland"|accessdate = 2007-09-11}}</ref> [[Motorola]], and [[Sabre Holdings]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabre-holdings.com/aboutUs/locations/poland.html|title= www.sabre-holdings.com/aboutUs|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> along with other British and German-based firms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/printable/india2_info_print.html|title= www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> The unemployment rate in Kraków was 4.8 percent in May 2007, well below the national average of 13 percent.<ref>{{pl icon}} Level of unemployment in Poland by region, 31 May 2007. {{cite web|url=http://www.bezrobocie.net/stat_powiaty.php |title=Current statistics |accessdate=2007-09-14}}</ref> Since the joining of the [[European Union]] in 2004, there has been a sense of a defined future and a solid economic base for the city and the region. International investment, tourism and the property market have grown toward the Western European average. Residential prices in Kraków have doubled in three years, reaching those of Warsaw and attracting developers and banks with their exponential growth.<ref>Interview with Rhiannon Williamson, Offplan Millionaire: Your Overseas Property Investment resource, {{cite web|url=http://www.offplanmillionaire.com/articles/1005/poland/property+news/polish+property+investment+%27has+low+risks%27.html|title= Polish property investment has low risks|accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> The [[budget of Kraków|city budget]], which is presented by the [[Mayor of Kraków]] on the 15th of November each year, had a projected revenue of 2,150 billion [[złoty]] in 2006.<ref>{{pl icon}} Biuro Informacji Publicznej (''Office of Public Information''). {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?sub_dok_id=2011 |title=Budżet Miasta Krakowa na rok 2006 |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal [[taxation]] on [[real estate]] properties and the use of [[amenity|amenities]], 30% in transfers from the national [[budget]], and 34% in state subsidies. Projected expenditures, totaling 2,349 billion złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. City of Kraków development costs included 41% toward road building, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment.<ref>{{pl icon}} Biuro Informacji Publicznej, Kraków (''Office of Public Information, Kraków''). {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=234 |title=Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> == Government == [[Image:Krakow 80.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Main Market Square in Kraków|Main Market Square]] with [[Church of St. Wojciech]] (right)]] The [[Kraków City Council]] has 43 elected members,<ref>Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej (''Bulletin of Public Information''), {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?mmi=9859 |title=Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'') |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> one of whom is the [[mayor]], or [[President of Kraków]], elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local [[head of government]],<ref name = "BPI 113">Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej (''Bulletin of Public Information''), {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=96 |title=Dziennik Ustaw Nr 113 poz. 984 |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> which takes place at the same time, is based on [[legislation]] introduced on [[20 June]] [[2002]]. The current President of Kraków, re-elected for his second term in 2006, is Prof. [[Jacek Majchrowski]]. The responsibilities of Kraków’s president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and natural disasters.<ref name = "BPI 113" /> The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors. In the 1990s, the city government was reorganized to better differentiate between its political agenda and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large.<ref>Laura Brunell, {{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R1Faumf7JMMC&pg=PA50&dq=history+of+Krakow+Cracow+after+1945&ei=OdTeRsSpLKDeoAKV-bSqCw&sig=1wH5AGj8rdrAyELMUCW8NOSD3BQ#PPA50,M1|title= Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance|accessdate=2007-09-05}} University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland, 2005, ISBN 0761829563.</ref> In the year 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, Public Safety, and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences went down by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1.4 percent to a total of 30.2 percent in the same period.<ref>Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej (''Bulletin of Public Information''). Raport o stanie miasta, 2001. {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html|title=BEZPIECZEŃSTWO PUBLICZNE|accessdate=2007-09-05}}</ref> The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press. (''See also: [[List of mayors of Kraków]], and the [[Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency|Members of Polish national Parliament (Sejm) elected from Kraków constituency]].'') == Demographics == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;" |- ! Demographic indicators<ref name="Census">[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/krak/ASSETS_05m05_01.pdf Data from population and housing census at www.stat.gov.pl]</ref> ! Years ! Kraków |- | <div align=center>Population <br />in thousands</div> | <div align=right>1970<br />1978<br />1988<br />1995<br />2002</div> | <div align=right>588,0<br />693,6<br />746,6<br />732,9<br />758,5</div> |- | <div align=center>Population density <br />persons/km²</div> | <div align=right>1970<br />1978<br />1988<br />1995<br />2002</div> | <div align=right>2,556<br />2,156<br />2,285<br />2,243<br />2,320</div> |- | <div align=center>Number of women <br />per 100 men</div> | <div align=right>1970<br />1978<br />1988<br />1995<br />2002</div> | <div align=right>110<br />110<br />110<br />112<br />113</div> |- | <div align=center>Population growth <br />per 1000</div> | <div align=right>1998<br />1999<br />2000<br />2001</div> | <div align=right>−1.3<br />−1.7<br />−1.5<br />−1.5</div> |} According to the 2006 data,<ref name="Census" /> the population of Kraków comprised about 2% of the population of Poland and 23% of the population of the [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship]]. Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently. [[Image:Krakow-population-per-area2001.png|320px|left]] {{-}} In the 1931 census, 78.1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20.9%, Ukrainian 0.4%, German 0.3%, and Russian 0.1%.<ref>See “Ludność” {{lang-en|Population}} in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Kraków: PWN, 2000 {{pl icon}}</ref> The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of ethnic minorities living in Kraków. The official and unofficial numbers differ, as in the case of [[Romani people]]. According to the 2002 census,<ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/urzedy/krak/|title= Województwo małopolskie – Urząd Statystyczny w Krakowie|accessdate=2007-09-08}}</ref> among those who have declared their national identity (irrespective of language and religion) in Kraków Voivodeship, 1,572 are [[Slovaks]], followed by [[Ukrainians]] (472), [[Jews]] (50) and [[Armenians]] (22). [[Romani people]], officially numbered at 1,678, are estimated at over 5,000. According to statistics collected by the Ministry of Education, even though only 1% of adults (''as per above'') claim their official status, as many as 3% of students participate in programmes designed for ethnic minorities.<ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.interklasa.pl/portal/dokumenty/r_mowa/strony_pol02/raport/raport.doc|title= RAPORT z realizacji priorytetowego zadania Ministra Edukacji i Nauki, Kraków – marzec 2006|accessdate=2007-09-08}}</ref> == Education == {{Main|Education in Kraków}} [[Image:Collegium Maius 10.JPG|right|thumb|190px|[[Collegium Maius]], the oldest building of the [[Jagiellonian University]]]] Kraków is a major center of education. Eleven university or academy-level institutions offer courses in the city, with 170,000 students and 10,000 faculty, plus about a dozen colleges. [[Jagiellonian University]], the oldest and best known university in Poland and ranked by the [[Times Higher Education Supplement]] as the best university in the country,<ref>Times Higher Education Suplement (THES). {{cite web|url=http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf|title= Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities|accessdate=2007-09-11}} Rank 287 worldwide as the first Polish university listed among the top 500 in 2006.</ref><ref>QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Source: The Times Higher Education Suplement. QS World University Rankings. {{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100|title= Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities |accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> was founded in 1364 as the [[Cracow Academy]] and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the [[Jagiellonian dynasty]] of Polish-Lithuanian kings.<ref>Jagiellonian University (homepage), "Calendar" [http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet/historia/kalendarium.jsp&lang=en]</ref> Its principal academic asset is the [[Jagiellonian Library]], with more than 4 million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts<ref>Jagiellonian University, {{cite web|url=http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/o_bib/skarby_BJ_en_.php|title= Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library|accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> like [[Copernicus]]' [[De Revolutionibus]] and the [[Balthasar Behem Codex]]. With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centres in Poland. Famous historical figures connected with the University include [[John Cantius|Saint John Cantius]], [[Jan Długosz]], [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski]], [[Jan Kochanowski]], [[John III of Poland|King John III Sobieski]], [[Pope John Paul II]] and Nobel laureates [[Ivo Andric]] and [[Wisława Szymborska]].<ref>The Nobel Foundation. {{cite web|url=http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:Eq9YmP9KxiQJ:nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/szymborska-bio.html+Szymborska+%22studied+Polish+Literature+and+Sociology+at+the+Jagiellonian+University%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2|title= Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996|accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> [[AGH University of Science and Technology]], established in 1919, is the second-largest technical university in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000.<ref>[[AGH University of Science and Technology]] homepage, {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php|title= AGH-UST staff and students, introduction|accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> It was ranked by the Polish edition of [[Newsweek]] as the best technical university in the country for the year 2004.<ref>Countrywide ranking of Polish universities, Newsweek (''Polish edition''), 22.03.2004, {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html|title= "Uczelnie w/g typu. Politechniki" |accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees. Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of Doctor of Science, and about 900 obtained the qualification of [[Habilitation|Habilitated Doctor]].<ref>Professor Antoni S. Kleczkowski, [[AGH University of Science and Technology]]. {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php|title= History of AGH-UST|accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref> Other institutions of higher learning include [[Cracow University of Economics]], established in 1925;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ae.krakow.pl/|title= Kraków University of Economics homepage|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> [[Academy of Music in Kraków]], first conceived as a [[College or university school of music|conservatory]] in 1888; [[Pedagogical University of Cracow|Pedagogical University]], in operation since 1946;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/|title= Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> [[Agricultural University of Cracow]], offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of [[Jagiellonian University]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm|title= Akademia Rolnicza, homepage|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> [[Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków|Academy of Fine Arts]], the oldest Fine Arts Academy in Poland, founded by the Polish painter [[Jan Matejko]]; [[Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp|title= Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna, homepage. Historical outline|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> [[The Pontifical Academy of Theology]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/|title= Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> and [[Cracow University of Technology]], which has more than 37,000 graduates. == Culture == {{wrapper}} |[[Image:Gothic altar veit stoss.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Veit Stoss]] Altar, [[St. Mary's Church, Kraków|St. Mary's Church]]]] |- |[[Image:Kraków ulica Floriańska.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Ulica Floriańska (''Florian Street'') with the view of [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Church]]]] |} {{main|Culture of Kraków|Events in Krakow}} Kraków is considered by many to be the [[Culture of Poland|cultural]] capital of [[Poland]].<ref>eter S. Green, ''[http://www.iht.com/articles/2000/06/16/trkrak.t.php CITY GUIDE:Krakow:Poland's Fun City]'', [[International Herald Tribune]], June 16, 2000. Retrieved on 11 October 2007</ref> It was named the [[European Capital of Culture]] for the year 2000 by the [[European Union]]. Kraków has 28 museums and public art galleries. Among them are the main branch of Poland's [[National Museum, Kraków|National Museum]] and the [[Czartoryski Museum]], the latter featuring works by [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo]] and [[Rembrandt]]. The city has several famous theaters, including: National Stary Theatre, a.k.a. The Old Theatre,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stary-teatr.krakow.pl/|title= Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish|accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> [[Juliusz Słowacki Theatre]], Bagatela Theatre, The Ludowy Theatre, and Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as Kraków Opera and Kraków Operetta. Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events,<ref>Municipality Of Krakow Press Office, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/kalendarium/?MODE=kalim&TYPE=find |title=Calendar of Annual Events, 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> some of international significance, such as the Misteria Paschalia (baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), Cracow Screen Festival (popular music), Festival of Polish Music (classical music), Dedications (theatre), Festival of Short Feature Films, Biennial of Graphic Arts, and the [[Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków|Jewish Culture Festival]]. It became the residence of two Polish [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureates in literature: [[Wisława Szymborska]] and [[Czesław Miłosz]]; a third Nobel laureate, the Yugoslav writer [[Ivo Andric]] also lived and studied in Krakow. Other former residents include famous Polish film directors [[Andrzej Wajda]] and [[Roman Polanski]]. Points of interest outside the city include the [[Wieliczka salt mine]], the [[Tatra Mountains]] {{km to mi|100}} to the south, the historic city of [[Częstochowa]], the former Nazi concentration camp at [[Auschwitz]], and [[Ojcowski National Park]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-day-trips |title=Krakow Day Trips |accessdate=2007-10-12}}</ref> which includes [[Pieskowa Skała]] Castle.<ref>Starwood, "Explore Krakow". {{cite web|url=http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm |title=Top 10 things to do in Krakow |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> === Parks === [[Image:006Planty.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Fountain in [[Planty Park|Planty]] park]] [[Planty Park|Planty]] is the best-known park in Kraków. It was established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, forming a green belt around the [[Kraków - Stare Miasto|Old Town]]. It consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of 21&nbsp;hectares (52&nbsp;acres) and a length of 4&nbsp;kilometers (2.5&nbsp;miles), forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians.<ref>Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/planty.htm |title=The green belt of Kraków Planty |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> [[Image:148Kraków.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Zakrzówek Nature Park]] The first public park equipped with exercise fixtures was founded by Dr [[Henryk Jordan]] on the banks of the [[Rudawa]] river in 1889. The [[Jordan Park]], equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, swimming pool, [[amphitheatre]], pavilions, and a pond for [[Watercraft rowing|boat rowing]] and water bicycles, is on the grounds of Kraków’s Błonia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |title= History, philosophy and photographs |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> The less prominent [[Park Krakowski]] was founded in 1885 by [[Stanisław Rehman]] but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid real estate development. It was a popular destination point with many Cracovians at the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{pl icon}} Ryszard Burek (editor), ''Encyklopedia Krakowa'', 2000, ISBN 83-01-13325-2 </ref> === Sports === [[Football (soccer)]] is one of the most popular games locally, as it is in Poland as a whole. The teams with considerable following are eleven-time Polish champions [[Wisła Kraków]].<ref name="Wisła">{{pl icon}} Wisła portal, 1998–2007, {{cite web|url=http://www.wislaportal.pl/info.php?id=21 |title=General info, history and successes |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> and five-time champions [[Cracovia Kraków]].<ref name="Czarni_Pogoń">{{pl icon}} List of oldest Polish sports clubs featured in a newspaper retrospective. {{cite journal | author=Zbigniew Chmielewski | title= Obok Czarnych znak Pogoni | journal=[[Polityka]] | year=2003 | volume=2414 | issue=33 | pages= | url=http://www.lwow.home.pl/sport/sport.html }}</ref> Other football clubs include [[Hutnik Kraków]], Wawel Kraków, [[Garbarnia Kraków]] and Juvenia Kraków (soccer and rugby team). Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including six-time Polish [[ice hockey]] champions Cracovia Kraków and the twenty-time women's basketball champions Wisła Kraków. The [[Cracovia Marathon]], with over a thousand participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002.<ref name="Marathon">Official website of the Cracovia Marathon Office, with list of winners, events, and registration form. {{cite web|url=http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=ecb5d9a3a395febb5cee498df1068254 |publisher=Urząd Miasta Krakowa |title=History of „Cracovia Marathon” |accessdate=2007-09-12 }}</ref> == Symbols and twin cities == {{main|Symbols of Kraków}} [[Image:Krakow-official-banner.png|thumb|130px|right|Banner of Kraków]] The city's official symbols are the coat of arms, the flag (''see top of this page''), the seal, and the banner (''right'').<ref name=ordinance>{{pl icon}} [http://www.um.krakow.pl/rmk/uchwaly/3k1150.pdf October 9, 2002 Ordinance of the Kraków City Council no. CXXIII/1150/02 on the symbols of the Royal Capital City of Kraków] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) and [http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/zarzadzenia/pliki/zp_167_04.pdf February 6, 2004 Ordinance of the Mayor of Kraków no. 167/2004 on the use of the symbols of the Royal Capital City of Kraków] (PDF) </ref> In addition to these, a number of semi-official and unofficial symbols, such as the "Cracovia" logo used in Kraków's promotional materials, or an image of the Wawel dragon wearing a Kraków cap, are also used. Kraków is [[twinned]], or maintains close relations with, more than 30 cities around the world: [[Bordeaux]], [[Bratislava]], [[Curitiba]], [[Cusco|Cuzco]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Fes]], [[Florence]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Gothenburg]], [[Grozny]], [[Innsbruck]], [[Kiev]], [[Lahore]],<ref>The Lahore District Council voted on Saturday, [[January 27]], [[2007]] to declare Lahore a twin city of Kraków, Belgrade, Chicago, and Coimbra at its meeting held at Town Hall, [http://thepost.com.pk/Arc_CityNews.aspx?dtlid=79932&catid=3&date=01/28/2007&fcatid=14 ''The Post'', [[January 28]], [[2007]]], retrieved [[November 8]] [[2007]]</ref> [[La Serena]], [[Leipzig]], [[Leuven]], [[Lviv]], [[Milan]], [[Niš]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Orléans]], [[Pécs]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester (NY)]], [[Seville]], [[Solothurn]], [[Vilnius]] and [[Zagreb]].<ref name=CloseRelations> {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html|title=Foreign co-operation|accessdate=2007-09-27}} from the municipality official website</ref><ref name=TwinCities> {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/miasto/miasta_partnerskie/|title=List of twin, honorary twin and partner cities|accessdate=2007-09-27}} from the municipality official website {{pl icon}}</ref> == References == {{reflist|2}} == Further reading == {{commons|Kraków}} {{wiktionary}} * Jane Hardy, Al Rainnie, ''Restructuring Krakow: Desperately Seeking Capitalism''. Published 1996 by Mansell Publishing, 285 pages. Business, economics, finance. ISBN 0720122317. A critical analysis of Krakow's regional economy in the context of national economy and the globalization including foreign investment, privatization, economic development and organized labor. The book is based in original research involving interviews and case studies of heavy industry, food processing, and small and medium-sized businesses. * Joanna Markin, Bogumiła Gnypowa, ''Kraków: The Guide''. Published 1996 by Pascal Publishing, 342 pages. ISBN 8387037281. * Scott Simpson, ''Krakow''. Published 2003 by Thomas Cook, 192 pages. Transport, geography, sightseeing, history, and culture. Includes weblinks CD. ISBN 1841571873. * Dorota Wąsik, Emma Roper-Evans, ''Krakow''. Published 2002 by Somerset. Cultural guidebook series, 160 pages. ISBN 9630059304. * Tim Pepper, Andrew Beattie, ''Krakow''. Published 2007 by Hunter Pub Inc., 160 pages. ISBN 1843063085. The book includes description of public art galleries and museums. * Richard Watkins, ''Best of Kraków'', Published 2006, by [[Lonely Planet]], 64 pages, complemented by fold-out maps. ISBN 1741048222. * Bolesław T. Łaszewski, ''Kraków: karta z dziejów dwudziestolecia''. Published 1985, by Bicentennial Pub. Corp. (original from the [[University of Michigan]]), 132 pages. ISBN 0912757086 * Edward Hartwig, ''Kraków'', with Jerzy Broszkiewicz (contributor). Published 1980, by Sport i Turystyka, 239 pages. ISBN 8321723217. {{coor title dms|50|03|41|N|19|56|14|E|type:city}} {{Poland}} {{Lesser Poland Voivodeship|state=autocollapse}} {{Kraków County|state=autocollapse}} {{European Capital of Culture}} {{Hanseatic League}} [[Category:Kraków| ]] [[Category:City counties of Poland|Krakow]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Krakow]] [[Category:Former national capitals|Krakow]] [[Category:Historic Jewish communities|Krakow]] [[als:Krakau]] [[ar:كراكوف]] [[be:Горад Кракаў]] [[be-x-old:Кракаў]] [[bs:Kraków]] [[bg:Краков]] [[ca:Cracòvia]] [[cs:Krakov]] [[da:Kraków]] [[de:Krakau]] [[dsb:Krakow]] [[et:Kraków]] [[el:Κρακοβία]] [[es:Cracovia]] [[eo:Krakovo]] [[eu:Krakobia]] [[fa:کراکوف]] [[fr:Cracovie]] [[gl:Cracovia-Kraków]] [[ko:크라쿠프]] [[hr:Krakov]] [[io:Kraków]] [[id:Kraków]] [[is:Kraká]] [[it:Cracovia]] [[he:קרקוב]] [[jv:Kraków]] [[kl:Kraków]] [[ka:კრაკოვი]] [[csb:Krakòwò]] [[la:Cracovia]] [[lv:Krakova]] [[lt:Krokuva]] [[li:Kraków]] [[hu:Krakkó]] [[mk:Краков]] [[mt:Krakovja]] [[na:Krakow]] [[nl:Krakau]] [[ja:クラクフ]] [[nap:Carcovia]] [[no:Kraków]] [[nn:Kraków]] [[nrm:Cracaû]] [[nds:Krakau]] [[pl:Kraków]] [[pt:Cracóvia]] [[ro:Cracovia]] [[qu:Kraków]] [[ru:Краков]] [[scn:Cracovia]] [[simple:Krakow]] [[szl:Krakůw]] [[sl:Krakov]] [[sr:Краков]] [[fi:Krakova]] [[sv:Kraków]] [[vi:Kraków]] [[tr:Kraków]] [[uk:Краків]] [[vo:Kraków]] [[zh:克拉科夫]] [[sk:Krakov]]