Lübeck 17750 224099783 2008-07-07T08:50:13Z Kresspahl 259996 /* Notes and references */ {{DEFAULTSORT:Lubeck}}<!-- Neither umlaut nor E-infix for sorting --> {{Unreferenced|date=September 2007}} {{FixHTML|beg}} {{Infobox German Location |Art = City |image_photo = Lübeck Holstentor.jpg |image_caption = Holstentor |Wappen = Wappen_Lübeck.svg |lat_deg = 53 |lat_min = 52 |lat_sec = 11 |lon_deg = 10 |lon_min = 41 |lon_sec = 11 |Karte = Lage der kreisfreien Stadt Lübeck in Deutschland.png |Bundesland = Schleswig-Holstein |Kreis = Urban district |Höhe = 13 |Fläche = 214.13 |Einwohner = 213983 |Stand = 2005-12-31 |PLZ = 23501 − 23570 |PLZ-alt = 2400 |Vorwahl = 0451, 04502 |Kfz = HL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 03 000 |NUTS = DEFO3 |LOCODE = DE LBC |Gliederung = 35 ''[[Stadtbezirk]]e'' |Website = [http://www.luebeck.de/ www.luebeck.de] |Bürgermeister = Bernd Saxe |Partei = SPD |ruling_party1 = CDU }} {{FixHTML|mid}} {{Infobox World Heritage Site | Name = Hanseatic City of Lübeck | infoboxwidth = 250px | Image = [[Image:Germany Luebeck St Petri Turm.jpg|230px|Church of St. Peter.]] | State_Party = {{GER}} | Type = Cultural | Criteria = iv | ID = 272 | Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]] | Year = 1987 | Session = 11th }} {{FixHTML|mid}} [[Image:Lubeka kolorowa litografia książkowa XIVw.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Lübeck, 15th century.]] {{FixHTML|end}} {{Otheruses}} {{foreignchar|Luebeck|ü}} '''Lübeck''' ({{pronunc|Luebeck pronunciation in German.ogg}}; {{lang-da|Lybæk}}) is the second largest [[city]] in [[Schleswig-Holstein]], in [[northern Germany]], and one of the major [[port]]s of [[Germany]]. It was for several centuries the "capital" of the [[Hanseatic League]] ("Queen of the Hanse") and because of its [[Brick Gothic]] architectural heritage is on [[UNESCO]]'s list of [[World Heritage Sites]]. In 2005 it has a population of 213,983. {{TOCnestright}} Situated at the [[Trave]] River, Lübeck is the largest German port on the Baltic Sea. The old part of the town is an island enclosed by the Trave. The [[Elbe-Lübeck Canal]] connects the Trave with the [[Elbe]] River. Another important river near the town center is the [[Wakenitz]]. [[Bundesautobahn 1|Autobahn 1]] connects Lübeck with [[Hamburg]] and [[Denmark]] ([[Vogelfluglinie]]). The borough [[Travemünde]] is a sea resort and ferry port at the coast of the [[Baltic Sea]]. == History == {{Main|Liubice|Free City of Lübeck}} The area around Lübeck was settled after the last Ice Age. Several [[Neolithic]] [[dolmen]]s can be found in the area. In addition, around 700 AD [[Slavic people]]s started to come into the eastern parts of Holstein which had been left by many [[Germanic peoples|Germanic inhabitants]] in the course of the [[Migration Period]]. By the early 9th century [[Charlemagne]], whose [[Christianisation]] attempts were opposed by [[Saxons]], moved Saxons out and brought in [[Polabian Slavs]], who were allied to Charlemagne, in their stead. [[Liubice]] ("lovely") was founded on the Trave banks about four kilometres north of the present-day city centre of Lübeck. In the 10th century it became the most important settlement of the [[Obotrites|Obotrite confederacy]] and a castle was built. The settlement was burned down in 1128 by pagan [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani]] from [[Rügen]]. The modern town was founded by [[Adolf II of Holstein|Adolf II]], Count of Schauenburg and Holstein, in 1143 as a German settlement on the river island [[Bucu]]. He established a new castle which was first mentioned by [[Helmold]] in 1147. Adolf had to cede the castle to [[Henry the Lion]] in 1158. After Henry's fall in 1181, the town became an [[Imperial Free City|Imperial city]] for eight years. Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Barbarossa]] gave the city a ruling council with twenty members that survived into the 19th century. This council was dominated by merchants and caused Lübeck's politics to be dominated by trade interests for centuries to come. The town and castle changed ownership for a period afterwards and was part of the [[Duchy of Saxony]] until 1192, of the County of [[Holstein]] until 1217 and part of [[Denmark]] until the [[Battle of Bornhöved (1227)|Battle of Bornhöved]] in 1227. [[Image:Stadssigill foer staden Luebeck.png|thumb|left|150px|Lübeck's seal, 1280.]] Around 1200 the port became the main point of departure for colonists leaving for the Baltic territories conquered by the [[Livonian Order]] and, later, [[Teutonic Order]]. In 1226 Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] elevated the town to an [[Imperial Free City]], becoming the [[Free City of Lübeck]]. In the 14th century Lübeck became the "Queen of the [[Hanseatic League]]", being by far the largest and most powerful member of this mediaeval trade organization. In 1375, Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV.]] named Lübeck one of the five "Glories of the Empire", a title shared with [[Venice]], [[Rome]], [[Pisa]] and [[Florence]]. Several conflicts about trade privileges were fought by Lübeck and the Hanseatic League against Denmark and Norway with varying outcomes. While Lübeck and the [[Hanseatic League]] prevailed in conflicts in 1435 and 1512, Lübeck lost when it became involved in the [[Count's Feud]], a civil war that raged in Denmark from 1534 to 1536. Lübeck also joined the [[Schmalkaldic League]]. After defeat in the [[Count's Feud]], Lübeck's power slowly declined. Lübeck managed to remain neutral in the [[Thirty Years' War]], but with the devastation caused by the decades-long war and the new transatlantic orientation of European trade, the Hanseatic League and thus Lübeck lost importance. After the Hanseatic League was de facto disbanded in 1669, Lübeck remained an important trading town on the Baltic Sea. The great composer, [[Dieterich Buxtehude]] became organist at the [[Marienkirche, Lübeck|Marienkirche]] in Lübeck in 1668 and remained at the post until at least 1703. [[Image:Luebeck-1641-Merian.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Lübeck in 1641.]] In course of the war of the [[Fourth Coalition]] against [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]], troops under [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Bernadotte]] occupied the neutral Lübeck after a battle against [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher|Blücher]] on November 6th, 1806. Under the [[Continental System]], the bank went into bankruptcy and from 1811 to 1813 Lübeck was formally annexed as part of [[France]] until the [[Vienna Congress]] of 1815. During [[World War II]], Lübeck was the first German city to be attacked in substantial numbers by the [[Royal Air Force]]. The attack on [[28 March]] [[1942]] created a [[firestorm]], that caused severe damage to the historic centre and the [[Bombing of Lübeck in World War II]] destroyed three of the main churches and greater parts of the built-up area. A [[prisoner-of-war camp|POW camp]] for officers, [[Oflag X-C]], was located near the city from 1940 until April 1945. Lübeck was occupied without resistance by the [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]] on [[May 2]] [[1945]].<br> On [[May 3]] [[1945]], one of the biggest disasters in naval history happened in the [[Bay of Lübeck]] when Allied bombers sank [[SS Cap Arcona|three ships]] which, unknown to them, were packed with concentration-camp inmates. About 7,000 people were killed. Lübeck's population grew considerably from about 150,000 in 1939 to more than 220,000 after the war, owing to an influx of refugees expelled from the [[Historical Eastern Germany|former Eastern provinces]] of Germany. Lübeck remained part of Schleswig-Holstein after the war and was situated directly at the [[inner German border]] during the division of Germany into two rival states in the [[Cold War]] period. South of the city the border followed the path of the river Wakenitz that separated both countries by less than 10 m in many parts. The northernmost border crossing was in Lübeck's district of Schlutup. Lübeck's restored historic city centre became a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1987. ==Main sights== === Buildings === {{wrapper}} |[[Image:Lubeck-townhall-detail.JPG|thumb|250px|Town Hall.]] |- |[[Image:Lightvessel Fehrmarnbelt.jpg|thumb|[[Lightvessel|Lightship Fehmarnbelt]] in front of the Concert and Congress Center.|250px]] |- |[[Image:Lübeck Heiligen-Geist-Hospital.jpg|thumb|Hospital of the Holy Spirit, one of the oldest social institutions of Lübeck (1260)|250px]] |- |[[Image:A house in Lübeck.jpg|thumb|A typical [[crow-stepped gable]]d town house|250px]] |} Much of the old town has kept a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] look with old buildings and narrow streets. The town once could only be entered by passing one of four [[town gates]], of which two remain today, the well-known [[Holstentor]] (1478) and the [[Burgtor]] (1444). The old town centre is dominated by seven church steeples. The oldest ones are the [[Lübeck Cathedral|Lübecker Dom]] (the city's cathedral) and the [[Marienkirche, Lübeck|Marienkirche]] (Saint Mary's), both from the 13th and 14th centuries. Other sights include: *the [[Lübecker Rathaus]] (Town Hall). * [[Saint Catherine Church, Lübeck]], a church that belonged to a former monastery, now the [[Katharineum]], a [[Latin school]]. *[[Thomas Mann]]'s house. *[[Günter Grass]]' house. *Church of St. Lawrence, located on the site of a cemetery of people dead during the 16th century plague. *Church of St. Jacob (''Lübecker Jakobikirche'', 1334). *the [[Salzspeicher]], historic warehouses where salt delivered from [[Lüneburg]] awaited shipment to Baltic ports. ===Museums=== Lübeck has many smaller museums like the [[St. Annen Museum]], the [[Behnhaus]] and the [[Holstentor]]. [[Lübeck Museum of Theatre Puppets]] is a privately run museum. Waterside attractions are a [[lightvessel]] that served [[Fehmarnbelt]] and [[Lisa von Lübeck]], a reconstruction of a Hanseatic 15th century [[caravel]]. ==Miscellaneous== Lübeck is very famous for its excellent [[marzipan]] industry, and according to local legend, Marzipan was first made in Lübeck possibly in response to either a military siege of the city, or a famine year. The story, perhaps apocryphal, is that the town ran out of all foods except stored almonds and sugar, and used these to make loaves of marzipan "bread". Others believe that marzipan was actually invented in [[Iran|Persia]] a few hundred years before Lübeck claims to have invented it. The best known producer is [[Niederegger]], which tourists often visit while in Lübeck, especially during Christmas time. Like many other places in Germany, Lübeck has a long tradition with Christmas market in December, which includes the famous handicrafts market inside the Heiligen-Geist-Hospital (Hospital of the Holy Spirit), located at the north end of Königstrasse. The Lübeck wine trade dates back to Hanseatic times. One Lübeck specialty is Rotspon, wine made from grapes processed and fermented in France and transported in wooden barrels to Lübeck, where it is stored, aged and bottled. Lübeck's only newspaper is [[Lübecker Nachrichten]]. The industrial [[Lübeck-Herrenwyk]] area, houses the [[static inverter plant]] of the [[HVDC]] [[Baltic-Cable]]. [[Lubec]], [[Maine]], the easternmost town in the [[United States]], is named for Lübeck. ==Education== Lübeck has three universities, [[Fachhochschule Lübeck|Lübeck University of Applied Sciences]], [[University of Lübeck]] and [[Musikhochschule Lübeck]]. The [http://www.gradschool.uni-luebeck.de Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Life Sciences] is a central facility of the University and is founded by the [http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/coordinated_programmes/excellence_initiative/ German Excellence Initiative]. The [[International School of New Media]] is an affiliated institute at the University. ==Notable people from Lübeck== * [[Hans Blumenberg]] &ndash; philosopher * [[Willy Brandt]] &ndash; chancellor * [[Ephraim Carlebach]] &ndash; rabbi * [[Felix Carlebach]] &ndash; rabbi * [[Joseph Carlebach]] &ndash; rabbi * [[Björn Engholm]] &ndash; Minister-President * [[Christian Friedrich Heinecken]] &ndash; child prodigy * [[Heinrich Mann]] &ndash; novelist * [[Thomas Mann]] &ndash; novelist * [[Sandra Völker]] &ndash; swimmer {{further|[[:Category:People from Lübeck]]}} ==Parts== The city of Lübeck is divided into 10 zones. These again are arranged into altogether 35 urban districts. The 10 zones with their official numbers, their associated urban districts and the numbers of inhabitants of the quarters: *'''01 City center''' (~ 12,000 Inhabitants) *'''02 St. Jürgen''' (~ 40,000 Inhabitants) ** Hüxtertor / Mühlentor / Gärtnergasse, Strecknitz / Rothebek, Blankensee, Wulfsdorf, Beidendorf, Krummesse, Kronsforde, Niederbüssau, Vorrade, Schiereichenkoppel, Oberbüssau *'''03 Moisling''' (~ 10,000 Inhabitants) ** Niendorf / Moorgarten, Reecke, Old-Moisling / Genin *'''04 Buntekuh''' (~ 10,000 Inhabitants) *'''05 St. Lorenz-South''' (~ 12,000 Inhabitants) *'''06 St. Lorenz-North''' (~ 40,000 Inhabitants) ** Holstentor-North, Falkenfeld / Vorwerk / Teerhof, Großsteinrade / Schönböcken, Dornbreite / Krempelsdorf *'''07 St. Gertrud''' (~ 40,000 Inhabitants) ** Burgtor / Stadtpark, Marli / Brandenbaum, Eichholz, Karlshof / Israelsdorf / Gothmund *'''08 Schlutup''' (~ 6,000 Inhabitants) *'''09 Kücknitz''' (~ 20,000 Inhabitants) ** Dänischburg / [[Siems]] / Rangenberg / Wallberg, [[Lübeck-Herrenwyk|Herrenwyk]], Alt-Kücknitz / Dummersdorf / Roter Hahn, Poeppendorf *'''10 Travemünde''' (~ 15,000 Inhabitants) ** Ivendorf, Alt-Travemünde / Rönnau, Priwall, Teutendorf, Brodten <!--From German Wikipedia--> ==Sister Cities== *{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kotka]], [[Finland]], since 1969 *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Venice]], [[Italy]], since 1979 (friendship treaty) *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Wismar]], [[Germany]], since 1987 *{{flagicon|France}} [[La Rochelle]], [[France]], since 1988 *{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Klaipėda]], [[Lithuania]], since 1990 *{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa]], [[Japan]], since 1992 (friendship treaty) *{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Bergen]], [[Norway]], since 1996 (friendship treaty) *{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Visby]], [[Sweden]], since 1999 *{{flagicon|US}} [[Spokane, Washington]], [[United States]] == See also == * [[VfB Lübeck]], soccer and sports club * [[Free City of Lübeck]] * [[Lübeck Airport]] * [[Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival]] * [[Nordische Filmtage]] * [[Lübeck law]]s * [[Ports of the Baltic Sea]] * [[Baltic-Cable]] * [[Bay of Lübeck]] * [[SS Cap Arcona]] * [[Oberschule zum Dom]] * [[Oflag X-C]] * [[Lubeck Waste Treatment Facility]] == External links == {{sisterlinks|Lübeck}} *[http://www.luebeck.de '''Official Homepage'''] *[http://www.luebecker-hansestadt.de Lubeck information] *[http://www.oldstratforduponavon.com/lubeck A Few Views of Lubeck in Old Postcards] ==Notes and references== {{reflist}} {{Hanseatic League}} {{World Heritage Sites in Germany}} {{Germany districts schleswig-holstein}} [[Category:Lübeck| ]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Germany]] [[Category:Cities in Schleswig-Holstein]] [[Category:Landmarks in Germany]] [[Category:Coastal cities]] [[Category:Hanseatic League]] [[Category:1143 establishments]] [[Category:Ports and harbours of Germany]] {{1632 place referenced|1633, TBW}}<!-- Pseudo-category; see template for details --> {{Link FA|de}} [[af:Lübeck]] [[ar:لوبيك]] [[bs:Lübeck]] [[bg:Любек]] [[ca:Lübeck]] [[cv:Любек]] [[cs:Lübeck]] [[da:Lübeck]] [[de:Lübeck]] [[et:Lübeck]] [[el:Λίμπεκ]] [[es:Lübeck]] [[eo:Lubeko]] [[eu:Lubeck]] [[fr:Lübeck]] [[ko:뤼베크]] [[hr:Lübeck]] [[io:Lübeck]] [[id:Lübeck]] [[is:Lýbika]] [[it:Lubecca]] [[he:ליבק]] [[ka:ლიუბეკი]] [[la:Lubeca]] [[lv:Lībeka]] [[lb:Lübeck]] [[lt:Liubekas]] [[hu:Lübeck]] [[nl:Lübeck]] [[ja:リューベック]] [[no:Lübeck]] [[nn:Lübeck]] [[oc:Lübeck]] [[pms:Lubëcca]] [[nds:Lübeck]] [[pl:Lubeka]] [[pt:Lübeck]] [[ro:Lübeck]] [[ru:Любек]] [[simple:Lübeck]] [[sl:Lübeck]] [[sr:Либек]] [[sh:Lübeck]] [[fi:Lyypekki]] [[sv:Lübeck]] [[vi:Lübeck]] [[tr:Lübeck]] [[uk:Любек]] [[vo:Lübeck]] [[zh:吕贝克]]