LGBT rights in Spain 1962312 225775036 2008-07-15T10:05:45Z Rjwilmsi 203434 gen fixes + link/fix date fields in cite templates (explanation [[User:Rjwilmsi#My_correction_of_dates_in_templates|here]]) using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] [[Image:Gay March celebrating 2005 Pride Day and Same-Sex Marriage Law in Spain.jpg|thumb|Gay Pride 2005 celebrating Same-Sex Marriage Law in Spain]] The '''rights of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered persons in Spain''' have undergone several drastic changes in recent decades. Today [[Spain]] provides one of the highest degrees of liberty in the world for its [[LGBT]] community. However, this was not the case for much of Spain's history. The evolution from the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] sexuality, where the sexual act and power relationships engendered were more important, to the modern concept of [[homosexuality]] as a type of sexuality and even lifestyle, was determined and modified by many factors. One of the main ones has been the influence of Christianity, which characterized sexuality as an act whose only goal was procreation, so that the other sexual activities were seen as [[sin]]ful and contrary to [[God|God's wishes]]. This would be reflected in the legislation of the time, where [[sodomy]] was identified with State treason and punished harshly with death by fire. The turnabout point was marked by the [[Illustration]], when individual liberties started gaining importance, to the point that in 1822 sodomy was taken out of the Spanish civil code and effectively legalised. The slow and hard ongoing process toward acceptance of homosexuality was suddenly interrupted by the [[Spanish Civil War]] and [[Francisco Franco]]'s [[Dictator|regime]], which precipitated a strong repression of the [[LGBT]] community in Spain. When the regime ended, the process resumed, although [[homophobia]] still is a strong issue in the modern Spain{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. Today, Spain is one of the five countries around the world that allows [[same-sex marriage]] and has the most progressive laws, since they also permit adoption by same-sex couples. Spanish LGBT culture has been exported internationally with film directors such as [[Pedro Almodóvar]] and events like the [[Europride]] celebrated in Madrid in 2007. Visibility of homosexuals has reached several layers of society that were previously unthinkable, such as the army, Guardia Civil, judges or priests, although in other areas like [[Soccer|football]] there is still a way to go. ==The Romans== {{see also|Homosexuality in ancient Rome}} [[Image:Bust Hadrian Musei Capitolini MC817.jpg|thumb|200px|The bust of [[Hadrian]], lover of [[Antinous]] can be found today in the [[Palazzo dei Conservatori]].]] The Romans brought, as with other aspects of their culture, their sexual morality to Spain.<ref name="glbtq roma">{{cite web | url = [http://www.glbtq.com/contributors/bio_266.html Eugene Rice] | year = 2004 | url = http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/rome_ancient.html | title = Rome: Ancient | publisher = glbtq | accessdate = 2007-04-14}}</ref> Roman were open minded about their sexuality, and relationships among men were commonplace. As a matter of fact, among the Romans, bisexuality seems to have been perceived as the ideal. [[Edward Gibbon]] mentions, of the first fifteen emperors, "Claudius was the only one whose taste in love was entirely correct"—the implication being that he was the only one not to take [[Homosexuality|men]] or [[Pederasty|boys]] as lovers. Gibbon based this on Suetonius' factual statement that "He had a great passion for women, but had no interest in men."<ref>Suet. ''Claud.'' 33.</ref> Suetonius and the other ancient authors actually used this against Claudius. They accused him of being dominated by these same women and wives, of being [[wikt:uxorious|uxorious]], and of being a [[womanizer]]. Marriages between men occurred during the early Roman Empire. This is proved by a law in the [[Theodosian Code]] from the Christian emperors Constantius and Constans which was passed on December 16, 342. <ref> Theodosian Code 9.8.3: ''"When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion {quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment.''</ref> [[Martial]] attests to same-sex marriages between men during the early Roman Empire.<ref>Martial ''Epigrams'' 1.24, 12.42</ref> The first recorded marriage between two men occurred during the reign of the Emperor [[Nero]], who is reported to have married two other men on different occasions.<ref> Suetonius ''Life of Nero'' 28-29</ref> The Roman emperor [[Elagabalus]] is also reported to have done the same. Emperors who were universally praised and lauded by the Romans such as [[Hadrian]] and [[Trajan]] openly had male lovers, although it is not recorded whether or not they ever married their lovers. Hadrian's lover, [[Antinuous]], received deification upon his death and numerous statues exist of him today, more than any other non-imperial person. Among the conservative upper Senatorial classes, status was more important than the person in any sexual relationship. Thus, Roman citizens could penetrate non-citizen males, plebeian (or low class) males, male slaves, boys, [[eunuch]]s and male prostitutes just as easily as young female slaves, concubines and female prostitutes. However, no upper class citizen would allow himself to be penetrated by another man, regardless of age or status. He would have to play the active role in any sexual relationship with a man. <ref name="Priapo">{{cite web | date = 2006 | url = http://www.identidades.org/literatura/priapeos.htm | title = Priapeos romanos. Antología bilingüe latín-castellano | accessdate = 2007-05-27}}</ref> There was a strict distinction between an active homosexual (who would have sex with men and women) and a passive homosexual (who was regarded as servile and effeminate). This morality was in fact used against [[Julius Caesar]], whose allegedly passive sexual interactions with the king of [[Bithynia]] were commented everywhere in Rome.<ref name="glbtq romlit">{{cite web | author = [http://www.glbtq.com/contributors/bio_40.html Louis Crompton] | year = 2004 | url = http://www.glbtq.com/literature/roman_lit.html | title = Roman literature | publisher = glbtq | accessdate = 2007-04-18}}</ref> However, many people in the upper classes ignored such negative ideas about playing a passive role, as is proved by the actions of the Roman Emperors [[Nero]] and [[Elagabalus]]. Martial also attests to adult men who played passive roles with other men. Martial describes, for example, the case of an older man who played the passive role and let a younger slave occupy the active role.<ref>Martial, [[s:la:Epigrammaton_liber_III#LXXI|3.71]].</ref> In contrast to the Greeks, evidence for homosexual relationships between men of the same age exists for the Romans. These sources are diverse and include such things as the Roman novel [[Satyricon]], graffiti and paintings found at [[Pompeii]] as well as inscriptions left on tombs and papyri found in Egypt. Generally speaking, however, a kind of [[pederasty]] (not unlike the one that can be found in the Greeks) was dominant in Rome. It is important to note, however, that even among straight relationships, men tended to marry women much younger than themselves, usually in their early teens. [[Lesbianism]] was also known,<ref name="glbtq roma"/> in two forms. Feminine women would have sex with adolescent girls: a kind of female pederasty, and masculine women followed male pursuits, including fighting, hunting and relationships with other women. [[Martial|Marcus Valerius Martialis]],<ref name="glbtq romlit"/> a great poet and lawyer, was born and educated in Bílbilis ([[Calatayud]] today), but he spent most of his life in Rome. There he characterised Roman life in [[epigram]]s and poems. In a fictitious first person he talks about anal and vaginal penetration, and about receiving [[fellatio]] from both men and women. Another example is [[Hadrian]],<ref name="glbtq adriano">{{cite web | author = [http://www.glbtq.com/contributors/bio_266.html Eugene Rice] | year = 2004 | url = http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/hadrian.html | title = Hadrian (76-138) | publisher = glbtq | accessdate = 2007-04-14}}</ref> one of the Roman emperors born in [[Hispania]], specifically in [[Itálica]] ([[Santiponce]] today). He was emperor from 117 to 138. He had a famous lover, [[Antinous]], whom he deified and in whose honour he built the city of [[Antinopolis]] in Egypt after his accidental death in the [[Nile]].<ref name="glbtq adriano"/> ===Upcoming of Christianity=== The first law against homosexual marriage was promulgated by the Christian emperors [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]].<ref>Theodosian Code 9.8.3:</ref> Nevertheless, the Christian emperors continued to collect taxes on male prostitutes until the reign of [[Anastasius I (emperor)|Anastasius]] (491-581). In the year 390, the Christian emperors [[Valentinian II]], [[Theodosius I]] and [[Arcadius]] declared homosexual sex to be illegal and those who were guilty of it were condemned to be burned alive in front of the public. <ref> (Theodosian Code 9.7.6): All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people.</ref> The Christian emperor [[Justinian I]] (527-565) made homosexuals a scape goat for problems such as "famines, earthquakes, and pestilences." <ref> Justinian ''Novels'' 77, 144 </ref> As a result of this, Roman morality changed by the 4th century. For example, [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] harshly condemned the sexual behaviour of the [[Taifali]], a barbaric tribe located between the [[Carpathian Mountains]] and the [[Black Sea]] which practised the Greek-style pederasty.<ref name="Spencer">{{cite book | author = Spencer, Colin | title = Homosexuality. A history. | year = 1996 | publisher = Londres: Fourth Estate | id = 1-85702-447-8 }}</ref> In 342 emperors Constans and Constantius II introduced a law to punish passive homosexuality (possibly by castration), to which later in 390 Theodosius I would add death by fire to all passive homosexuals that worked in [[brothel]]s. In 438 this law was expanded to include all passive homosexuals, in 533 Justinian punished any homosexual act with castration and death by fire, and in 559 this law became even more strict.<ref name="Aldrich">{{cite book| author = Aldrich, Robert (Ed.) | title = Gleich und anders | year = 2007| publisher = Hamburgo: Murmann | id = 978-3-938017-81-4 }}</ref> Three reasons have been given for this change of attitude. [[Procopius]], historian at Justinian's court, considered that behind the laws were political motivations, as they allowed Justinian to destroy his enemies and confiscate their properties, and were hardly efficient stopping homosexuality between ordinary citizens.<ref name="Spencer"/> The second reason, and perhaps the more important one, was the rising influence of [[Christianity]] in the Roman society, including the Christian paradigm about sex serving solely for reproduction purposes.<ref name="Aldrich"/> Colin Spencer, in his book ''Homosexuality. A history'', suggests the possibility that a certain sense of self-preservation in the Roman society after suffering some epidemic such as the Black fever increased the reproductive pressure in the individuals. This phenomenon would be combined with the rising influence of [[Stoicism]] in the Empire.<ref name="Spencer"/> Until the year 313 there was no common doctrine about homosexuality in Christianity,<ref name="Spencer"/> but [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] had already condemned it as ''contra natura'':{{blockquote|''And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet.'' [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_%28King_James%29/Romans#Chapter_1 Bible King James. Romans 1:27.]}} Eventually, the [[Church Fathers]] created a literary ''corpus'' in which homosexuality and sex were condemned most energetically, fighting against a common practice in that epoch's society (including the primitive Church).<ref>The poet [[Ausonius]] (310-395) maintained a passionate relationship with [[Paulinus of Nola|Paulinus]], bishop of [[Nola]]. It is not known if that love was physical, but their passion was reflected in the correspondence they kept. The letters from Ausonius, 43 years the senior of Paulinus, also show his sadness regarding their separation when the latter intensified his Christian life. Even [[San Agustín]] confessed to having homosexual lovers in his youth, although he would later reject that lust as sinful (''Homosexuality. A history'' de Colin Spencer ISBN 1-85702-447-8).</ref> On the other hand, homosexuality was identified with heresy soon enough, not only because of the pagan traditions, but also due to the rites of some [[Gnosticism|gnostic sects]] or [[Manichaeism]], which, according to [[Augustine of Hippo]], practised homosexual rites.<ref name="Spencer"/> ==The Visigoths== [[Image:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Baptism of [[Clovis I]]]] The [[Germanic peoples]] had little tolerance for both passive homosexuality and women, whom they considered on the same level as «imbeciles» and slaves, and glorified the warrior camaraderie between men. However, there are reports in Scandinavian countries of feminine and transvestite pastors, and the Nordic gods, the [[Æsir]], including [[Thor]] and [[Odin]], obtained arcane recognition drinking [[semen]].<ref name="Spencer"/> During the [[Early Middle Ages]] the attitudes toward homosexuality that had prevailed in the Roman Empire remained basically unchanged. Clear cases of homosexuality are known, and even though it was not accepted, no ill consequences derived from it. Examples are [[Clovis I]], who in the IX century, and on his baptism day, confessed his relationships with other men; or the poet of the IX century [[Alcuin]], whose verses and letters show homoerotism. But step by step, the Christian morality, closely tied to the idea of sex as exclusively a means for reproduction, began to transform into a complex tangle of [[Canon law|canonical dispositions]] which strongly influenced vigent law.<ref name="Spencer"/> ==Repression under Franco's regime== [[Homosexuality]] was highly illegal under the dictatorship of [[Francisco Franco]], with laws against homosexual activity vigorously enforced and gays being imprisoned in large numbers. The 1954 reform of the 1933 "Ley de vagos y maleantes" ("Vagrancy Act) [http://search.boe.es/datos/imagenes/BOE/1954/198/A04862.tif] declared homosexuality illegal, equating it with [[proxenetism]]. The text of the law declares that the measures in it "''are not proper punishments, but mere security measures, set with a doubly preventive end, with the purpose of collective guarantee and the aspiration of correcting those subjects fallen to the lowest levels of morality. This law is not intended to punish, but to correct and reform''". However, the way the law was applied was clearly punitive and arbitrary: police would often use the Vagrancy laws against suspected political dissenters, using their homosexuality as a way to go around the judicial guarantees. The law was repealed in 1979. However, in other cases the harassment of gays, lesbian and transsexuals was clearly directed at their sexual mores, and homosexuals (mostly males) were sent to special prisons called "galerías de invertidos" ("deviant galleries"). This was common practice until 1975, when Franco's regime gave way to the current constitutional democracy, but in the early 70s gay prisoners were overlooked by political activism in favour of more "traditional" political dissenters. Some gay activists deplore the fact that, even today, reparations have not been made. [http://www.islaternura.com/APLAYA/PapelesPENSAR/Papeles/VioletaFranquismo2004Mes02.htm]. However, in the 1960s clandestine gay scenes began to emerge in [[Barcelona]], a specially tolerant city under the Franco's regime, and in the [[counterculture|countercultural]] centers of [[Ibiza]] and [[Sitges]] (a town in the province of Barcelona, [[Catalonia]], that remains a highly popular gay tourist destination). Attitudes in greater [[Spain]] began to change with the return to democracy after Franco's death through a cultural movement known as [[La movida]]. This movement, along with growth of the [[gay rights movement]] in the rest of [[Europe]] and the Western world was a large factor in making Spain today one of Europe's most socially tolerant people. ==Government of Zapatero== [[Same-gender marriage]] and adoption were legalized by the [[Cortes Generales|Spanish Legislature]] under the administration of [[PSOE|socialist]] [[Prime Minister of Spain|prime minister]] [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] in 2005 [http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2005/07/02/pdfs/A23632-23634.pdf]. As of 2006, the Spanish Administration is seeking to negotiate foreign adoption with other countries. In November 2006 Zapatero's government has passed a law that allows transgendered persons to register under their preferred sex in public documents without undergoing prior surgical change [http://www.advocate.com/news_detail_ektid39287.asp]. The law on assisted reproduction was also amended in 2006: children born within a lesbian marriage for [[in vitro fertilisation]] treatment can be legally recognized by the non-biological mother.<ref>[http://actualidad.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/lesbianas_podran_madres_hijos_in_1194087.htm Lesbianas podrán ser madres hijos 'in vitro' de sus parejas]</ref> ===Acceptance=== [[Homosexuality]] and [[bisexuality]] today are greatly accepted all around the country and intensely in larger and medium cities. In small villages and among some parts of society, there is still a certain level of discrimination. A [[Eurobarometer]] survey published December 2006 showed that 56 percent of Spaniards surveyed support same-sex marriage and 43 percent recognise same-sex couple's right to adopt ([[EU]]-wide averages are 44 percent and 33 percent, respectively).<ref name="EU">{{cite news | last = | first = | coauthors = | title = Eight EU Countries Back Same-Sex Marriage | work = | pages = | language = | publisher = Angus Reid Global Monitor | date = 2006-12-24 | url = http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/14203 | accessdate = 2008-03-16}}</ref> ==LGBT culture== ===Literature=== At the beginning of the 20th century, Spanish authors like [[Jacinto Benavente]], [[Pedro de Répide]] and [[Antonio de Hoyos y Vinent]] had to choose between ignoring the subject of homosexuality or representing it negatively. The only authors publishing literature with LGBT content were foreigners: [[Augusto d’Halmar]] from [[Chile]] published ''Pasión y muerte del cura Deusto'', [[Alfonso Hernández Catá]] from [[Cuba]] published ''El ángel de Sodoma'' and [[Alberto Nin Frías]] from [[Uruguay]] published ''La novela del Renacimiento. La fuente envenenada'', ''Marcos, amador de la belleza'', ''Alexis o el significado del temperamento Urano'' and, in 1933, ''Homosexualismo creador'', the first essay representing homosexuality in a positive light.<ref name="Eisenberg">{{cite web | autor = Daniel Eisenberg | url = http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/DEISENBE/Other_Hispanic_Topics/escondida.pdf | title = Homosexuality in Spanish history and culture |format=PDF}}</ref> Others, like the authors of the [[Generation of '27]], took refuge in poetry. The gay and bisexual poets of this literary movement were amongst the most influential in [[Spanish literature]]: [[Federico García Lorca]], [[Emilio Prados]], [[Luis Cernuda]], [[Vicente Aleixandre]] and [[Manuel Altolaguirre]]. These poets were highly influenced by the great gay authors of the rest of Europe, such as [[Oscar Wilde]], [[André Gide]], mainly his ''[[Corydon]]'', and [[Marcel Proust]]. At the time, [[Emilio García-Gómez]] published also his ''Poemas arabigoandaluces'', which included the pederastic poets of [[Al-Ándalus]].<ref name="Eisenberg"/> About mid 1930s there was a slight liberalization that was cut by the [[Spanish Civil War]]. After the Civil War, with Lorca assassinated and the majority of gay and bisexual poets in exile, gay culture retired anew to the cryptic poetry of Vicente Aleixandre, who never admitted his homosexuality publicly. Other gay poets of this period are [[Francisco Brines]], [[Leopoldo María Panero]], [[Juan Gil-Albert]] and [[Jaime Gil de Biedma]] and, in [[Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba]], [[Vicente Núñez]], [[Pablo García Baena]] and [[Juan Bernier]], belonging to the ''Cántico'' group.<ref name="Eisenberg"/> Among the authors that appear after the [[Spanish Transition]], are worth mentioning [[Juan Goytisolo]], the most influential outside Spain, [[Luis Antonio de Villena]], maybe the homosexual intellectual most involved in gay studies, [[Antonio Gala]] and [[Terenci Moix]], both the most known gay writers, thanks to their appearances on TV. Other known gay writers are [[Álvaro Pombo]], [[Antonio Roig]], [[Biel Mesquida]], [[Leopoldo Alas Alas|Leopoldo Alas]], [[Vicente García Cervera]], [[Carlos Sanrune]], [[Jaume Cela]], [[Eduardo Mendicutti]], [[Miguel Martín]], [[Lluis Fernández]], [[Víctor Monserrat]], [[Alberto Cardín]], [[Mariano García Torres]] and [[Agustín Gómez-Arcos]].<ref name="Eisenberg"/> No lesbian authors in Spain publicly acknowledged their homosexuality until the 1990s. [[Gloria Fuertes]] never wanted her sexual orientation to be public. The first lesbian author to be openly gay was [[Andrea Luca]]. Other authors who have treated love between women in their books include [[Ana María Moix]], [[Ana Rosetti]], [[Esther Tusquets]], [[Carmen Riera]], [[Elena Fortún]], [[Isabel Franc]] or [[Lucía Etxebarría]], in her novel ''[[Beatriz y los cuerpos celestes]]'', [[Nadal Prize]] 1998.<ref name="Eisenberg"/> On the publishing side, there are two publishing houses specializing in LGBT themes, [[Egales]] (founded in 1995) and [[editorial Odisea]] (founded in 1999). The first one has been awarding the "[[Terenci Moix prize]]" for gay and lesbian narrative since 2005, the second one the "[[Odisea prize]]" for gay and lesbian books in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] since 1999. ===Cinema=== [[Image:Pedro almodovar and penelop.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Pedro Almodóvar and [[Penélope Cruz]] at the entry to the [[Prince of Asturias Awards]] in [[Oviedo]].]] The beginnings of the representation of homosexuality in Spanish cinema were difficult due to censorship under Franco. The first movie that shows any kind of homosexuality, very discretely, was ''[[Diferente (film)|Diferente]]'', a musical from 1961, directed by [[Luis María Delgado]]. Up to 1977, if homosexuals appeared at all, it was to ridicule them with the "funny effeminate faggot".<ref name="cine">{{cite web | author = | year = | url = http://usuarios.lycos.es/marele1971/cineles/espana.html | title = La Homosexualidad en el cine Español | web = Web de Marele | accessdate = 2007-07-03}}</ref> During the [[Spanish Transition]], the first films appeared where homosexuality was not portrayed in a negative way. Examples are ''[[La muerte de Mikel]]'' from [[Imanol Uribe]] and ''Ocaña, retrat intermitent'' from [[Ventura Pons]]. In these films, authors experiment with different visions of the gay man: the [[transvestite]] in ''[[Un hombre llamado Flor de Otoño]]'' (1978), the manly and attractive gay, for the first time in ''[[Los placeres ocultos]]'' (1976) from [[Eloy de la Iglesia]], the warring "queen" in ''[[Gay Club (film)|Gay Club]]'' (1980), etc. Homosexuality is the center of the plot, and homosexuals are showed as vulnerable, in inner turmoil and in dispute with society.<ref name="cine"/> Beginning in 1985, homosexuality looses primacy on the plot, in spite of still being fundamental. This trend begins with ''[[La ley del deseo]]'' (1987) from [[Pedro Almodovar]] and continues with films like ''[[Tras el cristal]]'' (1986) from [[Agustín Villaronga]], ''[[Las cosas del querer]]'' (1989) and ''[[Las cosas del querer 2]]'' (1995) from [[Jaime Chávarri]].<ref name="cine"/> Recent successful films include ''[[Perdona bonita, pero Lucas me quería a mí]]'' (1997), ''[[Segunda piel]]'' (1999), ''[[Km. 0]]'' (2000), the co-production filmed in Argentina ''[[Plata quemada]]'' (2000), ''[[Los novios búlgaros]]'' (2003) and ''[[Cachorro (película)|Cachorro]]'' (2004). Undoubtedly Spain's most known LGBT person is [[Pedro Almodovar]]. The director of [[La Mancha]] has often intertwined LGBT themes in his plots, and his films have turned him into the most renowned Spanish movie director outside Spain. Apart form Almodóvar, Ventura Pons and Eloy de la Iglesia are the two film directors that have worked on more LGBT themes in their movies.<ref name="cine"/> In September 2004, the movie director [[Alejandro Amenábar]] announced publicly his homosexuality. There haven't been as many films with a lesbian plot. The most renown may be the comedy ''[[A mi madre le gustan las mujeres]]'' (2002). The most important LGBT film-festivals are [[LesGaiCineMad]] in Madrid and [[Festival internacional de cinema gai i lèsbic de Barcelona]] (FICGLB). There are also many other smaller festivals and shows, like ''Festival del Mar'' in the [[Balearic Islands]], ''Festival del Sol'' in the [[Canary Ilands]], ''Zinegoak'' in [[Bilbao]], ''LesGaiFestiVal'' in [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] or ''Zinentiendo'' in [[Saragossa]].<ref>{{cite web | author = | year = | url = http://www.homocine.com/festivales/index.htm | title = Festivales de Cine LGTB | web = homocine | accessdate = 2007-07-03}}</ref> ===Music=== [[Image:San Sebastian Kursaal noche.jpg|250px|thumb|Special illumination of the [[Auditorio Kursaal]] in [[San Sebastián]] for Pride Day]] During Franco's dictatorship, musicians seldom made any reference to homosexuality in their songs o in public speeches. An exception was the [[copla]] singer [[Miguel de Molina]], openly homosexual and against Franco, he had to flee to the exile in [[Argentina]] after being brutally tortured and his shows prohibited.<ref>{{cite web | author = | year = | url = http://www.islaternura.com/APLAYA/NoEresElUnico/M/MOLINAmiguelABRIL2003/MOLINABiografia.htm | title = Miguel de Molina. Apuntes biográficos | work = Isla Ternura | accessmonthday = July 27th | accessyear = 2007 | language = español }}</ref> Another exception was [[Bambino (singer)|Bambino]], whose homosexuality was known in [[flamenco]] circles. Some songs from [[Raphael (singer)|Raphael]], as ''Qué sabe nadie'' (What does anyone know) o ''Digan lo que digan'' (Whatever they say), have frequently been interpreted in a gay light.<ref>{{cite web | author = | year = | url = http://www.chueca.com/fotos/200210/17144301.htm | title = Galería de fotos (Raphael) | work = Chueca.com | accessmonthday = July 27th | accessyear = 2007 | language = español }}</ref> In 1974, the [[folk rock]] band [[Cánovas, Rodrigo, Adolfo y Guzmán]] dared to talk about a lesbian relationship in the song ''María y Amaranta'' (María and Amaranta), that surprisingly was not detected by the censorship. During the [[Spanish transition to democracy|Transition]], the duo [[Vainica Doble]] sung about fight of a gay man against the prejudices of his own family in the song ''El rey de la casa'' (The king of the house). The [[singer-songwriter]] [[Víctor Manuel]] has included in several of his songs LGBT subjects. In 1980 he released ''Quién puso más'' (Who put more?), a true love story between two mens that ends after 30 years. Later he mentioned transsexuality in his song ''Como los monos de Gibraltar'' (As the monkeys in Gibraltar), feminine homosexuality in ''Laura ya no vive aquí'' (Laura doesn't live here any more) and bisexuality in ''No me llames loca'' (Don't call me fool/queen). It was not until the [[La Movida Madrileña]] that homosexuality became visible in Spanish music. The duo formed by [[Pedro Almodóvar]] and [[Fabio McNamara]] usually got dressed as women during their concerts, where they sung provocative lyrics. [[Tino Casal]] never hid his homosexuality and became an icon for many gays. Nevertheless, it will be the trio [[Olvido Gara|Alaska]], [[Nacho Canut]] y [[Carlos Berlanga]], in their different projects, from [[Kaka de Luxe]], and [[Alaska y Dinarama]] until [[Fangoria]], that will be identified from the beginning with the LGBT movement due to their constant references to homosexuality in their lyrics and their concerts. During their time as [[Alaska y Dinarama|Dinarama]] they recorded the song ''[[¿A Quién le Importa?]]'' (Who cares?), that became the [[gay anthem]] in Spain. After the Movida, some of the artist have continued to make music with homosexual themes, as Fabio McNamara, Carlos Berlanga in songs as ''Vacaciones'' (Holiday), or [[Luis Miguélez]], ex-guitarist of Dinarama and now part of [[Glamour to Kill]]. [[Image:Fangoria Europride 2007.jpg|thumb|caption|right|250px|[[Fangoria (band)|Fangoria]]'s float during [[Europride 2007]] in Madrid]] At the end of the 80s, [[Mecano]] made a hit with the song ''[[Mujer contra mujer]]'' (Woman against woman), clearly defending the love of two women. The song was also a hit in Latin America and is one of the most remembered of the group. Later they composed the song ''Stereosexual'', that talked about bisexuality.<ref name="mari.com"/> In 1988 [[Tam Tam Go!]], in the album ''Spanish shuffle'', included the song ''Manuel Raquel'', the only song in Spanish in the album, that told the story of a transsexual. At the beginning of the 90s, the new singer-songwriters also took up the subject, speciall y [[Inma Serrano]], [[Javier Álvarez]], and [[Andrés Lewin]], but also [[Pedro Guerra]] in his song ''Otra forma de sentir'' (Another way of feeling), or [[Tontxu]] in ''¿Entiendes?'' (Do you understand?). Other artists with the most diverse styles also used the theme, as ''El cielo no entiende'' (Heaven doesn't understand) de [[OBK]], ''Entender el amor'' (Understand love) de [[Mónica Naranjo]], ''El día de año nuevo'' (New year's day) de [[Amaral]], o ''El que quiera entender que entienda'' from [[Mägo de Oz]].<ref name="mari.com"/> [[Indie pop]] has also treated homosexuality from different points of view, as the band [[Ellos]], in the song ''Diferentes'' (Different), or [[L Kan]] en ''Gayhetera'' (Gayhereto). The duo [[Astrud]] has been related to the [[gay culture]], being an icon to a very specific sector of the homosexual public. The leather subculter has the band [[Gore Gore Gays]] with themes that range from LGBT demands to explicit sex.<ref name="mari.com">{{cite web | author = | year = | url = http://www.glosas.net/int/gay/musicamaricom.htm | title = MUSICA MARI.COM | work = Glosas.net | accessmonthday = July 7th | yearaccess = 2007 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | author = | year = 2005 | url = http://www.filosofia.tk/aarom/temasmusica2000/gayncionero/gayncioneroZ.htm | title = Gaycionero | work = El desván de Aarom | accessmonthday = July 7th | yearaccess = 2007 }}</ref> == See also == * [[Same-sex marriage in Spain]] ==References== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <references /> </div> {{LGBT rights in Europe}} [[Category:LGBT rights by country|Spain]] [[Category:Spanish law]] [[Category:Spanish society]] [[Category:LGBT culture in Spain]] {{Link FA|es}} [[ca:Drets del col·lectiu gai a Espanya]] [[de:Homosexualität in Spanien]] [[es:Homosexualidad en España]] [[pl:Sytuacja prawna i społeczna osób LGBT w Hiszpanii]] [[pt:Homossexualidade na Espanha]] [[sh:LGBT prava u Španiji]]