Lactobacillus
189371
223316890
2008-07-03T15:13:08Z
BOTarate
5870361
robot Adding: [[ca:Lactobacil]]
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey <!-- Please read [[WP:Taxobox_usage#Color]] before making any changes to the taxobox color. -->
| name = ''Lactobacillus''
| image = Lactobacillus_sp_01.png
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Lactobacillus'' bacteria (around vaginal squamous epithelial cells)
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| divisio = [[Firmicutes]]
| classis = [[Bacilli]]
| ordo = [[Lactobacillales]]
| familia = [[Lactobacillaceae]]
| genus = '''''Lactobacillus'''''
| genus_authority = Beijerinck 1901
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Lactobacillus acetotolerans |L. acetotolerans ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus acidifarinae |L. acidifarinae ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus acidipiscis |L. acidipiscis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus |L. acidophilus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus agilis |L. agilis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus algidus |L. algidus]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus alimentarius |L. alimentarius ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus amylolyticus |L. amylolyticus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus amylophilus |L. amylophilus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus amylotrophicus |L. amylotrophicus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus amylovorus |L. amylovorus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus animalis |L. animalis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus antri |L. antri ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus apodemi |L. apodemi ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus aviarius |L. aviarius ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus bifermentans |L. bifermentans ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus brevis |L. brevis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus buchneri |L. buchneri ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus camelliae |L. camelliae ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus casei |L. casei ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus catenaformis |L. catenaformis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus ceti |L. ceti ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus coleohominis |L. coleohominis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus collinoides |L. collinoides ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus composti |L. composti ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus concavus |L. concavus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus coryniformis |L. coryniformis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus crispatus |L. crispatus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus crustorum |L. crustorum ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus curvatus |L. curvatus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus delbrueckii |L. delbrueckii]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus|L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus]]''<br />
''[[Lactobacillus lactis |L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus diolivorans |L. diolivorans]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus equi |L. equi ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus equigenerosi |L. equigenerosi ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus farraginis |L. farraginis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus farciminis |L. farciminis]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus fermentum |L. fermentum ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus fornicalis |L. fornicalis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus fructivorans |L. fructivorans ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus frumenti |L. frumenti ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus fuchuensis |L. fuchuensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus gallinarum |L. gallinarum ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus gasseri |L. gasseri]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus gastricus |L. gastricus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus ghanensis |L. ghanensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus graminis |L. graminis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus hammesii |L. hammesii ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus hamsteri |L. hamsteri ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus harbinensis |L. harbinensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus hayakitensis |L. hayakitensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus helveticus |L. helveticus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus hilgardii |L. hilgardii ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus homohiochii |L. homohiochii ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus iners |L. iners ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus ingluviei |L. ingluviei]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus intestinalis |L. intestinalis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus jensenii |L. jensenii ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus johnsonii |L. johnsonii ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus kalixensis |L. kalixensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens |L. kefiranofaciens ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus kefiri |L. kefiri ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus kimchii |L. kimchii ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus kitasatonis |L. kitasatonis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus kunkeei |L. kunkeei ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus leichmannii |L. leichmannii ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus lindneri |L. lindneri ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus malefermentans |L. malefermentans ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus mali |L. mali ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus manihotivorans |L. manihotivorans ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus mindensis |L. mindensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus mucosae |L. mucosae ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus murinus |L. murinus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus nagelii |L. nagelii ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus namurensis |L. namurensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus nantensis |L. nantensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus oligofermentans |L. oligofermentans ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus oris |L. oris ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus panis |L. panis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus pantheris |L. pantheris ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus parabrevis |L. parabrevis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus parabuchneri |L. parabuchneri ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus paracollinoides |L. paracollinoides ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus parafarraginis |L. parafarraginis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus parakefiri |L. parakefiri ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus paralimentarius |L. paralimentarius ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus paraplantarum |L. paraplantarum ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus pentosus |L. pentosus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus perolens |L. perolens ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus plantarum |L. plantarum ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus pontis |L. pontis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus psittaci |L. psittaci ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus rennini |L. rennini ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus reuteri |L. reuteri ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus rhamnosus |L. rhamnosus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus rimae |L. rimae ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus rogosae |L. rogosae]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus rossiae |L. rossiae ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus ruminis |L. ruminis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus saerimneri |L. saerimneri ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus sakei |L. sakei ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus salivarius |L. salivarius ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis |L. sanfranciscensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus satsumensis |L. satsumensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus secaliphilus |L. secaliphilus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus sharpeae |L. sharpeae ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus siliginis |L. siliginis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus spicheri |L. spicheri ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus suebicus |L. suebicus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus thailandensis |L. thailandensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus ultunensis |L. ultunensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus vaccinostercus |L. vaccinostercus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus vaginalis |L. vaginalis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus versmoldensis |L. versmoldensis ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus vini |L. vini ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus vitulinus |L. vitulinus ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus zeae |L. zeae ]]''<br>
''[[Lactobacillus zymae |L. zymae ]]''<br>
}}
'''''Lactobacillus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-positive]] [[facultative anaerobic]] or [[microaerophilic]] [[bacteria]]<ref>[http://mansfield.osu.edu/~sabedon/biol2020.htm Non Nutrient Factors Affecting Growth<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. They are a major part of the [[lactic acid bacteria]] group, named as such because most of its members convert [[lactose]] and other [[sugars]] to [[lactic acid]]. They are common and usually benign. In humans they are present in the [[vagina]] and the [[gastrointestinal tract]], where they are [[symbiotic]] and make up a small portion of the [[gut flora]]. Many species are prominent in decaying plant material. The production of lactic acid makes its environment acidic which inhibits the growth of some harmful bacteria. Several members of the genus have had their [[genome]] sequenced.
== Food production ==
Some ''Lactobacillus'' species are used industrially for the production of [[yoghurt|yogurt]], [[cheese]], [[sauerkraut]], [[Pickling|pickle]]s, [[beer]], [[wine]], [[cider]], [[kimchi]], [[chocolate]] and other [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] foods, as well as animal feeds, such as [[silage]]. [[Sourdough]] bread is made using a "starter culture" which is a symbiotic culture of [[yeast]] and [[lactic acid bacteria]] growing in a [[water]] and [[flour]] [[Growth_medium|medium]]. Lactobacilli, especially ''[[Lactobacillus casei|L. casei]]'' and ''[[Lactobacillus brevis|L. brevis]]'', are some of the most common beer spoilage organisms.
The species operate by lowering the pH of the fermenting substance by creating the lactic acid, neutralising it to the desired extent.
==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Lactobacillus'' currently consists of over 125 species and encompasses a wide variety of organisms. The genus is [[polyphyletic]], with the genus ''[[Pediococcus]]'' dividing the ''L. casei'' group, and the species ''[[L. acidophilus]]'', ''[[L. salivarius]]'', and ''[[L. reuteri]]'' being representatives of three distinct subclades. The genus [[Paralactobacillus]] falls within the [[L. salivarius]] group. In recent years, other members of the genus ''Lactobacillus'' (formerly known as the Leuconostoc branch of Lactobacillus) have been reclassified into the genera ''[[Atopobium]]'', ''[[Carnobacterium]]'', ''[[Weissella]]'', ''[[Oenococcus]]'', and ''[[Leuconostoc]]''.
== Dental cavities ==
Although considered beneficial, some ''Lactobacillus'' species have been associated with [[dental caries]]. [http://www.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/dokko.html] ''Lactobacillus'' count in saliva has been used as a "caries test" for many years. [http://www.db.od.mah.se/lbcmm/lbctest00-.html] This is one of the arguments used in support of the use of [[fluoride]] in [[toothpaste]] and [[throat lozenge|lozenges]]. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17067433]
== Metabolism ==
Many lactobacilli are unusual in that they operate using homofermentative metabolism (that is, they produce only lactic acid from sugars) and are aerotolerant despite the complete absence of a respiratory chain. This aerotolerance is [[manganese]]-dependent and has been explored (and explained) in ''[[Lactobacillus plantarum]]''. Many lactobacilli do not require [[iron]] for growth and have an extremely high [[hydrogen peroxide]] tolerance.
According to metabolism, ''Lactobacillus'' species can be divided into three groups:
* Obligately homofermentative (Group I)
** ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus|L. acidophilus]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus delbrueckii|L. delbrueckii]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus helveticus|L. helveticus]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus salivarius|L. salivarius]]''
* Facultatively heterofermentative (Group II)
** ''[[Lactobacillus casei|L. casei]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus curvatus|L. curvatus]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus plantarum|L. plantarum]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus sakei|L. sakei]]''
* Obligately heterofermentative (Group III)
** ''[[Lactobacillus brevis|L. brevis]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus buchneri|L. buchneri]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus fermentum|L. fermentum]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus reuteri|L. reuteri]]''
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
* Tomas James Rees, Cranfield University, 1997. The development of a novel antifungal silage inoculant. [http://www.brighton73.freeserve.co.uk/tomsplace/scientific/phd/Introduction/phd-intr.htm PhD Thesis (HTML)]
* The Ohio State University Food Science and Technology Department. Lactic Acid Bacteria - Carbohydrate and Protein Metabolism. [http://class.fst.ohio-state.edu/fst611/Lecture%205.ppt PowerPoint lecture]
* Dicks LM, Silvester M, Lawson PA, Collins MD (2000). ''Lactobacillus fornicalis'' sp. nov., isolated from the posterior fornix of the human vagina. [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/3/1253 Abstract], [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/3/1253.pdf PDF file]
== See also ==
*[[Firmicutes]]
*[[Lactic acid bacteria]]
*[[Paralactobacillus]]
*[[Pediococcus]]
*[[Probiotics]]
==External links==
*[http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/l/lactobacillus.html List of species of the genus Lactobacillus]
[[Category:Lactobacillaceae]]
[[Category:Food science]]
[[Category:Gut flora]]
[[Category:Garde manger]]
[[Category:Microbiology]]
<!-- Use http://vs.aka-online.de/globalwpsearch/ to find interwikis-->
[[ca:Lactobacil]]
[[cs:Lactobacillus]]
[[es:Lactobacillus]]
[[fr:Lactobacille]]
[[id:Lactobacillus]]
[[it:Lactobacillus]]
[[nl:Lactobacillus]]
[[ja:乳酸菌]]
[[pl:Lactobacillus]]
[[pt:Lactobacillus]]
[[ru:Лактобактерии]]
[[fi:Lactobacillus]]
[[sv:Lactobacillus]]
[[uk:Lactobacillus]]
[[zh:乳桿菌屬]]