Landscape architecture 75286 225824956 2008-07-15T16:00:38Z Onorem 622881 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Pink!Teen|Pink!Teen]] ([[User talk:Pink!Teen|talk]]) to last version by 67.101.218.211 [[Image:Centralpark.png|300px|right|thumb|[[Central Park]], like most city parks, is an example of landscape architecture.]] '''Landscape architecture''' is the [[art]], [[planning]], [[design]], [[management]] , [[historic preservation|preservation]] and [[land rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] of the land and the design of human-made constructs. The scope of the profession includes architectural design, [[site planning]], [[housing estate]] development, [[natural environment|environmental]] [[ecological restoration|restoration]], town or [[urban planning]], [[urban design]], [[park]]s and recreation planning, [[regional planning]], [[Landscape urbanism|landscape urbanism]], and [[historic preservation]]. A practitioner in the field of landscape architecture is called a '''[[landscape architect]]'''. == History == [[Image:Park Muzakowski6.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Muskauer Park]] on the German-Polish border is HI inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] on the basis of its importance for "the development of landscape architecture as a discipline".]] {{main|History of landscape architecture}} The history of landscape architecture is related to the [[history of gardening]] but is not coextensive. Both arts are concerned with the composition of planting, landform, water, paving and other structures but: * garden design is essentially concerned with enclosed private space ([[park]]s, [[garden]]s etc) * landscape design is concerned with the design of enclosed space, as well as unenclosed space which is open to the public ([[town square]]s, [[country park]]s, [[park system]]s, [[greenway]]s etc). The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] undertook landscape architecture on an extensive scale, and [[Vitruvius]] wrote on many topics (eg the layout of towns) which still concern landscape architects. As with the other arts, it was not until the [[Renaissance]] that garden design was revived, with outstanding examples including the pleasure grounds at the [[Villa d'Este]], [[Tivoli, Italy|Tivoli]]. The renaissance garden developed through the 16th and 17th centuries, reaching an ultimate grandeur in the work of [[André le Nôtre]] at [[Vaux-le-Vicomte]] and [[Versailles]]. In the 18th century, England became the focus of a new style of landscape design. Figures such as [[William Kent]], [[Humphry Repton]], and most famously [[Lancelot 'Capability' Brown]] remodelled the great estate parks of the English gentry to resemble a neat and tidy version of nature. Many of these parks remain today. The term 'landscape architecture' was first used by the Scotsman Gilbert Laing Meason in the title of his book on ''The Landscape Architecture of the Great Painters of Italy'' (London, 1828). It was about the type of architecture found in landscape paintings. The term "landscape architecture" was then taken up by JC Loudon and AJ Downing. Through the 19th century, urban planning became more important, and it was the combination of modern planning with the tradition of landscape gardening that gave Landscape Architecture its unique focus. In the second half of the century, [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] completed a series of parks which continue to have a huge influence on the practices of Landscape Architecture today. Among these were [[Central Park]] in [[New York]], [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]] in [[Brooklyn]], and [[Boston]]'s so called [[Emerald Necklace]] park system. Landscape architecture continues to develop as a design discipline, and has responded to many of the movements of design and architecture through the 20th century. Today, a healthy level of innovation continues to provide challenging design solutions for streetscapes, parks and gardens. The work of [[Martha Schwartz]] in the US, and in Europe designs such as [[Schouwburgplein]] in [[Rotterdam]] by the Dutch design group [[West 8]] are just two examples. [[Ian McHarg]] is considered an important influence on the modern Landscape Architecture profession and land planning in particular. With his book "Design with Nature", he popularized a system of analyzing the layers of a site in order to compile a complete understanding of the qualitative attributes of a place. This system became the foundation of todays Geographic Information Systems (GIS). McHarg would give every qualitative aspect of the site a layer, such as the history, hydrology, topography, vegetation, etc. GIS software is ubiquitously used in the landscape architecture profession today to analyze materials in and on the earth's surface and is similarly used by Urban Planners, Geographers, Forestry and Natural Resources professionals, etc. == Duties == Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, which includes: [[geography]], [[mathematics]], [[science]], [[engineering]], [[art]], [[horticulture]], [[technology]], [[social sciences]], [[politics]], [[history]], [[philosophy]] and more recently, [[ecology]]. The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for corporate office buildings, from the design of residential estates to the design of civil infrastructure and the management of large wilderness areas or reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills. Landscape architects work on all types of structures and external space - large or small, [[urban area|urban]] or [[rural]], and with "hard"/"soft" materials, [[hydrology]] and [[ecological]] issues. The breadth of the professional task that landscape architects collaborate on is very broad, but some examples of project types include: * The planning, form, scale and siting of new developments * Civil design and public [[infrastructure]] * Stormwater management including [[rain garden]]s, [[green roof]]s and [[treatment wetland]]s * Campus and site design for institutions * [[Park]]s, [[botanical garden]]s, [[arboretum]]s, [[greenway]]s, and [[nature preserve]]s * Recreation facilities like [[golf|golf courses]], [[theme park]]s and sports facilities * Housing areas, industrial parks and commercial developments * [[Highway]]s, transportation structures, [[bridge]]s, and transit corridors * [[Urban design]], town and city squares, waterfronts, pedestrian schemes, and parking lots * Large or small [[urban renewal|urban regeneration]] schemes * Forest, tourist or historic landscapes, and [[historic garden]] appraisal and conservation studies * [[reservoir (water)|Reservoirs]], [[dam]]s, [[power station]]s, reclamation of extractive industry applications or major industrial projects * [[Environmental assessment]] and [[landscape assessment]], planning advice and land management proposals. * Coastal and offshore developments * [[Ecological Design]] any form of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes. The most valuable contribution is often made at the earliest stage of a project in generating ideas and bringing flair and creativity to the use of space. The landscape architect can contribute to the overall concept and prepare an initial master plan, from which detailed designs can subsequently be prepared. He or she can also let and supervise contracts for construction work, prepare design impact assessments, conduct environmental assessments or audits and act as an expert witness at inquiries on land use. He or she can also support or prepare applications for capital or revenue funding grants. For the period before 1800 (see section on History, below), the history of landscape architecture is largely that of master planning. The first person to write of "making" a landscape was [[Joseph Addison]] in [[1712]]. The term "landscape gardener" was invented by [[William Shenstone]] in [[1754]] but the first professional designer to use this term was [[Humphry Repton]] in [[1794]]. The term "landscape architecture" was invented by [[Gilbert Laing Meason]] in [[1828]] and was first used as a professional title by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] in [[1863]]. [[Lancelot Brown]], (also known as "Capability" Brown), who remains one of the best known "landscape gardeners" actually called himself a "place maker". During the nineteenth century, the term "landscape gardener" became applied to people who build (and sometimes design) landscapes and the term "landscape architect" became reserved for people who design (and sometimes build) landscapes. This use of "landscape architect" became established after the [[American Society of Landscape Architects]] was founded in [[1899]] and the [[International Federation of Landscape Architects]] (IFLA) in [[1948]]. == Specializations == ''Landscape designers'' and ''Landscape technicians or engineers'' are employed with landscape construction and service companies or may be independent professionals. Landscape designers, like [[garden designer]]s, design all types of planting and green spaces - and are not registered. Many [[landscape engineering|landscape engineers]] work in public offices in central and local government while others work for landscape architecture firms. ''Landscape managers'' use their knowledge of plants and the natural environment to advise on the long-term care and development of the landscape. [[Landscape manager]]s work in [[horticulture]], estate management, [[forestry]], nature [[conservation ethic|conservation]] and [[agriculture]]. ''Landscape scientists'' have specialist skills such as [[soil science]], [[hydrology]], [[geomorphology]] or [[botany]] that they relate to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects can range from site surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes. They may also report on the impact of development or the importance of particular [[species]] in a given area. ''Landscape planners'' are concerned with [[planning|landscape planning]] for the location, scenic, ecological and recreational aspects of urban, rural and coastal land use. Their work is embodied in written statements of policy and strategy, and their remit includes masterplanning for new developments, landscape evaluations and assessments, and preparing countryside management or policy plans. Some may also apply an additional specialism such as landscape archaeology or law to the process of landscape planning. ''Garden designers'' are concerned with the design of small gardens and outdoor spaces and also with [[historic garden conservation]]. ''[[Green roof]] designers'' design extensive and intensive [[roof garden]]s for [[storm water]] management, [[sustainable architecture]], aesthetics, and habitat creation. ==Profession== In many countries, a professional [[institute]], comprised of members of the professional community, exists in order to protect the standing of the profession and promote its interests, and sometimes also regulate the practice of landscape architecture. The standard and strength of legal regulations governing HI landscape architecture practice varies from nation to nation, with some requiring licensure in order to practice; and some having little or no regulation. ===United States=== In the United States, Landscape Architecture is regulated by individual state governments, with only 1 requiring no regulation at all (Vermont). For a landscape architect, obtaining licensure or membership of a professional institute requires advanced education and/or continuing training and work experience. Full membership or licensure often depends on the outcome of [[examination]]s in professional practice matters, and/or an interview with senior members of the profession. In the U.S. licensing is overseen both at the state level, and nationally by the Council of Landscape Architectural Registation Boards (CLARB). Landscape architecture has been identified as an above average growth profession by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and was listed in US News and World Report's list of Best Jobs to Have in 2006. Landscape architects are considered professionals because they are often required to obtain specialized education and professional licensure. ===Canada=== In Canada, Landscape architecture is regulated by provincial or territorial components. These components are then governed by a national organization, the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects / L'Association des Architectes Paysagistes du Canada. Membership in the CSLA/AAPC [http://csla.ca/] is obtained through joining one of the provincial or territorial components. Two provinces, British Columbia and Ontario, require successful completion of the L.A.R.E (Landscape Architecture Registration Examination), a series of exams that aims to determine whether potential landscape architects have sufficient knowledge to practice the profession without endangering the public, in order to acquire full membership in the CSLA/AAPC. Quebec has an innovative mentor system HI in which experienced landscape architects mentor new intern members toward gaining full membership after at least two years of practice, of which six months should be under the direct supervision of the mentor. Known as Canada's Premier Landscape Architect, Cornelia Hahn Oberlander [http://www.corneliaoberlander.ca], works on many significant sites, such as the Vancouver Public Library Central Branch including rooftop garden, the National Gallery, the NY Times Building, and the Law Courts at Robson Square in Vancouver. She was raised in connection with [[Rudolf_Steiner]], and has crossed paths with [[John_Todd_(biologist)]]. Her work on the C.K Choi [http://www.sustain.ubc.ca/greenbuilding.html] Building at UBC includes similar designs. He is a biologist working with functional landscape architecture, such as cleaning water using plants. Wastewater treatment [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_water_treatment_technologies]. ===Australia=== The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) provides professional recognition for landscape architects. Once recognised, landscape architects use the title ‘Registered Landscape Architect’. Across the eight states and territories within Australia, there is a mix of requirements for landscape architects to be ‘Registered’. Generally there is no clear legislative registration requirement in place. Any regulations or requirements are state based, not national. The AILA’s system of professional recognition is a national system overseen by AILA’s National Office in Canberra. Most agencies require AILA professional recognition or registration as part of the pre-requisite for contracts. Landscape architects within Australia find that many contracts and competitions require the AILA recognition or ‘registration’ as the basis of demonstrating a professional status. To apply for AILA Registration, an applicant usually needs to satisfy the following pre-requisites: 1. A university qualification from an AILA accredited program. 2. At least two years of practice. 3. A record of Continuing Professional Practice (CPD). The application is in two stages: 1. First Stage: A minimum 6 months (12 months preferred) period of mentoring and assessment. 2. Second Stage: Oral assessment/interview. Professional recognition includes a commitment to continue professional development. AILA Registered Landscape Architects are required to report annually on their Continuing Professional Development. The AILA has in place processes to recognise equivalent qualifications and experience, which when combined with a number of years of recognised practice as a landscape architect, may provide the basis of recognition as a Registered Landscape Architect. http://www.aila.org.au ==See also== {{Portal|Gardening}} *[[Architecture]] *[[Energy-efficient landscaping|Energy-efficient landscape design]] *[[Environmental graphic design]] *[[Green roof]] *[[Hard landscape materials]] *[[History of landscape architecture]] *[[Landscape engineering]] *[[Landscape products]] *[[Landscape detailing]] *[[Landscape planning]] *[[List of landscape architects]] *[[Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies]] *[[Planting design]] *[[Principles of Intelligent Urbanism]] *[[List of schools of landscape architecture]] *[[Soft landscape materials]] *[[Sustainable landscape architecture]] ==References== *[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000QBW8DK/ Kerb 15]. Landscape Urbanism. Launched by Charles Waldheim, April 2007. Content includes articles and interviews from Charles Waldheim, Mohsen Mostafavi, Alejandro Zaera-Polo (FOA), Kathryn Gustafson, Bart Brands and Richard Weller. *[http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/36697/67EAE4447924 Professional network for Landscape Urbansim] ==External links== *[http://hortla.wsu.edu/ Dept. of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Washington State University] *[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/ Dept. of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University] *[http://www.landscapeonline.com Landscape Architect & Specifier News (LASN)] *[http://www.laprofession.org/ Landscape Architecture Foundation] (USA) *[http://www.tclf.org The Cultural Landscape Foundation] *[http://www.scapemagazine.com 'Scape Magazine] ’Scape is the new international magazine for landscape architecture and urbanism *[http://www.aquatictechnology.com ] International Watershape Design Firm *[http://www.asla.org/nonmembers/lam.cfm Landscape Architecture Magazine] *[http://www.gardenscout.com Directory of Landscape Architects] (USA) *[http://www.apld.com Association of Professional Landscape Designers] (USA) *[http://www.genesis3.com/societyofwatershape.htm/ SWD Society of WaterShape Designers] (USA) *[http://www.land8lounge.com/ Land8Lounge]- is the premier social network providing the most comfortable place for landscape architects to share work and ideas. *[http://www.landscapedia.info/ Landscapedia] *[http://landscapearchitectureresource.com/ Landscape Architecture Resource] *[http://www.esplanadedesign.com/ Esplanade Design - California, USA] ===International organizations=== *[http://www.aquatictechnology.com/ ATPS ] International Watershape Design *[http://www.iflaonline.org/ IFLA] [[International Federation of Landscape Architects]] *[http://www.thecela.org/ CELA] Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture *[http://www.efla.org EFLA] European Foundation for Landscape Architecture *[http://www.e-lan.org/ ELAN] European Landscape Architecture Network *[http://www.elasa.org/ ELASA] European Landscape Architecture Students Association *[http://www.eclas.org/ ECLAS] European Conference of Landscape Architecture Schools *[http://www.idad.org/ IDAD] Institute of Destination Architects and Designers *[http://www.genesis3.com/societyofwatershape.htm/ SWD Society of WaterShape Designers] (USA ===Social Networks=== *[http://www.land8lounge.com/ Land8Lounge]- the premier social networking site providing the most comfortable place for landscape architects to share work and ideas - "The Lounge for Landscape Architects" *[http://larcexchange.com/ LarcExchange]- Currently under development, LarcExchange, (or 'Landscape Architecture Exchange') will become the ultimate resource for Landscape architects, designers, and Planters. Set to go public on August 30th, 2008, with a completely redesigned layout, complete with a wide array of tutorials, databases, SketchUp and auto CAD models, etc. For development updates and sneak previews, visit [http://larcexchange.com/ LarcExchange.com] ===Professional bodies=== *[http://www.LombardiDesign.com] Gregory Lombardi Design, Inc. - National Landscape Architecture based in Cambridge, Massachusetts *[http://www.nelumbo.info]- Nelumbo Garden Design *[http://www.PaoloStudio.com] Paolo Benedetti - International Watershape Designer *[http://www.SuzmanCole.com] Suzman & Cole Design Associates, San Francisco, California ====Americas==== *[http://www.aquatictechnology.com ] International Watershape Design Firm *[http://www.esplanadedesign.com ] California Landscape - Reeves Esplanade Design *[http://www.genesis3.com] (USA) *[http://www.caapaisajistas.org.ar/ CAAP] Argentine Centre for Landscape Architects *[http://www.abap.org.br/ ABAP] Brazilian Association of Landscape Architects *[http://csla.ca CSLA] Canadian Society of Landscape Architects *[http://barrioperu.terra.com.pe/paiperu/ APAP] Peruvian Association of Landscape Architects *[http://www.asla.org ASLA] American Society of Landscape Architects *[http://www.clarb.org CLARB] Council of Landscape Architecture Registration Boards (US/Canada) *[http://www.genesis3.com/societyofwatershape.htm/ SWD Society of WaterShape Designers] (USA) ====Europe==== *[http://www.aquatictechnology.com/ ATPS Piscines ] International Watershape Design *[http://www.oegla.at/ ÖGLA] Österreichische Gesellschaft für Landschafts-Architekten (Austria) *[http://www.bvtl-abajp.org/ BVTL-ABAJP] Belgian Association of Landscape Architects *[http://www.m-ark.fi/ MARK] Finnish Association of Landscape Architects *[http://www.f-f-p.org/ FFP] Fédération Française du Paysage (France) *[http://www.bdla.de/ BDLA] Bund Deutscher Landschafts-Architekten (Germany) *[http://www.fila.is FILA] Association of Icelandic Landscape Architects *[http://www.irishlandscapeinstitute.com/index.shtml ILI ] The Irish Landscape Institute *[http://www.aiapp.net/ AIAPP] Associazione Italiana di Architettura del Paesaggio (Italy) *[http://www.nvtl.nl/index.html NVTL] Netherlands Association for Landscape Architecture *[http://www.landskapsarkitektur.no NLA] Norske Landskapsarkitekters forening (Norway) *[http://www.apap.pt/ APAP] Portuguese Association of Landscape Architects *[http://www.upa.org.yu/ ALA-UPA] Serbian Association of Landscape Architects - Udruženje pejzažnih arhitekata Srbije *[http://www.bsla.ch/output.php BSLA] Bund Schweizer Landschafts-Architekten (Switzerland) *[http://www.landscapeinstitute.org.uk LI] [[Landscape Institute]] the UK Chartered Institute for Landscape Architects *[http://www.peyzajmimoda.org.tr PMO] [[Peyzaj Mimarları Odası]] Turkish Chamber of Landscape Architects *[http://www.aepaisajistas.org/ AEP] [[Asociacion Española de Paisajistas]] Spanish Association of Landscape Architects ====Asia Pacific==== *[http://aila.org.au/ AILA] [[Australian Institute of Landscape Architects]] *[http://www.isala.org.il/ ISALA] Israeli Association of Landscape Architects *[http://www.cycu.edu.tw/ LA-CYCU] Department of Landscape Architecture, Chung Yuen Christian University *[http://www.indianlandscape.net/ ISOLA] Indian Society of Landscape Architects *[http://www.kila.or.kr/ KILA] Korea Institute of Landscape Architecture *[http://www.nzila.co.nz/ NZILA] New Zealand Institute of Landscape Architects *[http://www.sila.org.sg/ SILA] Singapore Institute of Landscape Architects *[http://www.talalandscape.org/home.php TALA] Thai Association of Landscape Architects *[http://www.pala.org.ph/ PALA] Philippine Association of Landscape Architects *[http://www.hkila.com/ HKILA] Hong Kong Institute of Landscape Architects *[http://www.chsla.org.cn/ CHSLA] Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture *[http://www.ilamalaysia.org/ ILAM] Institute of Landscape Architects Malaysia ====Africa==== *[http://www.ilasa.co.za/ ILASA] Institute of Landscape Architects in South Africa *[http://www.aakweb.com/ AAK] Architectural Association of Kenya [[Category:Landscape architecture]] [[de:Landschaftsarchitektur]] [[fa:محوطه‌سازی]] [[fr:Architecture du paysage]] [[id:Arsitektur lansekap]] [[he:אדריכלות נוף]] [[lt:Dekoratyvinė sodininkystė]] [[ja:環境デザイン]] [[no:Landskapsarkitektur]] [[pl:Architektura krajobrazu]] [[pt:Paisagismo]] [[sv:Landskapsarkitektur]] [[ta:நிலத்தோற்றக் கலை]] [[th:ภูมิสถาปัตยกรรม]] [[vi:Kiến trúc cảnh quan]] [[tr:Peyzaj Mimarlığı]] [[zh:景觀設計]]