Laptop 198584 226056365 2008-07-16T17:07:34Z Ohnoitsjamie 507787 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Astroboy2003|Astroboy2003]] ([[User talk:Astroboy2003|talk]]) to last version by Ohnoitsjamie {{Expert-subject|computing|date=April 2008}} {{Refimprove|date=April 2008}} [[Image:X31 T43 laptop.png|thumb|300px|right|An [[ultraportable]] [[IBM]] X31 with 12" screen on an IBM T43 Thin & Light laptop with a 14" screen]] A '''laptop computer''' or simply '''laptop''' (also '''notebook computer''', '''notebook''' and '''notepad''') is a small [[mobile computer]], typically weighing {{convert|3|to|12|lb}}, although older laptops may weigh more. Laptops usually run on a single main [[battery (electricity)|battery]] or from an external [[electronic power supply|AC/DC adapter]] that charges the battery while also supplying power to the computer itself even in the event of a power failure. This very powerful main battery should not be confused with the much smaller battery nearly all computers use to run the [[real-time clock]] and backup [[BIOS]] configuration into the [[CMOS]] memory when the computer is without power. Laptops contain components that are similar to their desktop counterparts and perform the same functions, but are [[miniaturization|miniaturized]] and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption, although typically less powerful for the same price. Laptops usually have [[liquid crystal display]]s and most of them use different memory modules for their [[Random access memory|random access memory (RAM)]], for instance, [[SO-DIMM]] in lieu of the larger [[DIMM]]s. In addition to a built-in [[computer keyboard|keyboard]], they may utilize a [[touchpad]] (also known as a trackpad) or a [[pointing stick]] for input, though an external keyboard or [[mouse (computing)|mouse]] can usually be attached. ==History== {{Unreferencedsection|date=June 2008}} [[Image:Compaq portable.jpg|thumb|A Compaq [[luggable]] PC.]] {{main|History of laptops}} Laptops began from a desire to have a full-featured computer that could be easily used anywhere. Their predecessor was called the [[luggable]]. These all-in-one systems could be easily transported, but were heavy and usually were not battery powered. The [[Cathode ray tube|CRT]] was one of the major reasons luggables were so large and heavy, but the use of a full-size desktop motherboard with room for ISA expansion cards was another size factor. It was the transition to [[LCD]] and [[plasma display]]s that permitted the luggable to shrink in size and become the first real laptop, though at first still without internal batteries. Battery technology improvements and the introduction of smaller devices such as the [[3.5 floppy| 3.5-inch floppy disk]] permitted a gradually more compact and sophisticated complete portable system. ==Types== ===Mainstream=== Laptops weighing between 5 and 7 lb (2.3–3.2 kg) with a screen size of 14.1 or 15.4 inches (35 or 39 cm) diagonally. ===Desktop replacement=== [[Image:PowerBook G4 17.jpg|thumb|An Apple [[PowerBook G4|PowerBook G4 17"]] often used as a desktop replacement.]] {{main|Desktop replacement computer}} A desktop replacement computer is a [[personal computer]] that provides the full capabilities of a [[desktop computer]] while remaining [[Portable computer|portable]]. They are often a larger, bulkier laptop. Because of their increased size, this class of computer usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally used in smaller portable computers and can have a relatively limited battery capacity (or none at all). Some use a limited range of desktop components to provide better performance per dollar at the expense of battery life. These are sometimes called desknotes, a [[portmanteau]] of the words "desktop" and "notebook," though the term is also applied to desktop replacement computers in general.<ref>[http://www.news.com/2100-1040-979763.html Desktop notebooks stake their claim], accessed [[October 19]] [[2007]]</ref> Powerful laptops meant to be mainly used for fun and infrequently carried out due to their weight and size; the latter provides more space for powerful components and a big screen, usually measuring 17–20 inches (43–51 cm). Desktop replacements tend to have limited battery life, rarely exceeding three hours, because the hardware is not optimized for efficient power usage. Sometimes called a [[luggable]] laptop. An example of a desktop replacement computers are gaming notebooks, which are designed to handle 3D graphic-intensive processing for gamers. ===Subnotebook=== [[Image:sonyvaiosub1.jpg|thumb|[[Sony]] [[VAIO]] C1 subnotebook.]] {{main|Subnotebook}} Laptops weighing typically between 4.6 and 6 lb (1.8–2.7 kg) and a screen of 10.6 to 13.3 inches diagonally. A subnotebook is a small and lightweight portable [[computer]], with most of the features of a standard laptop computer but smaller. The term is often applied to systems that run full versions of desktop operating systems such as [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] or [[Linux]], rather than specialized software such as [[Windows CE]], [[Palm OS]] or [[Internet Tablet OS]]. Subnotebooks are smaller than laptops but larger than [[Handheld PC|handheld computers]] and [[Umpc|UMPCs]]. They often have screens around 10.6" (26.92 cm) (diagonal) and weigh less than 1 to 2 kg, as opposed to full-size laptops with 14.1" (35.81 cm) or 15.4" (39.12 cm) screens that typically weigh 2 kg or more. The savings in size and weight are usually achieved partly by omitting [[computer port (hardware)|ports]] or having removable media/optical drives; subnotebooks are often paired with [[docking station]]s to compensate. Subnotebooks have been something of a niche computing product and have rarely sold in large numbers until the 2007 introduction of the [[Asus Eee PC]] and the [[OLPC XO-1]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itworld.com/Tech/2987/070215olpc/ |title=One million OLPC laptop orders confirmed |work= ITworld.com |accessdate=2008-05-10}}</ref> == Parts == [[Image:Dell laptop hard disk.jpg|thumb|right|2.5" [[hard disk drive]]]] Most modern laptops feature 12&nbsp;inch (30&nbsp;cm) or larger [[active-matrix liquid crystal display|active matrix displays]] with resolutions of 1024×768 pixels and above, and have a [[PC Card]] (formerly [[PCMCIA]]) or [[ExpressCard]] expansion bay for expansion cards, one or more [[USB]] ports, and a external monitor port ([[VGA]] or [[DVI]]). Most laptops have also an [[ethernet]] network port. Some have legacy ports such as a [[PS/2]] keyboard/mouse port or a [[serial port]], [[parallel port]], and [[S-video]] or [[composite video]] port. [[Hard disk]]s are physically smaller&mdash;2.5&nbsp;inch (60&nbsp;mm)&mdash;compared to the standard desktop 3.5&nbsp;inch (90&nbsp;mm) drive, and usually have lower performance and power consumption. Video and sound chips are usually integrated. This tends to limit the use of laptops for gaming and entertainment, two fields which have constantly escalating hardware demands,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://internetgames.about.com/od/hardware/Game_Hardware.htm |title=Game Hardware |accessdate=2008-05-10}}</ref> however, higher end laptops can come with dedicated graphics processors. These mobile graphics processors tend to have less performance than their desktop counterparts, but this is because they have been optimized for lower power usage. Some subsystems, such as [[Wi-Fi]], come in contemporary laptops on replaceable [[MiniPCI]] cards, usually accessible through a door on the bottom. Memory modules (smaller than the usual [[DIMM]]s) are often also accessible through the bottom, though some may be on the [[motherboard]] under the keyboard and thus not meant to be accessed by the user. There is a wide range of [[notebook processors|laptop specific processors]] available from Intel ([[Pentium M]], [[Celeron]], [[Intel Core]] and [[Intel Core 2]]), [[AMD]] ([[Athlon]], [[Turion 64]], and [[Sempron]]) and from [[VIA Technologies|VIA]] ([[VIA C3|C3]] and [[VIA C7-M|C7-M]]). Motorola and IBM developed and manufactured the chips for the former [[PowerPC]]-based Apple laptops ([[iBook]] and [[PowerBook]]). Generally, laptop processors are less powerful than their desktop counterparts, due to the need to save energy and reduce heat dissipation. Current models of laptops utilize [[lithium ion]] batteries with more recent models using the new [[lithium polymer]] technology. These technologies have largely replaced the older [[nickel metal-hydride]] batteries. Typical battery life for most laptops is two to five hours with light-duty use, but may drop to as little as one hour with intensive use. Batteries gradually deteriorate over time and eventually need to be replaced in one to five years, depending on the charging and discharging pattern. [[Image:Screwdrivers12.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Laptops typically use [[SODIMM]]s, as shown here.]] [[Docking station]]s became another common laptop accessories in the early 1990s. They typically were quite large and offered 3.5" and 5.25" storage bays, one to three expansion slots (typically AT style), and a host of connectors. The mating between the laptop and docking station was typically through a large, high-speed, proprietary connector. The most common use was in a corporate computing environment where the company had standardized on a common network card and this same card was placed into the docking station. These stations were very large and quite expensive. As the need to additional storage and expansion slots became less critical because of the high integration inside the laptop itself, the emergence of the Port Replicator as a major accessory commenced. The Port Replicator was often a passive device that simply mated to the connectors on the back of the notebook and allowed the user to quickly connect their laptop so VGA, PS/2, RS-232, etc. devices were instantly attached. As higher speed ports like USB and Firewire became commonplace, the Port Replication was accomplished by a small cable connected to one of the [[USB]] 2.0 or [[FireWire]] ports on the notebooks. Wireless Port Replicators followed. Virtually all laptops can be powered from an external AC converter. This device typically adds half a kilogram (1&nbsp;lb) to the overall "transport weight" of the equipment. A [[pointing stick]] or [[touchpad]] is used to control the position of the cursor on the screen. The pointing stick is usually a rubber dot that is located between the G, H and B keys on the laptop keyboard. To navigate the [[cursor]], pressure is applied in the direction intended to move. The touchpad is [[touch-sensitive]] and the cursor can be navigated by moving the finger on the pad. Intel, [[Asus]], [[Compal Electronics|Compal]], Quanta and other laptop manufacturers have created [[Common Building Block]] standard for laptop parts. == Disadvantages == ===Parts standardization and compatibility issues=== {{update}} Current compatibility problems in the laptop trade are reflective of the early era of personal computer hardware, when there were many different manufacturers, each and every one of them having their own connectivity and mounting systems and incompatibility was the norm. While there are accepted world standards of form factors for all the peripherals and add-in PC cards used in the desktop computers, there are still no firm worldwide standards relating to today's laptops' internal form factors, such as supply of electric voltage, motherboard layouts, internal adapters used in connecting the optical drive, LCD cable, keyboard and floppy drive to the main board. Most affected by this are users uneducated in the relevant fields, especially if they attempt to connect their laptops with incompatible hardware or [[power adapter]]s. Some parts, such as hard drives and memory are commodity items and are interchangeable. However, other parts such as motherboards, keyboards, and batteries are proprietary in design and are only interchangeable within a manufactures brand and/or model line. A significant point to note is that the vast majority of laptops on the market are manufactured by a small handful of [[Original Design Manufacturer]]s (ODM).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.whirlpool.net.au/forum-replies-archive.cfm/679605.html|title=Notebook OEM/ODM relationships|accessdate=2007-06-28}}</ref> The ODM matters more than the [[Original Equipment Manufacturer]] (OEM). Major relationships include: *[[Quanta Computer|Quanta]] sells to (among others) HP/Compaq, Dell, Toshiba, Sony, Fujitsu, Acer, NEC, Gateway and Lenovo/IBM - note that Quanta is currently (as of August, 2007) the largest manufacturer of notebook computers in the world. *[[Compal Electronics|Compal]] sells to Toshiba, HP/Compaq, Acer, and Dell. *[[Wistron]] (former manufacturing & design division of Acer) sells to HP/Compaq, Dell, IBM, NEC, Acer, and Lenovo/IBM. *[[Flextronics]] (former Arima Computer Corporation notebook division) sells to HP/Compaq, NEC, and Dell. *[[Elitegroup Computer Systems|ECS]] sells to IBM, Fujitsu, and Dell. *[[Asus]] sells to Apple (iBook), Sony, and Samsung. *[[Inventec]] sells to HP/Compaq, Toshiba, and BenQ. *[[Uniwill]] sells to Lenovo/IBM and Fujitsu. ===Durability issues=== {{Unreferencedsection|date=June 2008}}{{Wikify|date=June 2008}} [[Image:Laptop overheating due to dust-clogged internal heatsinks in 2.5 year old laptop.jpg|thumb|300px|Example of how laptop performance slowly declines after several years, due to dust and lint buildup on internal heatsinks. Simply blowing air into the vents is not enough to remove this buildup. Instead, laptop disassembly is required to properly clean the heatsink.]] Due to their portability and tight integration, laptops are more subject to wear and physical damage than desktops. Components such as batteries, screen hinges, power jacks, and power cords are commonly subject to deterioration due to ordinary use. These components are usually expensive to replace, with a typical laptop battery costing US$130, the AC Adapter US$75. Other parts are inexpensive such as a power jack costing perhaps US$20, but replacement may require extensive disassembly and reassembly of layers of internal components. Other inexpensive but fragile parts often cannot be purchased separate from larger more expensive components. For example, the video display cable and backlight power cable that passes through the lid hinges to operate the screen will eventually break from opening and closing the lid hundreds of times over many years, and usually these tiny cables cannot be purchased separate from an entire US$400 LCD panel. A liquid spill onto the keyboard, which is rather a minor mishap with a desktop system can damage costly components such as the motherboard or LCD panel. Dropping a laptop can damage the LCD screen if not break apart its body. The repair costs of a failed motherboard or LCD panel may exceed the purchase value of the laptop. Laptops must also rely on extremely compact cooling systems involving a fan and heatsink that eventually fails due to filling with airborne dust and debris. Most laptops do not have any sort of removable dust collection filter over the air intake for these cooling systems, resulting in a system that gradually runs hotter and louder as the years pass. Eventually the laptop cooling is so choked with dust that it starts to overheat just from minor operational load. This dust is usually deeply buried inside where casual cleaning and vacuuming cannot remove it, and instead complete disassembly is needed to clean the laptop. ====Ruggedized Laptops==== {{Unreferencedsection|date=June 2008}} Some manufacturers have mitigated some of these problems by selling "ruggedized" laptops. These often have a rubberized sheeting under the keyboard keys and special drain that safely routes all of the water out through a hole in the bottom of the case. Additionally, the bodies of these laptops are typically made of a stiffer magnesium alloy instead of plastic, since it is the flexing of the circuit boards and fragile mechanical devices that causes the most damage. Hard drives are often mounted in soft shock-absorbing silicone mounts to greatly increase their chances of surviving a waist-high fall. When a laptop hits the floor, the free-floating hard drive heads can ''slap'' against the spinning platter, scratching it and cause an irrepairable [[head crash]] that renders the hard drive unusable. Recently hard drives have been constructed which can move the read heads completely off the spinning platters, known as ''unloading''. With the use of an [[accelerometer]], the hardware can detect the sudden fall and park the heads off-platter before the laptop hits the ground. (See [[Sudden Motion Sensor]].) == Advantages == {{Unreferencedsection|date=June 2008}} [[Image:Sary connected in Garden View.jpg|thumb|300px|Laptop computers are very comfortable & useful on vacation.]] The main advantage of laptops over their larger desktop counterparts is the inherent portability. Another advantage is the laptop's ability to operate on battery power in the case of a power outage and less energy consumption. == Upgradeability == Laptops' [[upgrade]]ability is severely limited, both for technical and economic reasons. [[As of 2006]], there is no industry-wide standard [[form factor]] for laptops. Each major laptop vendor pursues its own [[proprietary]] design and construction, with the result that laptops are difficult to upgrade and exhibit high repair costs. With few exceptions, laptop components can rarely be swapped between laptops of competing manufacturers, or even between laptops from the different product-lines of the same manufacturer. Standard feature peripherals (such as audio, video, USB, 1394, WiFi, Bluetooth) are generally integrated on the main PCB ([[motherboard]]), and thus upgrades often require using external ports, card slots, or wireless peripherals. Other components, such as [[RAM]] modules, [[hard drive]]s, and batteries are typically user-upgradeable. Many laptops have removable CPUs, although support for other CPUs is restricted to the specific models supported by the laptop [[motherboard]]. The socketed CPUs are perhaps for the manufacturer's convenience, rather than the end-user, as few manufacturers try new CPUs in last year's laptop model with an eye toward selling upgrades rather than new laptops. In many other laptops, the CPU is soldered and non-replaceable.<ref> Thus, there is no practical way to update it on models which already feature the latest processor for their motherboard.</ref> Many laptops also include an internal [[MiniPCI]] slot, often occupied by a Wi-Fi or Bluetooth card, but as with the CPU, the internal slot is often restricted in the range of cards that can be installed. The widespread adoption of [[USB]] mitigates I/O connectivity to a great degree, although the user must carry the [[USB]] peripheral as a separate item. [[NVidia]] and [[ATI]] have proposed a standardized interface for laptop [[GPU]] upgrades (such as an [[MXM]]), but again, choices are limited compared to the desktop [[PCIe]]/[[AGP]] after-market. In January 2007, [[Asus]] announced [[XG Station]] external video card for laptops. XG Station is connected to the laptops using USB-2 and Express card interface. In February 2007, a new standard for external PCI Express cables and connectors was announced. Future laptops can be expanded using external PCI Express backplane and chassis. == Performance == {{Unreferencedsection|date=June 2008}} [[Image:HPLaptopzv6000series.jpg|thumb|A modern mid-range HP Laptop.]] For a given price range (and manufacturing base), laptop computational power has traditionally trailed that of desktops. This is partly due to most laptops sharing RAM between the program memory and the graphics adapter. By virtue of their usage goals, laptops prioritize energy efficiency and compactness over absolute performance. Desktop computers and their modular components are built to fit much bigger standard enclosures, along with the expectation of [[Mains electricity|AC line power]]. As such, energy efficiency and portability for desktops are secondary design goals compared to absolute performance. For typical home (personal use) applications, where the computer spends the majority of its time sitting idle for the next user input, laptops of the thin-client type or larger are generally fast enough to achieve the required performance. 3D gaming, multimedia (video) encoding and playback, and analysis-packages (database, math, engineering, financial, etc.) are areas where desktops still offer the casual user a compelling advantage. As computer hardware miniaturization develops, laptops are beginning to close the performance gap with desktops. Intel's [[Core 2]] line of processors is efficient enough to be used in portable computers, and many manufacturers such as [[Apple]], [[Lenovo]] and [[Dell]] are building Core 2 based laptops. Also, many high end laptop computers feature mobility versions of graphics cards, eliminating the performance losses associated with integrated graphics. == Health issues == [[Image:laptop-coaster.jpg|thumb|[[Laptop coaster]] preventing heating of lap and improving laptop airflow.]] A study by [[State University of New York]] researchers says heat generated from laptops can significantly elevate the temperature of the [[scrotum]], potentially putting [[sperm count]] at risk. The small study, which included little more than two dozen men ages 13 to 35, found that the sitting position required to balance a laptop can raise [[scrotum]] temperature by as much as 2.1 [[Celsius|°C]] (3.8 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]). [[Heat]] from the laptop itself can raise the temperature by another 0.7 °C (1.4 °F), bringing the potential total increase to 2.8 °C (5.2 °F). However, further research is needed to determine whether this directly affects [[infertility|sterility]] in men.<ref> {{cite journal | last = Sheynkin | first = Y. | coauthors = Jung M;Yoo P;Schulsinger D;Komaroff E | title = Increase in scrotal temperature in laptop computer users | journal = Human Reproduction | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 452–5 |date=2004-12-9 | publisher = Epub | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15591087&dopt=Abstract | accessdate = 2006-12-14 | doi = 10.1093/humrep/deh616 | pmid = 15591087 }} </ref> A common practical solution to this problem is to place the laptop on a table or desk. Heat from using laptop on lap can also cause skin discoloration on the thighs.<ref> {{cite journal | last = Levinbook | first = WS. | coauthors = Mallet J; Grant-Kels JM | title = Laptop computer--associated erythema ab igne. | journal = Cutis | volume = 80 | issue = 4 | pages = 319–20 | date=2007 Oct | publisher = Quadrant HealthCom | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18038695?ordinalpos=11&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum | accessdate = 2008-02-19 }} </ref> Because of their small keyboard and trackpad pointing devices, the use of laptops can cause [[Repetitive strain injury|RSI]], and for this reason laptops have [[Docking station|docks]] that are used with ergonomic keyboards to prevent injury. The integrated screen often causes users to hunch over for a better view, which can cause neck or spinal injuries. Some health standards require that [[ergonomic keyboard]]s be used in workplaces. == Security == Laptops are generally prized targets of theft, and theft of laptops can lead to more serious problems such as [[identity theft]] from stolen credit card numbers.<ref>[http://tuxmobil.org/stolen_laptops.html TuxMobil's page] with a list of information and protection devices</ref> Most laptops have a [[Kensington Security Slot|Kensington security slot]] to chain the computer to a desk with a third party security cable. In addition to this, modern operating systems and software may have [[disk encryption]] functionality that renders the data on the laptop's [[hard drive]] unreadable without a [[Key (cryptography)|key]]. ==Related devices== {{Unreferencedsection|date=June 2008}} A laptop can use the same software as a desktop machine but is small enough to support [[mobile computing]] and operate on battery power. Devices that are similar to a laptop include: ;Transportable, also called [[portable computer]]s: Computers which can easily be moved from place to place, but cannot be used while in transit, usually because they require AC power. The most famous example is the [[Osborne 1]]. A transportable, like a laptop, can run desktop software; but it does not support mobile computing. ;Tablets: Computers shaped like slates or (paper) notebooks featuring touchscreen interfaces and a stylus, plus handwriting recognition software. As of 2007, the most common subcategory is the [[Tablet PC]], which is essentially a laptop with a touchscreen. Some tablets have no keyboard, while others called "convertibles" have a screen that can be rotated 180 degrees and folded on top of the keyboard. Tablets may have limited functionality and not be best suited for applications requiring a physical keyboard for typing, but are otherwise capable of carrying out most tasks that an ordinary laptop would be able to perform. ;Internet tablets: [[Internet appliance]]s in tablet form. An internet tablet supports mobile computing. Internet tablets usually use [[Linux]] and they are able to run some applications, but they cannot replace a general purpose computer. Internet tablets typically feature an MP3 and video player, web browser, chat application, and picture viewer. ;[[Personal digital assistant]]s (PDAs): Small computers, usually pocket-sized, usually with limited functionality. A PDA supports mobile computing, but almost never runs any desktop software. ;[[Handheld computer]]s: A high-end PDA or small tablet. ;[[Smart phone]]: A hand held or PDA with an integrated cellphone. Boundaries that separate these categories are blurry at times. For example, the [[OQO]] UPC is a PDA-sized tablet PC; the [[EMate 300|Apple eMate]] had the clamshell form factor of a laptop, but ran PDA software. The [[HP Omnibook]] line of laptops included some devices small enough to be called handheld computers. The hardware of the [[Nokia 770]] internet tablet is essentially the same as that of a PDA such as the [[Sharp Zaurus|Zaurus]] 6000; the only reason it's not called a PDA is that it doesn't have [[Personal information manager|PIM]] software. On the other hand, both the 770 and the Zaurus can run some desktop Linux software, usually with modifications. ==Major brands and manufacturers== {{Splitsection|List of laptop manufacturers}}{{col-begin}} summary="Links to Wikipedia articles about laptop manufacturers. For some of them, articles about the company's most well-known models or series are linked as well." {{col-2}} '''Major brands''' *'''[[Acer (company)|Acer]]''' - [[TravelMate]], [[Extensa (notebook)|Extensa]], [[Acer Ferrari|Ferrari]] and [[Acer Aspire|Aspire]] *'''[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]''' - [[MacBook]], [[MacBook Air]] and [[MacBook Pro]] *'''[[Compaq]]''' - [[Compaq Evo|Evo]], [[Armada (laptop)|Armada]], [[Compaq LTE|LTE]], and [[Compaq Presario|Presario]] *'''[[Dell, Inc.|Dell]]''' - [[Dell Inspiron|Inspiron]], [[Dell Latitude|Latitude]], [[Dell Precision|Precision]], [[Vostro#Notebooks|Vostro]] and [[Dell XPS|XPS]] *'''[[Gateway, Inc.|Gateway]]''' *'''[[Hewlett-Packard]]''' - [[HP Pavilion (computer)|HP Pavilion]], [[HP Omnibook]], [[HP Compaq Notebooks]] *'''[[Lenovo Group|Lenovo]]''' - [[ThinkPad]], IdeaPad, and [[Lenovo 3000|3000]] series *'''[[Panasonic]]''' - [[Toughbook]], [[Let's Note]] <small>(available in Japan only)</small> *'''[[Sony]]''' - [[VAIO]]: [[Sony Vaio FJ|FJ Series]], UX, TZ, NR, SZ, CR, FZ, and AR series *'''[[Toshiba]]''' - [[Dynabook]], [[Equium]], [[Toshiba Portege|Portege]], [[Toshiba Tecra|Tecra]], [[Toshiba Satellite|Satellite]], [[Qosmio]], [[Libretto (notebook)|Libretto]] <br> '''[[Original design manufacturer|ODM]] brands''' *'''[[ASUS]]''' - [[Asus Eee]], [[ASUS Lamborghini|Lamborghini]] *'''[[Clevo]]''' *'''[[Compal Electronics]]''' *'''[[Elitegroup Computer Systems|ECS]]''' <br> '''[[Personal computer game|Gaming]]''' *'''[[Abbcore Technologies]]''' - [[Velocita]] *'''[[Alienware]]''' - [[Area 51m]], [[Alienware Sentia]] and [[Aurora m]], M15x, M17x *'''[[Dell XPS]]''' - [[M1730 (laptop)]], and [[M1530 (laptop)]] *'''[[Falcon Northwest]]''' - DR6800, TL2 *'''[[Vigor Gaming]]''' - [[Atlantis]], [[Augustus]], [[Artorius]], and [[Aegis]] *'''[[Voodoo PC]]''' - [[Envy (laptop)|Envy]] *'''[[WidowPC]]''' <br> '''Educational laptops for children''' *'''[[Digital Textbook]]''' *'''[[Elonex ONE]]''' *'''[[InkMedia]]''' *'''[[Intel]]''' - [[Classmate PC]] *'''[[OLPC XO-1]]''' - $100 Laptop or Children's Machine *'''[[Tianhua GX-1C]]''' {{col-2}} '''Other brands''' *'''[[Abbcore Technologies]]''' - [[Desktop]], [[Notebook]], [[Server]], [[Media Center]] *'''[[Acorn Computers]]''' - [[Deskbook]], [[Desknote]] and [[Solonote]] *'''[[AVADirect]]''' *'''[[Averatec]]''' *'''[[BenQ]]''' *'''[[Everex]]''' - [[CloudBook]], [[gBook]] *'''[[Fujitsu Siemens Computers|Fujitsu Siemens]]''' - [[Lifebook]], [[FMV - BiBlo]], Amilo *'''[[Gericom]]''' *'''[[Gigabyte Technology]]''' *'''[[Hindustan Computers Ltd.|HCL]]''' *'''[[High Tech Computer Corporation|HTC]]''' - [[HTC Shift]] *'''[[Hypersonic (laptop)|Hypersonic]]''' *'''[[Hyundai]]''' *'''[[Jetta (electronics company)]]''' - Jetbook *'''[[LG Electronics|LG]]''' - [[Xnote]] *'''[[LinuxCertified]]''' - [[Linux laptop]] *'''[[MDG Computers]]''' *'''[[Medion]]''' *'''[[Micro-Star International|Micro-Star International (MSI)]]''' *'''[[NEC Corporation|NEC]]''' - [[VERSA]], [[LaVie]] *'''[[Neo]]''' - Empiriva, Endura *'''[[Noahpad]]''' *'''[[OQO]]''' *'''[[Orca]]''' *'''[[Packard Bell]]''' - [[EasyNote]] *'''[[PC Club]]''' *'''[[Philips]]''' - X200 *'''[[Pioneer Computers]]''' *'''[[Positivo Informática]]''' *'''[[Prestigio]]''' *'''[[Sager Notebook Computers]]''' *'''[[Samsung Group|Samsung]]''' - [[Samsung Sens|Sens]] *'''[[Seanix]]''' - [[Seanix]] *'''[[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]''' - [[Sharp Mebius|Mebius]] *'''[[Síragon, C.A.]]''' *'''[[System76]]''' *'''[[VIA Technologies|VIA]]''' - [[NanoBook]], [[VIA pc-1 Initiative|pc-1 Initiative]] *'''[[Zenith Data Systems|Zenith]]''' *'''[[Zepto Computers|Zepto]]''' *'''[[Wipro Infotech|Wipro Technolgies]]''' {{col-end}} ==See also== {{commons|Laptop}} <!-- please, adhere to an alphabetic order of the links --> * [[Desktop computer]] * [[List of computer size categories]] * [[Open design]] * [[Palmtop]] * [[Personal computer]] * [[Ultra-Mobile PC]] * [[NEC UltraLite]] * [[eMachines]] ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == *{{HSW|44-how-to-buy-a-laptop-video|How to Buy a Laptop}} *{{HSW|49-how-to-add-ram-to-a-laptop-video|How to Add RAM to a Laptop}} {{Computer sizes}} [[Category:Laptops|*Laptop]] [[Category:Classes of computers]] [[am:ላፕቶፕ]] [[ar:حاسوب محمول]] [[bn:ল্যাপটপ কম্পিউটার]] [[bs:Laptop]] [[bg:Преносим компютър]] [[ca:Ordinador portàtil]] [[cs:Notebook]] [[cy:Gliniadur]] [[da:Bærbar computer]] [[de:Notebook]] [[et:Sülearvuti]] [[el:Φορητός υπολογιστής]] [[es:Computadora portátil]] [[eo:Tekokomputilo]] [[fr:Ordinateur portable]] [[gl:Portátil]] [[ko:노트북 컴퓨터]] [[hi:लैपटॉप]] [[id:Komputer jinjing]] [[is:Fartölva]] [[it:Computer portatile]] [[he:מחשב נייד]] [[lv:Klēpjdators]] [[hu:Notebook]] [[ml:ലാപ്‌ടോപ്പ്]] [[mr:लॅपटॉप]] [[ms:Komputer riba]] [[nl:Laptop]] [[ja:ラップトップパソコン]] [[ja:ノートパソコン]] [[no:Bærbar datamaskin]] [[pl:Laptop]] [[pt:Laptop]] [[ru:Ноутбук]] [[simple:Laptop]] [[sk:Notebook]] [[sl:Prenosnik]] [[fi:Kannettava tietokone]] [[sv:Bärbar dator]] [[ta:மடிக்கணினி]] [[th:แล็ปท็อป]] [[vi:Máy tính xách tay]] [[tr:Dizüstü bilgisayar]] [[uk:Ноутбук]] [[yi:שויס קאמפיוטער]] [[zh:筆記型電腦]]