Last Judgment
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{{POV|date=March 2008}}
{{redirect|Judgment Day}}
{{for|other uses|Last Judgment (disambiguation)}}
{{For|the painting|The Last Judgment (painting)}}
[[Image:Torcellomosaic.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Last Judgment''. A 12th-century Byzantine [[mosaic]] from [[Torcello]]'s [[Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta]], [[Venice]].]]
In [[Christian eschatology]], the '''Last Judgment''' or [[Day of the Lord]] is the judgment by [[God]] of every human who ever lived.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} It will take place after the [[resurrection of the dead]] and the [[Second Coming]] ([[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|20:12–15|KJV}}). This belief has inspired numerous artistic depictions.
On what happens after death and before the Last Judgment, there is little agreement among [[Christian denominations]].
In [[Islam]], the Last Judgment is called a number of things, including yaum al-[[Qiyamah]] (literally "the Day of Standing") and God Almighty, or [[Allah]] in Arabic, will alone judge all Creation. Even Jesus Christ himself will be questioned by God about whether he commanded anyone to worship him or his mother, which he then denies before God, as detailed in Surah (Chapter) 5 of the Quran.
==Sources==
The [[doctrine]] and [[iconography|iconographic]] depiction of the "Last Judgment" are drawn from many passages from the [[Apocalyptic literature|apocalyptic]] sections of the Bible. It appears most directly in [[The Sheep and the Goats]] section of the [[Gospel of Matthew]] where the judgment is entirely based on help given or refused to "the least of these": {{Fact|date=March 2008}}
<blockquote>''When the Son of Man comes in His glory, and all the angels with Him, then He will sit on the throne of His glory. All the nations will be gathered before Him, and He will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats, and He will put the sheep at his right hand and the goats at the left. Then the king will say to those at His right hand, “Come, you that are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world; for I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me, I was naked and you gave me clothing, I was sick and you took care of me, I was in prison and you visited me.” ... “Truly I tell you, just as you did it to one of the least of these who are members of my family, you did it to me.”''</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Then He will say to those at His left hand, “You that are accursed, depart from me into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels; for I was hungry and you gave me no food, I was thirsty and you gave me nothing to drink, I was a stranger and you did not welcome me, naked and you did not give me clothing, sick and in prison and you did not visit me.” ... “Truly I tell you, just as you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to me.” And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life. (Matthew 25:31-36, 40-43, 45-46 NRSV)''</blockquote>
The doctrine is further supported by passages in [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]], [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] and the [[Revelation of Saint John the Divine]]:
<blockquote>''And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them. And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works.'' (Rev 20:11-12)</blockquote>
[[Image:Florentinischer Meister um 1300 001.jpg|thumb|250px|''Christ [[Pantokrator]] and the Last Judgement'' (mosaic, [[Baptistry]] of [[Florence Baptistry|San Giovanni]] in [[Florence]], c. 1300).]]
Adherents of [[millennialism]], mostly [[Protestant]] Christians, regard the two passages as describing separate events: the "sheep and goats" judgment will determine the final status of those persons alive at the end of the [[Tribulation]], and the "[[Great White Throne]]" judgment will be the final condemnation of the unrighteous dead at the end of all time, after the [[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]] and before the beginning of the eternal period described in the final two chapters of Revelation.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
Also, Matthew 3:10-12:
<blockquote>''Even now the axe is lying at the root of the trees; every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. ‘I baptize you with water for repentance, but one who is more powerful than I is coming after me; I am not worthy to carry his sandals. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. His winnowing-fork is in his hand, and he will clear his threshing-floor and will gather his wheat into the granary; but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire.’ ''</blockquote>
Matthew 13:40-43:
<blockquote>''Just as the weeds are collected and burned up with fire, so will it be at the end of the age. The [[Son of Man]] will send his angels, and they will collect out of his kingdom all causes of sin and all [[antinomianism|evildoers]], and they will throw them into the furnace of fire, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Let anyone with ears listen!''</blockquote>
[[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 12:4-5,49:
<blockquote>''‘I tell you, my friends, do not fear those who kill the body, and after that can do nothing more. But I will warn you whom to fear: fear him who, after he has killed, has authority to cast into hell. Yes, I tell you, fear him! ... ‘I came to bring fire to the earth, and how I wish it were already kindled!''</blockquote>
==Catholicism==
[[Image:MemlingJudgementOpen.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Hans Memling|Memling's]] [[The Last Judgment (Memling)|Day of Judgement]], [[1467]]-[[1471]].]]
Belief in the last judgment is held firmly within [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]. Immediately upon death each [[soul]] undergoes the [[particular judgment]], and depending upon the state of the person's soul, goes to [[heaven]], [[purgatory]], or [[hell]].
The Roman Catholic Church teaches that the last judgment will occur after the [[resurrection of the dead]] and the reuniting of a person's soul with his or her physical body. {{Fact|date=March 2008}} At the time of the last judgment Christ will descend in his human body to earth, and he will judge all people who have ever lived. Taking into account all of each person's deeds, both good and bad, and all sins, both forgiven and unforgiven, each person will be judged with perfect justice. Those already in heaven will remain in heaven; those already in hell will remain in hell; and those in purgatory will be released into heaven. The Roman Catholic Church holds no doctrinal position on the fate of those in limbo. {{Fact|date=March 2008}} Following the last judgment, the pleasures of heaven and the pains of hell will be perfected in that those present will also be capable of physical pleasure/pain.
==Eastern Orthodoxy==
[[Image:MHS Sad Ostateczny XVII w Lipie p.jpg|thumb|''The last Judgment'' 17th-century [[icon]] from Lipie (Historic Museum in [[Sanok]], [[Poland]]).]]
[[Image:Voronet last judgment.jpg|thumb|The Last Judgement, mural from [[Voroneţ Monastery]], [[Romania]].]]
The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] teaches that there are two judgments: the first, or "Particular" Judgment, is that experienced by each individual at the time of his or her death, at which time God will decide where<ref>The Orthodox do not have an understanding of "Purgatory." Rather, they believe that the souls of the departed will await the Final Judgment either in heaven or hell--but that there are different levels of heaven and different levels of hell--and they believe that the prayers of the Church can help to ease the sufferings of the souls, but do not dogmatize as to how exactly this is accomplished.</ref> the soul is to spend the time until the [[Second Coming]] of Christ (see [[Hades in Christianity]]). This judgment is generally believed to occur on the fortieth day after death. The second, "General" or "Final" Judgment will occur after the Second Coming. Although in modern times some have attempted to introduce [[Psychopanychism|"soul slumber"]] into Orthodox thought about life after death, it has never been a part of traditional Orthodox teaching--in fact, it contradicts the Orthodox understanding of the intercession of the [[Saints#Eastern Orthodox|Saints]].
Eastern Orthodoxy teaches that salvation is bestowed by God as a free gift of [[Divine grace]], which cannot be earned, and by which forgiveness of sins is available to all. However, the deeds done by each person is believed to affect how he will be judged, following the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats. How forgiveness is to be balanced against behavior is not well-defined in scripture, judgment in the matter being solely Christ's. Similarly, although Orthodoxy teaches that salvation is obtained only through Christ and his Church, the fate of those outside the Church at the Last Judgment is left to the mercy of God and is not declared.
===Iconography===
The theme of the Last Judgment is extremely important in Orthodoxy. Traditionally, an Orthodox church will have a [[fresco]] or [[mosaic]] of the Last Judgment on the back (western) wall, (see the 12th-century mosaic pictured at the top of this page) so that the faithful, as they leave the services, are reminded that they will be judged by what they do during this earthly life.
The [[icon]] of the Last Judgement traditionally depicts [[Christ Pantokrator]], enthroned in glory on a white throne, surrounded by the [[Theotokos]] (Virgin Mary), [[John the Baptist]], [[Apostles]], [[saint]]s and [[angel]]s. Beneath the throne the scene is divided in half with the "mansions of the righteous" ({{bibleverse||John|14:2|KJV}}), i.e., those who have been [[salvation|saved]] to Jesus' right (the viewer's left); and the torments of those who have been [[damnation|damned]] to his left. Separating the two is the [[River of fire]] which proceeds from Jesus' left foot.
===Hymnography===
The theme of the Last Judgment is found in the [[funeral]] and [[Pannikhida|memorial hymnody]] of the Church, and is a major theme in the services during [[Great Lent]]. The second Sunday before the beginning of Great Lent is dedicated to the Last Judgment. It is also found in the hymns of the [[Octoechos (liturgy)|Octoechos]] used on Saturdays throughout the year.
==Protestantism==
===Millennialism===
{{Primarysources|section|date=July 2007}}
{{main|Millennialism}}
Particularly among those Protestant groups who adhere to a [[millennialism|millennialist]] eschatology, the Last Judgment is said to be carried out before the [[Great White Throne]] by [[Jesus Christ]] to either [[eternal life]] or [[eternal consciousness]] in the [[lake of fire]]<ref>[http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/search/?q=Luke+13%3A28 Passage: Luke 13:28 (ESV Bible Online)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/search/?q=Matthew+25%3A30 Passage: Matthew 25:30 (ESV Bible Online)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/search/?q=Matthew+24%3A51 Passage: Matthew 24:51 (ESV Bible Online)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> at the [[End times|end of time]]. Salvation is granted by [[Divine grace|grace]] based on the individual's surrender and commitment to [[Jesus Christ]].<ref>[http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/search/?q=john+3%3A16 Passage: john 3:16 (ESV Bible Online)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/search/?q=romans+10%3A9-13 Passage: romans 10:9-13 (ESV Bible Online)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/search/?q=eph+2%3A8-10 Passage: eph 2:8-10 (ESV Bible Online)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A second [[particular judgment]] they refer to as the [[Bema Seat]] judgment occurs after (or as) salvation is discerned when awards are granted based on works toward heavenly treasures.<ref>[http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/search/?q=Matthew+6%3A19-24 Passage: Matthew 6:19-24 (ESV Bible Online)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. What happens after death and before the final judgment is hotly contested; some believe all people ''[[Psychopannychism|sleep]]'' in [[Sheol]] until the resurrection, others believe Christians dwell in Heaven and pagans wander the earth, and others consider the time to pass instantaneously. Nevertheless, the body is not fully ''redeemed'' until after ''Death'' is destroyed after the [[Great Tribulation]].
Protestant Millennialism falls into roughly two categories: [[Premillennialism|Premillennialist]] (Christ's second coming precedes the [[millennium]]) and [[Postmillennialism|Postmillennialist]] (which sees Christ's second coming as occurring after the millennium).
[[Dispensationalism|Dispensational]] premillennialism generally holds that Israel and the Church are separate. It also widely holds to the pretribulational return of Christ, which believes that Jesus will return before a seven year [[Tribulation]] followed by an additional return of Christ with his saints.
===Amillennialism===
{{main|Amillennialism}}
Amillennialism is common among some "mainline" Protestant denominations such as the [[Lutheran]], [[Reformed]] and [[Anglican]] churches. Many, but not all, [[partial preterism|partial preterists]] are amillennialists. Amillennialism declined in Protestant circles with the rise of [[Postmillennialism]] and the resurgence of Premillennialism in the 18th and 19th centuries, but it has regained prominence in the West after World War II.
==Esoteric and Gnostic tradition==<!-- This section is linked from [[Afterlife]] -->
Although the Last Judgment is preached by a great part of Christian mainstream churches; the [[Esoteric Christianity|Esoteric Christian]]-Gnostic tradition - composed, among others, by the [[Essenes|Essenian]] and [[Rosicrucian]]s - the [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Spiritualist movement]], which includes [[Christian Science]], and some [[liberal theism|liberal]] theologies reject the traditional conception of the Last Judgment as inconsistent with an all-just and loving [[God]], in favor of some form of [[universalism|universal]] [[salvation]]. The Rosicrucians teach that all beings of the human [[spiritual evolution|evolution]] will ultimately be saved in a distant future as they acquire a superior grade of [[consciousness]] and [[altruism]] by means of successive [[reincarnation|rebirths]].<ref>[[Max Heindel]], The Rosicrucian Christianity Lectures ([http://www.rosicrucian.com/rcl/rcleng01.htm#lecture1 The Riddle of Life and Death]), 1908, ISBN 0-911274-84-7</ref> This salvation is seen as being mentioned in [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] 3:12 ([[KJV]]), which states "Him that overcometh will I make a ''pillar'' in the temple of my God and ''he shall go no more out''". However, this western esoteric tradition states - like those who have had a [[near-death experience]] - that after the [[death]] of the physical body, at the end of each physical lifetime and after the [[life review]] period (which occurs before the [[silver cord]] is broken), it occurs a Last Judgment, more akin to a Final Review or End Report over one's [[life]], where the life of the subject is fully evaluated and scrutinized.<ref>Max Heindel, [http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/death5.htm Death and Life in Purgatory] - [http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/death6.htm Life and Activity in Heaven]</ref> This judgment is seen as being mentioned in [[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]] 9:27, which states that "it is appointed unto men once to die, but ''after this the judgment''".
==Artistic representations==
[[Image:Last judgement.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Detail of ''The Last Judgment'' by [[Michelangelo]]]]
In art, the Last Judgment is a common theme in medieval and renaissance religious iconography. Like most early iconographic innovations, its origins stem from [[Byzantium]]. In Western Christianity, it is often the subject depicted on the central [[Pediment|tympanum]] of medieval cathedrals and churches, or as the central section of a [[triptych]], flanked by depictions of [[heaven]] and [[hell]] to the left and right, respectively (heaven being to the viewer's left, but to the Christ figure's right). Often the damned disappear into a [[Hellmouth]], the mouth of a huge monster, an image of [[Anglo-Saxon art|Anglo-Saxon]] origin.
The most famous Renaissance depiction is [[Michelangelo Buonarroti]]'s [[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|''The Last Judgment'']] in the [[Sistine Chapel]]. Included in this fresco is his self portrait, as [[Bartholomew|St. Bartholomew]]'s [[flaying|flayed]] skin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Janson |first=H. W. |title=History of Art |edition=Second Edition |coauthors=Janson, Dora Jane |publisher=Prentis-Hall & Harry N. Abrams |location=Englewood and New York |year=1977 |pages=p. 428 |isbn=0-13-389296-4}}</ref>
==The Last Judgment and the Day of Atonement==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=March 2008}}
Some Bible teachers have considered that the [[Day of Atonement]], a future tenth day of Tishrei on the [[Hebrew calendar]], may well mark the last day of this present age. It would be that "day of reckoning" just before the return of the [[Messiah]].
==Islam==
{{main|Qiyamah}}
In [[Islamic eschatology]], Judgment day is the end of the earth and the universe as we know it. Preceding judgment day there are the Great Signs of The day of Judgement. The first sign is the rise of the Sun from the west for one day accompanied by the rise of the Earth Beast. The coming of the [[Mahdi]] (also ''Mehdi'' and meaning "the divinely guided one"), which precedes the [[Second Coming]] of [[Isa]] (Jesus), triggers the redemption of Islam and the defeat of its enemies. The exact nature of the Mahdi differs between [[Shiah Islam|Shi'ah Muslims]] and [[Sunni Muslims]], but both agree that Isa (Jesus) and the Mahdi work together to fight evil in the world, to cement justice on Earth, and will unite the Muslims and true Christians under true Islam and abolish [[Jizya]]. The Mahdi comes from [[Mecca]] and rules from [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]. Isa will defeat [[Dajjal]] (literally: deceiver; the false Messiah or antichrist,) and then shall live on Earth for many years. According to some traditions Isa will marry and have a family, and then die.
In the text, ''Signs of Qiyamah'', [[Muhammad Ali Ibn Zubair Ali]] states that after the arrival of the Mahdi, "the ground will cave in, fog or smoke will cover the skies for forty days (''[[ayah]]''). A night three nights long will follow the fog. After the night of three nights, the sun will rise in the west. The [[Dabbat al-ard|Beast of the Earth]] shall emerge. The beast will talk to people and [[Mark of the beast|mark the faces]] of people. A breeze from the south shall cause all the believers to die. The [[Qur'an]] will be lifted from the hearts of the people."
During judgment, a person's own "book of deeds" will be given to the person, and they will be apprised of every action they did and every word they spoke (Qur'an 54.52-53). If given in the right, tht Person will go to Jannah (paradise). If he gets it in his left, he's going to Jahannam(Hell). Actions during childhood are not judged. Even minor and trivial deeds are included in the account. When the hour is at hand, some will deny that the Last Judgment is taking place and will be warned that the Judgment precedes the "Day of Pining" (distress) (Qur'an 30.55-57, 19.39). If one denies a deed he or she committed, or refuses to acknowledge it, his or her body parts will testify against them.
The Qur'an states that some sins can condemn someone to hell. These include lying, dishonesty, corruption, ignoring God or God's revelations, denying the resurrection, refusing to feed the poor, indulging in opulence and ostentation, and oppressing or economically exploiting others.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'' (MacMillan Reference Books, 2003) ISBN 978-0028656038, p.565.</ref> However, if someone had the true Islamic belief in their heart, then they will eventually be allowed into paradise after their just punishment.
Throughout judgment, however, the underlying principle is that of a complete and perfect justice administered by Allah. The accounts of judgment are also replete with the emphasis that Allah is merciful and forgiving, and that mercy and forgiveness will be granted on that day insofar as it is merited.
This is similar to some Protestant theologies that state that salvation is by the grace of God, and not by deeds. Islam, however, emphasizes that grace does not conflict with perfect justice.
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Catholic}}
==See also==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Apocalypse]]
* [[Apocatastasis]]
* [[Armageddon]]
* [[Atonement]]
* [[Day of Atonement]]
* [[End of the world (religion)|End of the World]]
* [[End Times]]
* [[Eschatology]]
* [[Intermediate state]]
* [[General judgment]]
* [[Particular judgment]]
* [[Plan of Salvation]] Mormon view
* [[The Last Judgment (painting)]]
* [[Qiyamah]] Muslim view
* [[Pralay]]
* [[Second Coming]]
* [[New World Order (conspiracy)]]
==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Last Judgment}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08552a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' "General Judgment"]
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=693&letter=J&search=Last%20Judgment Jewish Encyclopedia: Judgment, Divine]
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