Lead(II) acetate
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2008-06-21T02:38:25Z
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7328341
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| ImageFile = Lead(II)Acetate.jpg
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| IUPACName = Lead(II) acetate
| SystematicName = Lead(II) ethanoate
| OtherNames = Plumbous acetate, Salt of Saturn, Sugar of Lead, lead diacetate
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| CASNo = 6080-56-4
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| Formula = Pb(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
| MolarMass = 325.29 g/mol (Anhydrous) 379.33g/mol (Trihydrate)
| Appearance = White powder or colorless, efflorescent crystals
| Density = 2.55 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid trihydrate
| MeltingPt = 75 °C
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| BoilingPt = 100 °C
| Boiling_notes = decomposes
| Solubility = 60 g/100 mL water
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| CrystalStruct = Monoclinic
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| MainHazards = Neurotoxic, Probable Human Carcinogen
| NFPA-H = 3
| NFPA-F = 1
| NFPA-R = 0
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| FlashPt = Nonflammable
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'''Lead(II) acetate''' is a [[chemical compound]], a white crystalline substance with a [[sweet]]ish taste. It is made by treating [[litharge]] ([[lead(II) oxide]], PbO) with [[acetic acid]]. Like other lead compounds, it is very [[toxic]]. Lead acetate is soluble in [[water molecule|water]] and [[glycerin]]. With water it forms the trihydrate, Pb(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O, a colorless or white [[efflorescent]] [[monoclinic]] [[crystalline]] substance. Lead(II) acetate is also known as '''lead acetate''', '''lead diacetate''', plumbous acetate, '''sugar of lead''', lead sugar, salt of Saturn, and Goulard's powder (after [[Thomas Goulard]]).
The substance is used as a reagent to make other lead compounds and as a fixative for some dyes. In low concentrations, it is the principal active ingredient in progressive types of [[hair coloring]] dyes. Lead(II) acetate is also used as a [[mordant]] in textile printing and [[dyeing]], as a [[desiccant|drier]] in [[paints]] and [[varnishes]], and in preparing other lead compounds.
==Historical use==
Lead acetate has a sweet taste, which has led to its use as a [[sugar substitute]] throughout history. The [[ancient Rome|ancient Romans]], who had few sweeteners besides [[honey]], would boil [[must]] (grape juice) in lead pots to produce a reduced sugar syrup called ''[[defrutum]]'', concentrated again into ''[[sapa (sweetener)|sapa]]''. This syrup was used to sweeten wine, and to sweeten and preserve fruit. It is possible that lead acetate or other lead compounds [[leaching]] into the syrup might have caused [[lead poisoning]] in anyone consuming it.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html Lead Poisoning and Rome<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Pope Clement II]] died in October 1047.
A recent toxicologic examination{{Fact|date=June 2007}} of his remains confirmed centuries old rumors that the Pope had been poisoned with lead sugar. It is, however, not clear whether he was assassinated or not, as lead sugar in those times was often used as a cure for venereal diseases.
In 1787 the painter [[Albert Christoph Dies]] swallowed, by accident, three-quarters of an ounce of lead acetate. His recovery from this poison was slow and incomplete.
He lived with illnesses until his death in 1822.
[[Mary Seacole]] applied it among other remedies against an epidemic of [[cholera]] in Panama<ref name="SeacoleIV">[[Mary Seacole]]: ''Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands'', Chapter IV, (1990 [[Oxford University Press]] reprint) ISBN 0-19-506672-3; (2005 Penguin 20th Century Classics reprint, ed. [[Sarah Salih]]) ISBN 0-14-043902-1</ref><ref name="Robinson">[[Jane Robinson]]: ''Mary Seacole: The Charismatic Black Nurse who became a heroine of the Crimea'', p.53. Constable 2004 (p/b. ISBN 1-84119-677-0)</ref>.
Sugar of lead has also been used to treat [[poison ivy]].
Lead acetate is no longer used as a sweetener in most of the world because of its recognized toxicity.
==Other uses==
Lead acetate, as well as [[white lead]], have been used in cosmetics throughout history, though this practice has ceased in Western countries.<ref>Gunn, Fenja. (1973). The Artificial Face: A History of Cosmetics. — as cited in [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/leisure/leadfacepowder.html Leisure Activities of an 18th Century Lady] <!-- also, F.D.A --></ref>
It is still used in men's [[hair coloring]] products<ref name="Hair">''[http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/courses/geog100/MielkeHairLead4.htm Lead Based Hair Products: Too Hazardous for Household Use - Results]'', [[Howard W. Mielke]], PhD, [[Myiesha D. Taylor]], [[Chris R. Gonzales]], [[M. Kelley Smith]], [[Pamela V. Daniels]], and [[Ayanna V.Buckner]]. [[Journal of American Pharmaceutical Association]] (NS37, Jan/Feb 1997:85-89).</ref> like [[Grecian Formula]].
Lead acetate paper is used to detect the poisonous gas [[hydrogen sulfide]]. The gas reacts with lead(II) acetate on the moistened test paper to form a grey precipitate of lead(II) sulfide.
Lead acetate solution was a commonly used folk remedy for sore nipples.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13493/13493-h/13493-h.htm The Project Gutenberg eBook of The American Frugal Housewife, by Lydia M. Child<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
An aqueous solution of lead acetate is the byproduct of the 50/50 mixture of [[hydrogen peroxide]] and white [[vinegar]] used in the cleaning and maintenance of stainless steel [[firearm]] [[suppressor]]s (silencers). The solution is agitated by the bubbling action of the hydrogen peroxide, and the main reaction is the dissolution of lead deposits within the suppressor by the acetic acid, which forms lead acetate. Because of its high toxicity, this chemical solution must be appropriately disposed by a chemical processing facility or hazmat center.
==Biological hazards==
Lead(II) acetate, among other lead [[salts]], has been reported to cross the [[placenta]] and to the [[embryo]] leading to [[fetal]] mortality. Lead salts also have [[teratogenesis|teratogenic]] effect in some animal species.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/lead/ Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Lead Toxicity]
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html Essay on "Lead Poisoning and Rome"]
* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/hair-coloring6.htm HowStuffWorks "What Kind of Hair Color Do Men Use?" discussion of progressive dyes containing lead acetate]
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/50.html National Pollutant Inventory - Lead and Lead Compounds Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts13.html ToxFAQs: Lead]
* [http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-lead.html US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fact sheet "Lead Acetate in Hair Dye Products"]
[[Category:Acetates]]
[[Category:Lead compounds]]
[[Category:Alchemical substances]]
[[ar:خلات رصاص ثنائي]]
[[cs:Octan olovnatý]]
[[de:Blei(II)-acetat]]
[[it:Acetato di piombo triidrato]]
[[lv:Svina acetāts]]
[[nl:Loodacetaat]]
[[ja:酢酸鉛(II)]]
[[pl:Octan ołowiu(II)]]
[[pt:Acetato de chumbo (II)]]
[[ru:Ацетат свинца(II)]]
[[sr:Олово-ацетат]]
[[sv:Blysocker]]