Leafhopper
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{{Refimprove|date=February 2008}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Leafhopper
| image = Graphocephala_coccinea_6.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Red-banded leafhopper (''[[Graphocephala coccinea]]'')
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Hemiptera]]
| subordo = [[Auchenorrhyncha]]
| infraordo = [[Cicadomorpha]]
| superfamilia = [[Membracoidea]]
| familia = '''Cicadellidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
Many hundreds, including:<br>
''[[Empoasca]]''<br />
''[[Graminella]]''<br />
''[[Graphocephala]]''<br />
''[[Homalodisca]]''<br />
''[[Idiocerus]]''
}}
'''Leafhopper''' is a common name applied to any species from the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Cicadellidae'''. Leafhoppers, also known as '''hoppers''', are minute plant-feeding [[insect]]s in the [[superfamily]] [[Membracoidea]] in the order [[Hemiptera]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tolweb.org/Membracoidea/10830 |title=Membracoidea |work=Tree of Life Web Project |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> Recent classification within the Hemiptera has placed the members of the archaic "Homoptera" into two new suborders: [[Sternorrhyncha]] (aphids, whiteflies, scales, psyllids...) and [[Auchenorrhyncha]] (cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers...). The name Auchenorrhyncha is itself likely to be replaced, as research indicates it is not a [[monophyletic]] group.
Leafhoppers are found all over the world, and it is the second largest family in the Hemiptera; there are at least 20,000 described species. Leafhoppers have piercing sucking mouthparts, they feed on plant sap and can transmit plant-infecting viruses and bacteria. Species that are significant agricultural pests include the [[potato leafhopper]], [[beet leafhopper]], [[white apple leafhopper]], [[two-spotted leafhopper]], and [[glassy-winged sharpshooter]]. A Leafhoppers' diet commonly consists of plant sap from a wide and diverse range of plants. Leafhoppers mainly consume vegetation but have been known to indulge in small insects such as Aphids.
The Cicadellidae combine the following features:
* thickened part of the antennae very short and ending with a bristle ([[antenna (biology)|arista]])
* two simple eyes ([[ocellus|ocelli]]) present on the top or front of the head
* tarsi made of three segments
* front femora with at most weak spines
* hind tibia with one or more distinct keels, with a row of movable spines on each, sometimes on enlarged bases
* base of middle legs close together where they originate under the thorax
* front wings not particularly thickened. An additional, unique character of leafhoppers is the production of [[brochosome]]s which are thought to protect egg masses from predation and pathogens. Leafhoppers are susceptible to various pathogens; viruses as in the(''[[Dicistroviridae]]''), bacteria, fungi, as well as having a host of parasitoids which attack the eggs.
Leafhoppers are often responsible for the spread of [[phytopathology|plant pathogens]] especially [[plant virus|viruses]] and [[phytoplasma]]s.<ref>Lee ''et al.'' (2000) Phytoplasmas: phytopathogenic mollicutes. Annual Review of Microbiology '''54''' 221-255</ref> In some cases these plant pathogens are also pathogens of the insect themselves, and can [[replicate]] within the [[salivary gland]]s.
<gallery widths="200px" perrow="2">
Image:Two-lined gum treehopper03.jpg|Two-lined gum treehopper
Image:Common jassid nymph and ant02.jpg|Common jassid nymph (''Eurymela fenestrata'') tended by [[ant]]s
Image:Green_insect.jpg|Nymph of ''Neotituria kongosana''
Image:Common jassid nymph feeding.jpg|Common jassid nymphs feeding
</gallery>
{{commons|Eurymela fenestrata}}
==See also==
*[[Planthopper]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
*Carver, M, FG. Gross, and TE. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cidadas, aphids, scale insects, etc.) In: ''The Insects of Australia - a Textbook for Students and Research Workers Volume 1.'' Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia".
==External links==
{{wikispecies|Cicadellidae}}
{{commonscat|Cicadellidae}}
*[http://www.cicadellidae.org Cicadellidae Taxonomy Site]
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/homoptera_leafhopper_Graphocephala_coccinea.htm Red-banded leafhopper ''Graphocephala coccinea'' - diagnostic photographs and information]
*[http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~dietrich/Leafhome.html Illinois Natural History Survey:leafhoppers]
* [http://gallery.kunzweb.net/main.php?g2_itemId=264 Leafhoppers Central Europe]
* [http://gallery.kunzweb.net/main.php?g2_itemId=10253 Leafhoppers Costa Rica]
[[Category:Auchenorrhyncha]]
[[Category:Insect vectors of plant pathogens]]
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