Lego
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2008-07-16T01:25:15Z
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[[Image:LEGO logo.svg|right|thumb|[[Lego Group]] logo.]]
[[Image:LEGO brick.png||right|thumb|The classic red 2x4 Lego brick. Note the protruding interlocking stud "mechanism" atop the brick.]]
'''Lego''', officially trademarked '''LEGO''', is a line of construction [[toy]]s manufactured by the [[Lego Group]], a privately held company based in [[Denmark]]. The company's flagship product, "Lego bricks", have consisted of colorful interlocking plastic bricks and an accompanying array of gears, [[minifigure]]s and various other parts. Lego bricks can be assembled and connected in many ways, to construct such objects as vehicles, buildings and even working robots. Anything constructed can then be conveniently taken apart again, and the pieces used to make other objects. Kits are sold which contain all necessary pieces for a particular project, or some hobbyists try to collect, buy, and sell various other pieces in different shapes and colors, to construct other hobbyist-created designs. The toys were originally designed in the 1940s in Europe and have achieved an international appeal, with an extensive subculture that supports Lego movies, games, competitions, and four Lego-themed amusement parks.
== Early history ==
[[Image:Toys R Us Chrysler Building.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A [[Chrysler Building]] replica made entirely of ''Lego'' bricks, on display at the [[Times Square]] location of [[Toys "R" Us]] in [[New York City]].]]
{{main|History of Lego}}
{{seealso|Lego timeline}}
The Lego Group had a very humble beginning in the workshop of [[Ole Kirk Christiansen]], a carpenter from [[Billund]], Denmark. Christiansen began creating wooden toys in 1932; the company began calling itself "Lego" two years later in 1934. The company expanded to producing plastic toys in 1940. In 1949, Lego began producing the now-famous interlocking bricks, calling them "Automatic Binding Bricks". These bricks were based largely on the design of [[Kiddicraft]] Self-Locking Bricks, which were released in the UK in 1947. The first Lego bricks, manufactured from [[cellulose acetate]], were developed in the spirit of traditional wooden blocks that could be stacked upon one another; however, these plastic bricks could be "locked" together. They had several round "studs" on top, and a hollow rectangular bottom. The blocks snapped together, but not so tightly that they could not be pulled apart.
The company name Lego was coined by Christiansen from the [[Danish language|Danish]] phrase ''leg godt'', which means "play well". The name could also be interpreted as "I put together" or "I assemble" in [[Latin]], though this would be a somewhat forced application of the general sense "I collect; I gather; I learn"; the word is most used in the derived sense, "I read". The [[cognate]] [[Greek language|Greek]] verb "λέγω" or "lego" also means "gather, pick up", but this can include constructing a stone wall.<ref>Homer, [[Odyssey]] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136&layout=&loc=18.359 18.359]</ref>
The Lego Group's motto is "Only the best is good enough", a free translation of the Danish phrase ''Det bedste er ikke for godt''. This motto was created by Ole Kirk to encourage his employees never to skimp on quality, a value he believed in strongly. The motto is still used within the company today.
The use of plastic for toy manufacture was not highly regarded by retailers and consumers of the time. Many of the Lego Group's shipments were returned, following poor sales; it was thought that plastic toys could never replace wooden ones.
By [[1954]], Christiansen's son, [[Godtfred Kirk Christiansen]], had become the junior managing director of the Lego Group. It was his conversation with an overseas buyer that struck the idea of a toy system. Godtfred saw the immense potential in Lego bricks to become a system for creative play, but the bricks still had some problems from a technical standpoint: their "locking" ability was limited, and they were not very versatile. It was not until [[1958]] that the modern-day brick design was developed, and it took another five years to find exactly the right material for it. The modern Lego brick was patented on [[January 28]], [[1958]], and bricks from that year are still compatible with current bricks.
== Design and manufacture ==
[[Image:Trafalgar legoland Copyright2003KTai.jpg|thumbnail|250px|A model of [[Trafalgar Square]], [[London]] in [[Legoland Windsor]].]]
[[Image:Lego Chicago City View 2001.jpg|250px|thumb|A Lego City.]]
Lego pieces of all varieties have been, first and foremost, part of a universal system. Despite tremendous variation in the design and purpose of individual pieces over the years, each remains compatible in some way with existing pieces. Lego bricks from 1963 still interlock with those made in 2008, and Lego sets for young children are compatible with those made for teenagers.
Bricks, beams, axles, mini figures, and all other elements in the Lego system are manufactured to an exacting degree of [[Tolerance (engineering)|tolerance]]. When snapped together, pieces must have just the right amount of "clutch power"; they must stay together until pulled apart. They cannot be too easy to pull apart, or the resulting constructions would be unstable; they also cannot be too difficult to pull apart, since the disassembly of one creation in order to build another is part of the Lego appeal. In order for pieces to have just the right "clutch power", Lego elements are manufactured within a tolerance of 2 [[Micrometre|µm]].<ref name="companyprofile">{{cite web | work=lego.com | title=Page 18 of the Lego company profile document | url=http://www.lego.com/info/pdf/LEGO_company_profile_UK.pdf | accessdate=12 May | accessyear=2007}}</ref>
Since 1963, Lego pieces have been manufactured from a strong, resilient plastic known as [[acrylonitrile butadiene styrene]], or ABS. Precision-machined, small-capacity molds are used, and human inspectors check the output of the molds, to eliminate significant variations in color or thickness. Worn-out molds are encased in the foundations of buildings to prevent their falling into competitors' hands. According to the Lego Group, about eighteen bricks out of every million fail to meet the standard required.<ref name="companyprofile"/> Only one percent of the plastic waste in Lego factories goes unrecycled.<ref name="howstuffworks">{{cite web |publisher= HowStuffWorks.com |url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/lego.htm |title= How Lego Bricks Work | accessdate=13 May | accessyear=2007}}</ref>
Manufacturing of Lego bricks occurs at a number of locations around the world. Molding is done at one of two plants in Denmark and Czech Republic. Brick decorations and packaging is done at plants in Denmark, [[United States]], Mexico and the [[Czech Republic]]. Annual production of Lego bricks averages approximately 20 billion (2×10<sup>10</sup>) per year, or about 600 pieces per second. To put this in context, if all the Lego bricks ever produced were to be divided equally among a [[world population]] of six billion, each person would have 62 Lego bricks.<ref name="companyprofile"/>
In 2007, Lego Group announced a restructuring of the current production setup including the outsourcing of some of the production work to [[Flextronics]], a [[Singaporean]] electronics company. <ref name="lego_outsource">{{cite web |publisher= lego.com |url=http://www.lego.com/eng/info/default.asp?page=pressdetail&contentid=20727&countrycode=2057&yearcode=2006&archive=true |title=Lego Group to outsource major parts of its production to Flextronics | accessdate=12 May | accessyear=2007}}</ref> Lego Group plans to close the production facility in [[Enfield, Connecticut]] and outsource this work to the Flextronics factory in Mexico.<ref name="lego_outsource"/><ref name="Herald Tribune">{{cite web |publisher= International Herald Tribune |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/21/business/lego.php |title= Lego to move operations out of Denmark and U.S. | accessdate=12 May | accessyear=2007}}</ref> Flextronics will also oversee the factory in [[Kladno]], Czech Republic. The Czech facilities would also be expanded due to the planned closing of the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] factory in [[Baar, Switzerland|Baar]], which mostly manufactured [[Lego Technic|TECHNIC]] parts.<ref name="Herald Tribune"/> On February 19, 2008, Lego announced that the Lego Group would instead take over operations of the Kladno factory from March 1, 2008.<ref>[http://praguepost.com/articles/2008/03/05/gearing-up.php The Prague Post Online: Business: Gearing up<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== Today ==
Since it began producing plastic bricks, the Lego Group has released thousands of play sets themed around a variety of topics. Examples include, but are not limited to, space, robots, [[Lego Pirates|pirates]], [[Lego Vikings|vikings]], medieval [[castle]]s, [[dinosaur]]s, holiday locations, scuba diving, the [[American Old West|wild west]], the [[Arctic]], airports, miners, ''[[Lego Star Wars (Lego theme)|Star Wars]]'', ''[[Lego Batman|Batman]]'', ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', ''[[Lego Harry Potter|Harry Potter]]'', ''[[Lego Indiana Jones|Indiana Jones]]'' and ''[[Lego Speed Racer]]''. New elements are often released along with new sets. There are also Lego sets designed to appeal to young girls such as the Clikits line which consists of small interlocking parts that are meant to encourage creativity and arts and crafts, much like regular Lego bricks. Clikit pieces can interlock with regular Lego bricks as decorative elements.
The Lego range has expanded to encompass accessory motors, gears, lights, sensors, and cameras designed to be used with Lego components. There are even special bricks, like the [[Lego Mindstorms NXT|Lego NXT]] that can be programmed with a PC or a Mac to perform very complicated and useful tasks. These programmable bricks are sold under the name [[Lego Mindstorms]].
In 2006 a new Lego Mindstorms kit called [[Lego Mindstorms NXT|Mindstorms NXT]] was released. It is more advanced than the previous [[Lego Mindstorms#RCX brick|RCX]], and has a new array of sensors. They include touch, sound, light, and a new [[ultrasonic]] sensor technology. There is also a [[Bluetooth]] compatible hookup that can send and receive messages from one's [[cellphone]] and other Bluetooth compatible devices. The RCX was only compatible with Windows, but the NXT is compatible with both [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[Mac OS X|Mac OS]].
There are several robotics competitions which use Lego bricks and the RCX. The earliest, and likely the largest, is [[Botball]], a national U.S. [[middle school|middle]]- and [[high-school]] competition stemming from the MIT 6.270 Lego robotics tournament. A related competition is [[FIRST Lego League]] for [[elementary school|elementary]] and middle schools. The international [[RoboCup Junior]] [[soccer]] competition involves extensive use of [[Lego Mindstorms]] equipment which is often pushed to its extreme limits.
[[Bionicle]] is a line of [[toy]]s by the [[Lego Group]] that is marketed towards those in the 7–16-year-old age range. The line was launched in January 2001 in [[Europe]] and June/July 2001 in the [[United States]]. The Bionicle idea originated from the earlier toy lines [[Slizer]]s (also known as Throwbots) and Roboriders. Both of these lines had similar throwing disks and characters based on [[classical element]]s. The sets in the Bionicle line have increased in size and flexibility through the years.
Lego Group operates four [[Legoland]] [[amusement parks]], the original in [[Billund]], Denmark, the second in [[Windsor]] England and the third in [[Gunzburg]], Germany, there is also one in [[California]]. On [[July 13]], [[2005]], the control of 70% of the Legoland parks was sold for $460 million to the [[Blackstone Group]] of New York while the remaining 30% is still held by the Lego Group. There are also several Lego Brand retail stores, including at [[Downtown Disney]] in both the [[Disneyland Resort|Disneyland]] and [[Walt Disney World Resort]]s and in the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]]. As of year end 2005, there are 25 Lego Brand Retail stores in the USA, a number of stores in Europe, and a franchised Lego store in [[Abu Dhabi]].
Lego has also successfully branched into video games that appeal to a wide age range, with titles like [[Lego Star Wars: The Video Game]], [[Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy]], ''[[Bionicle Heroes]]'' as well as the [[Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga]], the upcoming [[Lego Universe]] [[MMOG]], Lego [[Batman]], and [[Lego Indiana Jones]].
[[Lego Digital Designer]] is an official piece of Lego software for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[Mac OS X]] which allows users to build with Lego bricks on their computers. Users can then publish their creations online on the [[Lego Factory]] website, or purchase the physical bricks to build them. Lego Digital Designer includes some Lego products which only exist online, including models for the children's television programmes [[TUGS]], [[Thomas and Friends]] and [[Speed Racer]].
On [[January 28]],[[2008]], Lego celebrated the 50th anniversary of the patent on its interlocking blocks with a worldwide building contest. Google paid tribute to the anniversary by writing its name on the Google homepage in Lego bricks, along with the Lego figure on one of the letters.<ref name="TIME">{{cite web |publisher= TIME magazine |url= http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1707379,00.html |title = Lego Legacy Continues to be Built | accessdate=28 January | accessyear=2008}}</ref>
== In art ==
[[Image:Magic Kingdom Nessy.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|The [[Walt Disney World Resort]] features a sculpture of Brickley the Lego Sea Serpent made of Lego bricks.]]
One hobby among enthusiasts is to make short movies or recreations of feature films using Lego bricks. Such movies are called "Lego movies", "[[Brickfilm]]s", "Legomations", "Brick Flicks" and "cinema Lego". They usually use [[stop motion]] animation. For example, the ''[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]'' [[special edition]] [[DVD]] contained a version of the ''Camelot'' musical sequence redone with Lego minifigures and accessories.
[[Mr. Amperduke]] is a dialogue-free graphic novel featuring Lego type creatures which originally appeared in the British comic [[Judge Dredd Megazine]]
Lego used to sell a line of sets named "Lego Studios" (now discontinued), which contains a Lego [[web cam]] (repackaged Logitech USB Quickcam Web), software to record video on a computer, black plastic rods which can be used to manipulate minifigures from off-camera and a minifigure resembling [[Steven Spielberg]]. Because of the low quality of the camera and software most Brickfilmers do not use it.
Lego bricks have been used to recreate many music videos. Examples include a re-dubbed version of the song "[[Dragostea Din Tei]]" by [[O-Zone]], and "[[Feuer frei!]]" by [[Rammstein]].
Another notable example is the award-winning [[music video]] for the song "[[Fell in Love with a Girl]]" by the [[White Stripes]]. Director [[Michel Gondry]] filmed a live version of the video, [[digitizing|digitized]] the result and then recreated it entirely with Lego bricks.
Artists have also used Lego sets with one of the more notorious examples being Polish artist [[Zbigniew Libera]]'s "[http://users.erols.com/kennrice/lego-kz.htm Lego Concentration Camp]", a collection of mock Lego sets with a [[concentration camp]] theme.
There are numerous examples of animations using Lego on [[YouTube]], including a popular series of shorts set to stand up routines by comedian [[Eddie Izzard]].
[[The Little Artists]] have created an entire [[Modern art|Modern Art]] collection in a Lego Gallery. '[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/exhibitions/littleartists/ Art Craziest Nation]' was shown at the [[Walker Art Gallery]] in [[Liverpool]], UK. Such ambitious projects are sometimes called ‘Lego art’ or ‘brick art’.
Several [[webcomic]]s are illustrated with Lego, notably Legostar Galactica, [http://www.brickshelf.com/cgi-bin/gallery.cgi?f=123146 Captain Ahnee & the Dipwads Part 1] and [http://www.brickshelf.com/cgi-bin/gallery.cgi?f=6119 Part 2], and ''[[Irregular Webcomic!]]''. [[Brendan Powell Smith]] has created an illustrated [[bible]] using Lego bricks, called the [[Brick Testament]]. [[Nathan Sawaya]] is a professional Lego artist who currently has a museum show of Lego sculptures and Mosaics touring the US. [[Jason Burik]] is also an artist who provides Lego art to the world.
== Serious Play ==
{{main|Lego Serious Play}}
Since around 2000, the Lego Group has been promoting Lego Serious Play, a form of business consultancy fostering creative thinking, in which team members build metaphors of their organizational identities and experiences using Lego bricks. Participants work through imaginary scenarios using visual three-dimensional Lego constructions, imaginatively exploring possibilities in a serious form of play.
== Trademark ==
{{Importance-sect}}
[[Image:Lego website brand name notice.png|thumb|180px|left|A message displayed to visitors of http://www.legos.com<!--Do not change to "lego.com", the actual website. It is supposed to be "legos.com". --> protesting the dilution of the Lego trademark]]
The [[Lego Group]]'s name has become so synonymous with its flagship toy that many refer to the bricks themselves (collectively) as "Lego" or "Legos" (the latter term being common only in [[American English|US English]]), although the Lego Group considers such uses to be [[trademark dilution]]. Lego catalogues in the 1970s and 1980s contained a note that read:
<blockquote>"The word LEGO<sup>®</sup> is a brand name and is very special to all of us in the LEGO Group Companies. We would sincerely like your help in keeping it special. Please always refer to our bricks as 'LEGO Bricks or Toys' and not 'LEGOS.' By doing so, you will be helping to protect and preserve a brand of which we are very proud and that stands for quality the world over. Thank you! Susan Williams, Consumer Services."</blockquote>
The official Lego website is www.lego.com. For many years, visitors to www.legos.com (also registered to the Lego Group) have received notices similar to the one pictured, and were intentionally redirected to the official website, to further protect the brand.
"Lego" is officially written in all [[majuscule|uppercase]] letters. The company asserts that to protect its brand name, the word Lego must always be used as an adjective, as in "Lego set", "Lego products", "Lego universe", and so forth.
== See also ==
* [[LUGNET]] Lego Users Group Network
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Bagnall, Brian. "Maximum LEGO® NXT: Building Robots with Java Brains". Variant Press. 2007. ISBN 0-9738649-1-5
* Bagnall, Brian. "Core LEGO® Mindstorms". Prentice-Hall PTR. 2002. ISBN 0-13-009364-5
* Bedford, Allan. ''The Unofficial LEGO® Builder's Guide''. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2005. ISBN 1-59327-054-2.
* Clague, Kevin, Miguel Agullo, and Lars C. Hassing. ''LEGO® Software Power Tools, With LDraw, MLCad, and LPub''. 2003. ISBN 1-931836-76-0
* Courtney, Tim, Ahui Herrera and Steve Bliss. ''Virtual LEGO®: The Official LDraw.org Guide to LDraw Tools for Windows''. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2003. ISBN 1-886411-94-8.
* McKee, Jacob H. ''Getting Started with LEGO® Trains''. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2003. ISBN 1-59327-006-2.
* Ferrari, Mario, Giulio Ferrari, and Ralph Hempel. ''Building Robots With LEGO® Mindstorms: The Ultimate Tool for Mindstorms Maniacs''. 2001. ISBN 1-928994-67-9.
* Kristiansen, Kjeld Kirk, foreword. ''The Ultimate LEGO® Book''. New York: DK Publishing Book, 1999. ISBN 0-7894-4691-X.
* Wiencek, Henry. ''The World of LEGO® Toys''. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-8109-2362-9.
* Pilegaard, Ulrik, and Dooley, Mike. "Forbidden LEGO®". San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2007. ISBN 1-59327-137-9
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons|Lego}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Lego.ogg|2006-02-12}}
<!--Many of the links previously here seemed unnecessary and inconsistent with the Manual of Style's guidelines for external links. (WP:EL)(WP:MOS) If you genuinely feel that an external site should be mentioned, please include it (appropriately) in the article proper. Also note that Wiki-Brick-Links is the ideal place for a comprehensive list of all Lego related links, not this article. At least, that's all my opinion. :) -->
;Official
* '''[http://www.lego.com Lego Official Website]'''
;Community
*[http://www.lugnet.com LUGNET] - Lego users group network.
*[http://www.brickshelf.com Brickshelf] - Website to host pictures of Lego creations.
*[http://www.mocpages.com MOCpages] - Display and rate Lego creations.
*[http://www.eurobricks.com EUROBRICKS] - European Lego fansite discussion board.
;Database and Reference
*[[BrickWiki:Main Page|BrickWiki]] Open Content Lego Encyclopedia
*[http://wiki-brick-links.wikispaces.com Wiki-Brick-Links] Open directory of links to Lego web sites
*[http://www.peeron.com Peeron] Lego Set and Part Inventory Database, also hosts the Instruction Scan Library.
*[http://www.brickset.com Brickset] Guide to Lego sets past and present.
{{Lego}}
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