Leiden 46599 224591371 2008-07-09T15:41:33Z 217.122.20.81 /* Famous inhabitants */ :''"Leyden" redirects here. For other uses, see [[Leyden (disambiguation)]]''. {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = Leiden |image_skyline = Oude_rijn_leiden_2003b.jpg |image_size = 250px |image_caption = The Old Rhine in Leiden |image_flag = Flag Leiden.gif |flag_size = 120x100px |image_shield = Arms Leiden.jpg |shield_size = 120x100px |image_map = LocatieLeiden.png |mapsize = 280px |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]] |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = [[South Holland]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Henri Lenferink |area_footnotes = (2006) |area_total_km2 = 23.16 |area_land_km2 = 21.99 |area_water_km2 = 1.16 |population_as_of = [[1 January]], [[2007]] |population_note = Source: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline]. |settlement_type = Municipality |population_total = 117,530 |population_density_km2 = 5345 |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |latd = 52.16 |latNS = N |longd = 4.49 |longEW = E |postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in the Netherlands|Post code range]] |postal_code = 2300-2334 |area_code = 071 |website = [http://www.leiden.nl www.leiden.nl] }} [[Image:Ltspkr.png]] '''[[Media:Nl-Leiden.ogg|Leiden]]''' (in [[English language|English]] and [[Archaism|archaic]] [[Dutch language|Dutch]] also '''Leyden''') is a city and [[municipality]] in the [[province]] of [[South Holland]] in the [[Netherlands]] and has 118,000 inhabitants. It forms a single urban area with [[Oegstgeest]], [[Leiderdorp]], [[Voorschoten]], [[Valkenburg]], [[Rijnsburg]] and [[Katwijk]], with 254,000 inhabitants. It is located on the [[Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)|Old Rhine]], close to the cities of [[The Hague]] and [[Haarlem]]. The recreational area of the Kaag Lakes ([[Kagerplassen]]) lies just to the northeast of Leiden. Its geographical coordinates are {{coor dm|52|10|N|4|29|E|}} (in decimals: 52.16N, 4.49E). [[RD coordinates]] (94, 464). A university town since 1575, Leiden houses: *[[Leiden University]]; *[[Leiden University Medical Centre]]. Leiden is twinned with [[Oxford]], the location of [[England]]'s oldest [[University of Oxford|university]]. ==History== Although it is true that Leiden is an old city, its claimed connection with [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Lugdunum Batavorum]] is spurious;{{Fact|date=January 2008}} Roman Lugdunum is actually the very close-by modern town of [[Katwijk]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}, whereas the Roman settlement near modern Leiden was called Matilo.[[Image:Windmill_Leiden.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Windmill museum in Leiden.]] However, there was a Roman fortress in Leiden in the 4th century. Leiden formed on an artificial hill at the confluence of the rivers Oude and Nieuwe Rijn (Old and New Rhine). In the oldest reference to this, from circa 860, the settlement was called ''Leithon''. The landlord of Leiden, situated in a stronghold on the hill, was initially subject to the Bishop of Utrecht but around 1100 the [[burgrave]]s became subject to the county of Holland. This county got its name in 1101 from a domain near the stronghold: ''Holtland'' or ''Holland''. Leiden was sacked in 1047 by Emperor [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]]. Early 13th century, [[Ada, Countess of Holland]] took refuge here when she was fighting in a civil war against her uncle, [[William I, Count of Holland]]. He besieged the stronghold and captured Ada. Leiden received [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]] in 1266. In 1389, its population had grown to about 4000 persons. ===Siege of 1420=== In 1420, during the [[Hook and Cod wars]], [[John III, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing|Duke John of Bavaria]] along with his army marched from [[Gouda]] in the direction of Leiden in order to conquer the city since Leiden did not pay the new [[Count of Holland]] [[Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut]], his niece and only daughter of [[William II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing| Count William VI of Holland]]. The army was well equipped and had some guns. Burgrave Filips of Wassenaar and the other local Hoekse noblemen assumed that the duke would besiege Leiden first and send small units out to conquer the surrounding citadels. But John of Bavaria chose to attack the citadels first. He rolled the cannons with his army but one too heavy went per ship. By firing at the walls and gates with iron balls the citadels fell one by one. Within a week John of Bavaria conquered the castles of Poelgeest, Ter Does, Hoichmade, de Zijl, ter Waerd, Warmond and de Paddenpoel. On [[June 24]] the army appeared before the walls of Leiden. On [[August 17]], [[1420]], after a two-month siege the city surrendered itself to John of Bavaria. The citadel earl Filips of Wassenaar was stripped of his offices and rights and lived out his last years in captivity. ===16th and 17th centuries=== [[Image:Veen01.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Otto van Veen]]: '''Relief of Leiden''' (1574), Inundated meadows allow the Dutch fleet access to the Spanish infantry positions.]] [[Image:Herengracht (Leiden).JPG|right|thumb|300px|17th century houses along the Herengracht.]] Leiden flourished in the [[16th century|16th]] and 17th century. At the close of the 15th century the [[weaving]] establishments (mainly broadcloth) of Leiden were very important, and after the expulsion of the Spaniards Leiden [[cloth]], Leiden [[baize]] and Leiden [[camlet]] were familiar terms. In the same period, Leiden developed an important printing and publishing industry. The influential printer [[Christoffel Plantijn]] lived there at one time. One of his pupils was [[Lodewijk Elzevir]] (1547–1617), who established the largest bookshop and printing works in Leiden, a business continued by his descendants. In 1572, the city sided with the Dutch revolt against [[Spain|Spanish]] rule and played an important role in the [[Eighty Years' War]]. [[Siege of Leiden|Besieged from May until October 1574]] by the Spanish, Leiden was relieved by the cutting of the [[dike (construction)|dikes]], thus enabling ships to carry provisions to the inhabitants of the flooded town. As a reward for the heroic defence of the previous year, the [[University of Leiden]] was founded by [[William I of Orange]] in 1575. Yearly on [[October 3]], the end of the siege is still celebrated in Leiden. Tradition tells that the citizens were offered the choice between a university and a certain exemption from taxes. Leiden is also known as the place where the [[Pilgrims]] (as well as some of the first settlers of [[New Amsterdam]]) [http://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/modules.php?name=Sections&op=printpage&artid=40] [http://pages.prodigy.net/parrish/MapGroundZero.html] lived for a time in the early 17th century before their departure to Massachusetts and New Amsterdam in the [[New World]] [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1999/2/1999_2_102.shtml]. In the 17th century, Leiden prospered, in part because of the impetus to the textile industry by refugees from [[Flanders]]. While the city had lost about a third of its 15000 citizens during the siege of 1574, it quickly recovered to 45000 inhabitants in 1622, and may have come near to 70000 circa 1670. During the Dutch Golden Era, Leiden was the second largest city of Holland, after Amsterdam. From the late 17th century onwards Leiden slumped, mainly because of decline of the cloth industries. In the beginning of the 19th century the baize manufacture was altogether given up, although industry remained central to Leiden economy. This decline is painted vividly by the fall in population. The population of Leiden had sunk to 30,000 between 1796 and 1811, and in 1904 was 56,044. ===19th and 20th century=== On [[12 January]] [[1807]], a catastrophe struck the city when a boat loaded with 17,400 kg of gunpowder blew up in the middle of Leiden. 151 persons were killed, over 2000 were injured and some 220 homes were destroyed. King [[Louis Bonaparte]] personally visited the city to provide assistance to the victims. In 1842, the railroad from Leiden to Haarlem was inaugurated and one year later the railway to [[Den Haag]] was completed, resulting in some improvements to the social and economic situation. But the number of citizens was still not much above 50000 in 1900. Not until 1896 did Leiden begin to expand beyond its 17th century moats. After 1920, new industries were established in the city, such as the [[canning]] and metal industries. During [[World War II]], Leiden was hit hard by Allied bombardments. The areas surrounding the railway station and Marewijk were almost completely destroyed. ===Leiden today=== [[Image:Leiden west gate.jpg|right|thumb|240px|Leiden's west gate, the ''Morspoort'']] Today Leiden forms an important part of Dutch history. The end of the Spanish siege in 1574 is celebrated on 3 October by an annual parade, a day off, a fair and eating the traditional food of herring and white bread and [[hutspot]]. However, the most important piece of Dutch history contributed by Leiden was the [[Constitution of the Netherlands]]. [[Johan Rudolf Thorbecke]] (1798–1872) wrote the Dutch Constitution in April 1848 in his house at Garenmarkt 9 in Leiden. Leiden has important functions as a shopping and trade center for communities around the city. The University of Leiden is famous for its many developments including the famous [[Leyden jar]], a capacitor made from a glass jar, invented in Leiden by [[Pieter van Musschenbroek]] in 1746. (It was actually first invented by [[Ewald Jürgen Georg von Kleist|Ewald Georg von Kleist]] in Germany the year before, but the name "Leyden jar" stuck.) Another development was in [[cryogenics]]: [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] (1913 [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel prize winner in physics]]) liquefied [[helium]] for the first time (1908) and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above the [[absolute zero|absolute minimum]]. Albert Einstein also spent some time at Leiden University during his early to middle career. == Rivers, canals and parks == The two branches of the [[Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)|Old Rhine]], which enter Leiden on the east, unite in the centre of the town. The town is further intersected by numerous small [[canal]]s with tree-bordered [[quay]]s. On the west side of the town, the [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden|Hortus Botanicus]] and other gardens extend along the old ''[[Singel]]'', or outer canal. The ''Van der Werff [[Park]]'' is named after the mayor [[Pieter Adriaanszoon van der Werff]], who defended the town against the Spaniards in 1574. The town was beleaguered for months and many died from hunger. According to legend van der Werff was accused by a frantic crowd of secretly hiding food reserves. He denied this vehemently and to prove his sincerity offered to cut off his arm to serve as food for those who nearly died from hunger. This made people back off, ashamed of their mistrust. The open space for the park was formed by the accidental [[explosion]] of a ship loaded with [[gunpowder]] in 1807, which destroyed hundreds of houses, including that of the [[Elsevier]] family of [[Printer (publisher)|printers]]. == Buildings of interest == Because of the economic decline from the 17th to the early 20th century, much of the 16th and 17th century town centre is still intact. ===Fortifications=== At the strategically important junction of the two arms of the Old Rhine stands the old [[castle]] ''De Burcht'', a circular tower built on an earthen mound. The mound probably was a refuge against high water before a small wooden fortress was built on top of it in the 11th century. The citadel is a so-called [[motte-and-bailey]] castle. Of Leiden's old [[city gate]]s only two are left, the ''Zijlpoort'' and the ''Morspoort'', both dating from the end of the 17th century. Apart from one small watch tower on the Singel nothing is left of the town's [[city wall]]s. Another former [[fortification]] is the ''Gravensteen''. Built as a [[fortress]] in the 13th century it has since served as house, library and prison. Presently it is one of the University's buildings. ===Churches=== [[Image:Leiden Pieterskerk.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Hooglandse kerk, Leiden]] The chief of Leiden's numerous [[church]]es are the ''Hooglandsche Kerk'' (or the church of [[Saint Pancras|St Pancras]], built in the 15th century and containing a monument to [[Pieter Adriaanszoon van der Werff]]) and the ''[[Pieterskerk]]'' (church of [[St Peter]] (1315) with monuments to [[Joseph Justus Scaliger|Scaliger]], [[Boerhaave]] and other famous scholars. From a historical perspective the ''Marekerk'' is interesting too. [[Arent van 's Gravesande]] designed the church in 1639. Other fine examples of his work in Leiden are ''De Lakenhal'', in which the municipal museum is located, and the [[Leiden University Library#Bibliotheca Thysiana|Bibliotheca Thysiana]]. The growing town needed another church and the Marekerk was the first church to be built in Leiden (and in Holland) after the [[Reformation]]. It is an example of [[Classicism|Dutch Classicism]]. In the drawings by Van 's Gravesande the [[pulpit]] is the centrepiece of the church. The pulpit is modelled after the one in the ''Nieuwe Kerk'' at [[Haarlem]] (designed by [[Jacob van Campen]]). The building was first used in 1650, and is still in use.[http://www.marekerk.nl Marekerk] ===University buildings=== [[Image:Leiden old observatory.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Looking along the ''Witte Singel'' (White Moat) towards the 1860 [[Leiden Observatory]] building]] The town centre contains many buildings that are in use by the [[University of Leiden]]. The ''Academy Building'' is housed in a former 16th century [[convent]]. Among the institutions connected with the university are the national institution for East Indian languages, [[ethnology]] and [[geography]]; the [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden|botanical gardens]], founded in 1587; the [[Leiden Observatory|observatory]] (1860); the museum of antiquities (''[[Rijksmuseum van Oudheden]]''); and the [[ethnography|ethnographical]] museum, of which [[Philipp Franz von Siebold|P. F. von Siebold]]'s [[Japan]]ese collections was the nucleus (''[[National Museum of Ethnology|Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde]]''). The [[Leiden University Library#Bibliotheca Thysiana|Bibliotheca Thysiana]] occupies an old [[Renaissance]] building of the year [[1655]]. It is especially rich in legal works and [[vernacular]] chronicles. Noteworthy are also the many special collections at [[Leiden University Library]] among which those of the [[Society of Dutch Literature]] (1766) and the collection of casts and engravings. In recent years the university has built the [[Bio Science Park, Leiden|Bio Science Park]] at the city's outskirts to accommodate the Science departments. ===Other buildings=== Some other interesting buildings are the town hall (''Stadhuis''), a 16th century building that was badly damaged by a fire in 1929); the ''Gemeenslandshuis van Rynland'' ([[1596]], restored in 1878); the [[weigh house]] (''Waag''), built by [[Pieter Post]]; the former court-house (''Gerecht''); a corn-grinding windmill, now home to a museum (''Molen de Valk'') (1743); the old [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] (''Latijnse School'') (1599) and the city carpenter's yard and [[wharf]] (''Stadstimmerwerf'') (1612), both built by [[Lieven de Key]] (c. 1560–1627). Another building of interest is the "pesthuis", which was built at that time just outside the city for curing patients suffering the [[bubonic plague]]. However, after it was built the feared disease did not occur in the Netherlands anymore so it was never used for its original purpose, it now serves as the entrance of [[Naturalis]], one of the largest [[natural history]] museums in the world. Oudt Leyden, the so called oldest pancake house (''pannekoekenhuis'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]) in [[Europe]] is home to its famous large pancakes and [[Delft]] crockery, it's also known for serving the likes of [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[Dalai Lama]]. ==Public transport== ===Bus lines=== *[[Connexxion]] Region West: [http://www.connexxion.nl/website/uwregio.asp?action=goto_regio&regioid=34&id=35] **[[Bus stop]]s and lines in Leiden: [http://www.aidem-media.com/projects/conneXXion2/index.php?step=1&plaats=leiden&d%5Bd%5D=20&d%5Bm%5D=11&d%5By%5D=2003] (links to schedules by stop and line) **Bus lines with schedules by line in the region [http://www.connexxion.nl/website/dienstregeling.asp?command=reisinfo_dienstregeling&overid=55&overidmem=54&regioid=34&id=35] ===Railway=== *[[Rail transport]] departure schedules (see also http://www.ns.nl ): **Leiden Centraal (ledn): [http://reiseauskunft.bahn.de/bin/bhftafel.exe/en?evaId=8400390] **Leiden Lammenschans (ldl): [http://reiseauskunft.bahn.de/bin/bhftafel.exe/en?evaId=8400384] **De Vink (dvnk): [http://reiseauskunft.bahn.de/bin/bhftafel.exe/en?evaId=8400188] *[http://www.sporenplan.nl/html_nl/sporenplan/ns/ns_normaal/gvc.html Tracks] on [[Train station]] Leiden Centraal *[http://www.rijngouwelijn.nl/ RijnGouweLijn] [[Light rail]] project (planned to be realised in 2010) {{Railway Den Haag to Leiden}} {{Railway Leiden Centraal to Schiphol}} {{Railway Leiden Centraal to Haarlem}} {{Railway Leiden to Woerden}} Leiden is on the planned route of the [[RijnGouweLijn]], the Netherland's first [[Light rail]] project. Within Leiden its route would have been: Leiden Lammenschans - Korevaarstraat - Breestraat - stop Haarlemmerstraat - Stationsplein - Joop Walenkamptunnel - Albinusdreef ([[Leiden University Medical Centre|LUMC]]) - Sandfortdreef - Zernikedreef (Hogeschool) - (Einsteinweg) - Ehrenfestweg - (Plesmanlaan) - Transferium A44. This route, however, has been rejected by Leiden citizens in a [[referendum]]. ==Famous inhabitants== :''See also [[:Category:People from Leiden|People from Leiden]]'' The following is a selection of important ''Leidenaren'' throughout history: *[[Armin van Buuren]], 1976- , World's number one DJ (trance) in 2007 by the DJMag *[[Johann Bachstrom]], 1688–1742, writer, scientist and Lutherian theologian. *[[Herman Boerhaave]], 1668–1738, humanist and physician. *[[Bernhard Siegfried Albinus]], 1697–1770, anatomist. *[[William Brewster]], 1567–1644, pilgrim. *[[Gerard Dou]], 1613–1675, painter. *[[Cornelius Engelbrechtszoon]], 1468–1533, painter. *[[Jan van Goyen]], 1596–1656, painter. *[[John of Leiden]], 1509?–1536, leader of the [[Anabaptist]] [[Münster Rebellion]]. *[[Philipp Franz Bathasar von Siebold, 1796-1866, physician, collector, 'Japanologist'. *[[Lucas van Leyden]], 1494–1533, engraver and painter. *[[Marinus van der Lubbe]], 1909–1934, accused of [[Reichstag fire|setting fire to the ''Reichstag'']] in [[Berlin]]. *[[Gabriel Metsu]], 1629–1667, painter. *[[Frans Post]], 1612–1680, painter. *[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]], 1606–1669, painter. *[[Pieter de Ring]], ca 1615-1660, painter *[[Jan Steen]], 1626–1679, painter. *[[Theo van Doesburg]], 1883–1931, painter, architect, writer. *[[Willebrord Snell]], 1580–1626, astronomer and mathematician. *[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]], 1837–1923, physicist. *[[Hendrik Lorentz]], 1853–1928, physicist. *[[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]], 1853–1926, physicist. *[[Pieter Zeeman]], 1865–1943, physicist. *[[Willem de Sitter]], 1872–1934, mathematician, physicist, astronomer. *[[Paul Ehrenfest]], 1880–1933, physicist. *[[Hendrik Casimir]], 1909–2000, physicist. *[[Jan Hendrik Oort]], 1900–1992, astronomer. *[[Willem Einthoven]], 1860–1927, physician, physiologist. *[[Pieter Adriaanszoon van der Werff]], 1529–1604, mayor of Leiden. *[[William II, Count of Holland|William II]], 1228–1256, count of Holland, later also king of Germany. *[[Gottfried van Swieten]], diplomat, friendship and collaboration with several great composers. ==Town twinning== Leiden's [[Town twinning|twin towns]] are: * {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Buffalo City Local Municipality|Buffalo City]], [[South Africa]] * {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Juigalpa]], [[Nicaragua]] * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Krefeld]], [[Germany]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Oxford]], [[England]] ([[United Kingdom]]) * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Toruń]], [[Poland]] ==Miscellaneous== *The coat of arms of Leiden is two red keys, crossed in an X-shape on a white background. These keys are those to the gates of heaven held by St.Peter, for whom a large church in the city center is named. *For a time Leiden held the title "The Coldest Place on Earth": in a laboratory, because of the developments in [[cryogenics]] that have happened there. [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] (1913 Nobel prize winner in physics) liquefied [[helium]] for the first time (1908), and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above [[Absolute zero]]. *The following places and things are named after this city: **[[Leyden, New York]], USA **[[Leyden, Massachusetts]], USA **[[Leyden High School District 212]] in [[Franklin Park, Illinois]], USA. **[[Leiden scale]], for measuring extreme low temperatures. **[[Factor V Leiden]] is named after the city of Leiden where it was discovered in 1994. **The [[Leyden jar]], a [[capacitor]] made from a glass jar, was invented here by [[Pieter van Musschenbroek]] in 1746. It was actually first invented by [[Ewald Georg von Kleist]] the year before, but the name "Leyden jar" stuck. ==See also== *[[Wireless Leiden]] ==External links== {{commonscat}} *[http://www.leiden.nl/ Official site] *[http://www.cityofleiden.com City Of Leiden] *[http://www.leiden360.nl 360 degree panoramas of Leiden] *[http://leiden.gemeentegids.nu/ Municipality guide (in Dutch)] *[http://www.leiden.nl/gemeente/publiek/statistiek/_files/jaarboek/kaartleiden Map showing the neighborhoods and the grouping into quarters (districts) and the town parts Noord, Midden, West and Zuid (pdf)] (note that one quarter is partly in one town part, partly in another one) *[http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/nederland-regionaal/nederland-regionaal/publicaties/gemeente-op-maat/2004/alfabet/l/2004-leiden.htm Statistics in Dutch] (pdf) - with (towards the end) a map showing the neighborhoods and (a few pages further) the population figures etc. as well as the grouping into quarters *[http://leiden.boogolinks.nl leiden.boogolinks.nl] *[http://www.plattegronden.nl/leiden/ City plan] *[http://www.leiden.nu Leiden.NU: Cultural site + Agenda] *[http://www.xs4all.nl/~smaardyk/leiden-en.htm Pictures of Leiden] *[http://www.skyscrapercity.info/303.php?id=4&country=NL&city=LID Tall buildings in Leiden] *[http://www.erasmuspc.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=190&Itemid=81 Leiden CityPoem and about the Leiden City Wall Poem project] *[http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/matilo.html Matilo] *Entries for Leiden in Gazetteers: [http://middleware.alexandria.ucsb.edu/client/gaz/adl/renderReportID.jsp?identifier=adlgaz-1-3089090-75 Alexandria Digital Library] [http://www.getty.edu/vow/TGNFullDisplay?find=leiden&place=&nation=Netherlands&prev_page=1&english=Y&subjectid=7006809 Getty Thesaurus] [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NL/11/Leiden.html Global Gazetteer] [http://www.tageo.com/index-e-nl-v-11-d-m2979844.htm Tageo] [http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1109471847&men=gpro&lng=en&gln=xx&dat=32&geo=-2723&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&geo=511830449 World Gazetteer] ===Museums and libraries=== *[http://www.lakenhal.nl/en/index.html Stedelijk Museum de Lakenhal] Municipal Museum *[http://www.rmo.nl/new/home.html Rijksmuseum van Oudheden] National Museum of [[Archaeology|Antiquities]] *[http://www.naturalis.nl/asp/page.asp?alias=naturalis.eng Naturalis] National Museum of Natural History *[http://www.rmv.nl/rmv/e/index/fr_opening.html Rijksmuseum Volkenkunde] National Museum of [[Ethnology]] *[http://www.museumboerhaave.nl/frame_eng.html Museum Boerhaave] National Museum of the History of [[Science]] and [[Medicine]] *[http://www.molendevalk.nl/ Molen de Valk (site in Dutch)] Museum [[Windmill]] *[http://www.hortus.leidenuniv.nl/english/ Hortus Botanicus] [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden]] *[http://www.pilgrimhall.org/LeidenMuseum.htm Leiden American Pilgrim Museum] museum dedicated to the [[Pilgrim Fathers]] *[http://www.penningkabinet.nl/homepage/Eindex.html Penningkabinet] National Museum of [[Coin]]s and [[Medal]]s *[http://ub.leidenuniv.nl/ Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden] [[Leiden University Library]] *[http://www.sieboldhuis.org/ Siebold House] *[http://www.corpus-experience.nl/sitemap.php CORPUS] Opened on March 14th 2008. ===Region=== *[http://images.gemeente-gids.net/kaarten/leiden_kaart_.gif map] ===Adjacent municipalities=== Clockwise: *[[Oegstgeest]] *[[Teylingen]] *[[Leiderdorp]] *[[Zoeterwoude]] *[[Leidschendam-Voorburg]] *[[Voorschoten]] *[[Wassenaar]] *[[Katwijk]] {{South Holland Province}} [[Category:Leiden| ]] [[Category:University towns]] [[Category:Municipalities of South Holland]] [[Category:Cities, towns and villages in South Holland]] {{Link FA|af}} {{coor title dm|52|10|N|4|29|E|}} [[af:Leiden]] [[ar:ليدن]] [[br:Leiden]] [[bg:Лайден]] [[ca:Leiden]] [[cs:Leiden]] [[cy:Leiden]] [[da:Leiden]] [[de:Leiden (Stadt)]] [[et:Leiden]] [[es:Leiden]] [[eo:Leiden]] [[fa:لیدن]] [[fr:Leyde]] [[fy:Leien]] [[io:Leiden]] [[id:Leiden]] [[it:Leida]] [[he:ליידן]] [[jv:Leiden]] [[ka:ლეიდენი]] [[la:Lugdunum Batavorum]] [[lt:Leidenas]] [[li:Leie (sjtad)]] [[nl:Leiden]] [[nds-nl:Leidn]] [[ja:ライデン]] [[lb:Leiden]] [[no:Leiden]] [[nn:Leiden]] [[pl:Lejda]] [[pt:Leida]] [[ro:Leiden]] [[ru:Лейден]] [[simple:Leiden]] [[sk:Leiden]] [[sl:Leiden]] [[sr:Лајден]] [[sh:Leiden]] [[fi:Leiden]] [[sv:Leiden]] [[ta:லைடன்]] [[uk:Лейден]] [[vo:Leiden]] [[zh:莱顿]]