Lent
39726
225871210
2008-07-15T20:06:30Z
Keith D
2278355
[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225855483 by [[Special:Contributions/Japoniano|Japoniano]] ([[User talk:Japoniano|talk]]) - appears to be no link with Lent
{{otheruses}}
[[Image:StMartin43-53.JPG|thumb|Cross veiled during Passiontide in Lent (Pfarrkirche St. Martin in [[Tannheim]], [[Baden Württemberg]], Germany).]]
{{portal|Christianity}}
'''Lent''', in some [[Christian denominations]], is the forty-day [[Liturgical year|liturgical season]] of fasting and prayer before [[Easter]].<ref name="The Anglican Catholic Church">{{cite web|url = http://www.anglicancatholic.org/dmas/litdescp.html| title = The Liturgical Year|publisher = The Anglican Catholic Church|accessdate = 2007-08-24}}</ref> The forty days represent the time [[Jesus]] spent in the desert, where, according to the [[Bible]], he [[Temptation of Jesus|endured temptation]] by [[Satan]].<ref name="UMC - Lent">{{cite web|url = http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=2870| title = What is Lent and why does it last forty days?|publisher = The United Methodist Church|accessdate = 2007-08-24}}</ref> Different churches calculate the forty days differently.
The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer—through [[prayer]], [[penitence]], [[almsgiving]] and [[asceticism|self-denial]]—for the annual commemoration during [[Holy Week]] of the [[Death and Resurrection of Jesus]], which recalls the events linked to the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion of Christ]] and culminates in [[Easter]], the celebration of the [[the Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection of Jesus Christ]].
In [[Western Christianity]], but with the exception of the [[Archdiocese of Milan]] which follows the [[Ambrosian Rite]], Lent begins on [[Ash Wednesday]] and concludes on [[Holy Saturday]].<ref>
{{Citation
| last =Thurston
| first =Herbert
| contribution =Lent
| year =1910
| title =[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]
| volume =IX
| place =New York
| publisher =Robert Appleton Company
| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09152a.htm
| accessdate = [[2008-02-15]]}}</ref> <ref name="The Anglican Catholic Church" /> The six Sundays in Lent are not counted among the forty days because each Sunday represents a "mini-[[Easter]]", a celebration of Jesus' victory over [[sin]] and [[death]].<ref name="UMC - Lent">{{cite web|url = http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=2870| title = What is Lent and why does it last forty days?|publisher = The United Methodist Church|accessdate = 2007-08-24}}</ref>
In those churches which follow the [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine tradition]] (e.g. [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Eastern Catholics]]), the forty days of Lent are calculated differently: the fast begins on [[Clean Monday]], Sundays are included in the count, and it ends on the Friday before [[Palm Sunday]]. The days of [[Lazarus Saturday]], [[Palm Sunday]] and [[Holy Week]] are considered a distinct period of fasting. For more detailed information about the [[Eastern Christian]] practice of Lent, see the article [[Great Lent]].
==Origins==
The number forty has many Biblical references: the forty days [[Moses]] spent on [[Biblical Mount Sinai|Mount Sinai]] with [[God in Christianity|God]] ({{bibleverse||Exodus|24:18|HE}}); the forty days and nights [[Elijah]] spent walking to [[Mount Horeb]] ({{bibleverse|1|Kings|19:8|HE}}); God made it rain for forty days and forty nights in the days of [[Noah]] ({{bibleverse||Genesis|7:4|HE}}); the Hebrew people wandered forty years traveling to the [[Promised Land]] ({{bibleverse||Numbers|14:33|HE}}); [[Jonah]] in his prophecy of [[judgment]] gave the city of [[Nineveh]] forty days in which to repent ({{bibleverse||Jonah|3:4|HE}}).
Jesus retreated into the desert, where he fasted for forty days, and was tempted by the [[Devil in Christianity|devil]] ({{bibleverse||Matthew|4:1-2|KJV}}, {{bibleverse||Mark|1:12-13|KJV}}, {{bibleverse||Luke|4:1-2|KJV}}). Jesus overcame all three of Satan's [[temptation]]s by citing scripture to the devil, at which point the devil left him, angels ministered to Jesus, and he began his [[Christian ministry|ministry]]. Jesus further said that his disciples should fast "when the bridegroom shall be taken from them" ({{bibleverse||Matthew|9:15|KJV}}), a reference to his Passion. Since, presumably, the Apostles fasted as they mourned the death of Jesus, Christians have traditionally fasted during the annual commemoration of his burial.
It is the traditional belief that Jesus lay for 40 hours in the tomb<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09152a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia - Lent] See paragraph: Duration of the Fast</ref> which led to the forty hours of total fast that preceded the Easter celebration in the [[Early Christianity|early Church]]<ref>[http://www.lent.classicalanglican.net/?p=3126 Lent & Beyond: Dr. Peter Toon—From Septuagesima to Quadragesima]</ref> (the biblical reference to 'three days in the tomb' is understood as ''spanning'' three days, from Friday afternoon to early Sunday morning, rather than three 24 hour periods of time). One of the most important ceremonies at Easter was the [[baptism]] of the initiates on [[Easter Eve]]. The fast was initially undertaken by the [[catechumen]]s to prepare them for the reception of this [[sacrament]]. Later, the period of fasting from [[Good Friday]] until [[Easter Day]] was extended to six days, to correspond with the six weeks of training, necessary to give the final instruction to those [[Religious conversion|converts]] who were to be baptized.
Converts to Christianity followed a strict [[catechumenate]] or period of instruction and discipline prior to baptism. In [[Jerusalem]] near the close of the fourth century, classes were held throughout Lent for three hours each day. With the legalization of [[Christianity]] (by the [[Edict of Milan]]) and its later imposition as the [[state religion]] of the [[Roman Empire]], its character was endangered by the great influx of new members. In response, the Lenten fast and practices of [[Asceticism#Christianity|self-renunciation]] were required annually of all Christians, both to show solidarity with the catechumens, and for their own spiritual benefit. The less zealous converts were thus brought more securely into the Christian fold.
Traditionally, on Easter Sunday, Roman Catholics may cease their fasting and start again whatever they gave up for lent, after they attend Mass on Easter Sunday. Other Western denominations have also followed this general principle to a greater or lesser degree.
==Name==
In the English language, Lent was formerly referred to by the [[Latin language|Latin]] term ''[[quadragesima]]'' (translation of the original [[Greek language|Greek]] ''tessarakoste'', the "fortieth day" before Easter). This nomenclature is preserved in [[Romance languages|Romance]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and [[Celtic languages]] (for example, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''cuaresma'', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''quaresma'', [[French language|French]] ''carême'', [[Italian language|Italian]] ''quaresima'', [[Croatian language|Croatian]] ''korizma'', [[Irish language|Irish]] ''Carghas'', and [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''C(a)rawys'').
In the late [[Middle Ages]], as [[sermons]] began to be given in the [[vernacular]] instead of Latin, the [[English language|English]] word ''lent'' was adopted. This word initially simply meant ''spring'' and derives from the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] root for ''long'' because in the spring the days visibly lengthen.
==Customs during the time of Lent==
There are traditionally forty days in Lent which are marked by fasting, both from foods and festivities, and by other acts of [[penance]]. The three traditional practices to be taken up with renewed vigour during Lent are [[prayer]] ([[justice]] towards God), fasting (justice towards self), and [[almsgiving]] (justice towards neighbour). Today, some people give up a vice of theirs, add something that will bring them closer to God, and often give the time or money spent doing that to [[Charitable cause|charitable]] purposes or organizations.<ref>[http://www.spirithome.com/lent.html Spirit Home: Lent—disciplines and practices]</ref>
In many [[Liturgy|liturgical]] [[Christian denominations]], [[Maundy Thursday]] (also called "Holy Thursday," especially by Roman Catholics), [[Good Friday]], and [[Holy Saturday]] form the [[Easter Triduum]]. Lent is a season of grief that necessarily ends with a great celebration of Easter. It is known in [[Eastern Orthodox]] circles as the season of "Bright Sadness." It is a season of sorrowful [[reflection]] which is punctuated by breaks in the fast on Sundays.
The Lenten semi-fast may have originated for practical reasons: during the era of [[subsistence agriculture]] in the West as food stored away in the previous autumn was running out, or had to be used up before it went bad in store, and little or no new food-crop was expected soon (compare the period in Spring which [[United Kingdom|British]] gardeners call the "[[hungry]] gap").
In the [[Mass (liturgy)|Roman Catholic Mass]], [[Lutheran]] [[Divine Service]], and [[Anglican]] [[Eucharist]], the ''[[Gloria in Excelsis Deo]]'' is not sung during the Lenten season, disappearing on Ash Wednesday and not returning until the moment of the Resurrection during the [[Easter Vigil]]. On major feast days, the ''Gloria in Excelsis Deo'' is recited, but this in no way diminishes the penitential character of the season; it simply reflects the joyful character of the Mass of the day in question. It is also used on Maundy Thursday. Likewise, the ''[[Alleluia]]'' is not sung during Lent; it is replaced before the [[Gospel]] reading by a seasonal [[acclamation]].
Prior to 1970, the last two weeks of Lent were known as [[Passiontide]], which began on Passion Sunday. All statues (and in England paintings as well) in the church were veiled in purple. This was in accordance with the Passion Sunday Gospel (John 8:46-59) in which Jesus “hid himself” from the people. The veils were removed at the singing of the [[Gloria in Excelsis Deo|Gloria]] during the [[Easter Vigil]]. Following [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]], and in the Reformed Kalendar of 1970, Passiontide was discontinued. Passion Sunday is now the Fifth Sunday in Lent and religious images are no longer veiled. [[Traditionalist Catholic]]s and [[Anglo-Catholicism|Anglo-Catholics]] continue to observe Passiontide.
Traditionally, the ''Alleluia'' was omitted at Mass beginning at [[Septuagesima]], but in the Missal of Paul VI (1969) promulgated after the [[Second Vatican Council]] it is retained until Ash Wednesday. The older practise is retained in the Missal of John XXIII (1962) which is attended by [[Traditionalist Catholic|traditionalists]].
In the Byzantine rites, the Gloria ([[Great Doxology]]) continues to be used in its normal place in the Matins service, and the Alleluia appears all the more frequently, replacing "God is the Lord" at Matins.
===Pre-Lenten festivals===
{{main|Carnival|Mardi Gras|Fastnacht|Maslenitsa}}
[[Image:Bruegel Lent.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Lent personified at a [[Carnival]] celebration. Detail of 1559 painting "''The Battle between Carnival and Lent''" by [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]].]]
[[Image:Funken vorbereitet Herdwangen2003.JPG|thumb|Pile of straw with a [[fir tree]] and a "witch" doll attached to it, for the traditional "Funken" [[bonfire]] on the First Sunday of lent in Herdwangen, [[Baden-Württemberg]], Germany.]]
[[Image:Funken Herdwangen 2003.jpg|thumb|The "Funken" set ablaze.]]
Although originally of [[pagan]] content, the traditional [[carnival]] celebrations which precede Lent in many cultures have become associated with the season of fasting if only because they are a last opportunity for excess before Lent begins. The most famous of pre-Lenten carnivals in the [[Western world|West]] is [[Shrove Tuesday]] or [[Mardi Gras]].
===Fasting and abstinence===<!-- This section is linked from [[Corned beef]] -->
Fasting during Lent was more severe in ancient times than today. [[Socrates Scholasticus]] reports that in some places, all animal products were strictly forbidden, while others will permit fish, others permit fish and fowl, others prohibit fruit and eggs, and still others eat only bread. In some places, believers abstained from food for an entire day; others took only one meal each day, while others abstained from all food until 3 o'clock. In most places, however, the practice was to abstain from eating until the evening, when a small meal without meat or alcohol was eaten.
During the [[early Middle Ages]], meat, eggs and dairy products were generally proscribed. [[Thomas Aquinas]] argued that "they afford greater pleasure as food [than fish], and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust."<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3147.htm#8 '''Summa Theologica''' Q147a8.]</ref>
However, [[dispensation]]s for dairy products were given, frequently for a donation, from which several churches are popularly believed to have been built, including the "Butter Tower" of the [[Rouen Cathedral]].
In Spain, the bull of the Holy [[Crusade]] (renewed periodically after 1492) allowed the consumption of dairy products<ref name="Torres">''[http://www2.ull.es/congresos/conmirel/torres1.html Implicaciones económicas del miedo religioso en dos instituciones del Antiguo Régimen: la Inquisición y la Bula de Cruzada.]'', [[Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez]], Universidad Complutense de Madrid. ''Millennium:Fear and Religion''. </ref> and eggs during Lent in exchange for a contribution to the war against Islam.
[[Giraldus Cambrensis]] in his ''Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales'' reports that "in [[Germany]] and the [[arctic]] regions," "great and religious persons," classified the tail of [[beaver]]s as "fish" because of its superficial resemblance to a fish and their relative abundance.
Today, in the West, the practice is considerably relaxed, though in the Eastern Orthodox, [[Oriental Orthodox]] and [[Eastern Catholic Church]]es abstinence from the above-mentioned food products is still commonly practiced, meaning only vegetarian meals are consumed during this time in many Eastern countries. Lenten practices (as well as various other liturgical practices) are more common in [[Protestant]] circles than they once were. In the Roman Catholic Church it is tradition to abstain from meat from [[Ungulates]] (meaning roughly "being [[hoof|hooved]]" or "hooved animal") every Friday for the duration of Lent, although dairy products are still permitted. On Ash Wednesday it is customary to fast for the day, with no meat, eating only one full meal, and if necessary, two small meals also.<ref>Colin B. Donovan, [http://www.ewtn.com/faith/lent/fast.htm Fast and Abstinence]. Accessed [[2007-12-28]].</ref>
Current fasting practice in the Roman Catholic Church binds persons over the age of 18 and younger than fifty-nine ([[Canon Law (Catholic Church)|Canon]] 1252). Pursuant to Canon 1253, days of fasting and [[abstinence]] are set by the national [[Episcopal conference]]. On days of fasting, one eats only one full meal, but may eat two smaller meals as necessary to keep up one's strength. The two small meals together must sum to less than the one full meal. Parallel to the fasting laws are the laws of abstinence. These bind those over the age of fourteen. On days of abstinence, the person must not eat meat or poultry. According to [[canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]], all Fridays of the year, Ash Wednesday and several other days are days of abstinence, though in most countries, the strict requirements of abstinence have been limited by the [[Episcopal polity|bishops]] (in accordance with Canon 1253) to the Fridays of Lent and Ash Wednesday. On other abstinence days, the faithful are invited to perform some other act of penance.
Many modern [[Protestants]] consider the observation of Lent to be a choice, rather than an obligation. They may decide to give up a [[favorite]] food or drink (e.g. chocolate, alcohol) or activity (e.g. going to the movies, playing video games) for Lent, or they may instead decide to take on a Lenten discipline such as [[Bible study (Christian)|devotions]], [[volunteerism|volunteering]] for [[Charitable organization|charity]] work, and so forth. Roman Catholics may also observe Lent in this way, in addition to the dietary restrictions outlined above, though observation is no longer mandatory under the threat of [[mortal sin]]. Many Christians who choose not to follow the dietary restrictions cite [[1 Timothy]] 4:1-5 which warns of doctrines that "forbid people to marry and order them to abstain from certain foods, which God created to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe and who know the truth."
{{Liturgical year}}
When observing fasting or abstinence during Lent, regard must be paid to the fact that Sundays are Feast Days, so the fast or abstinence may be broken. If one counts the days from [[Ash Wednesday]] to the day before Easter Sunday, excluding the Sundays, one will see that there are 40 of them, equating with the number of days Christ spent in the wilderness.
==Holy Days==
There are several holy days within the season of Lent.
*[[Ash Wednesday]] is the first day of Lent in Western Christianity.
*[[Clean Monday]] (or "Ash Monday") is the first day in Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
*The fourth Lenten Sunday, which marks the halfway point between Ash Wednesday and Easter, is sometimes referred to as [[Laetare Sunday]], particularly by Roman Catholics, and [[Mothering Sunday]], which has become synonymous with [[Mother's Day]] in the United Kingdom. However, its origin is a sixteenth century celebration of the [[Mother Church]].
*The fifth Lenten Sunday, also known as [[Passion Sunday]] (however, that term is also applied to [[Palm Sunday]]) marks the beginning of [[Passiontide]].
*The sixth Lenten Sunday, commonly called [[Palm Sunday]], marks the beginning of Holy Week, the final week of Lent immediately preceding Easter.
*Wednesday of Holy Week is known as [[Spy Wednesday]] to commemorate the days on which [[Judas]] spied on Jesus in the garden of [[Gethsemane]] before betraying him.
*Thursday is known as [[Maundy Thursday]], or Holy Thursday, and is a day Christians commemorate the [[Last Supper]] shared by Christ with his [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciple]]s.
*[[Good Friday]] follows the next day, on which Christians remember His [[crucifixion]] and [[burial]].
:In the Roman Catholic Church, [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] is a three day event called the [[Easter Triduum]] that begins with the opening song of the Holy Thursday celebration. After the Holy Thursday celebration, the communion bread and wine is taken from the altar with no formal closing. Instead, the parish is invited to worship the [[eucharist|holy Body of Christ]]. The next day is the official commemoration of The Passion of Jesus Christ and is usually celebrated at 3 PM local time though some parishes usually change the time due to work schedules. This commemoration is part of the Triduum Mass which the opening is just a prayer followed by the day's readings. The service usually ends with a shortened communion involving only the Body of Christ and a post communion prayer before the service ends without dismissal. The [[Easter Vigil]] is the start of the end of the Triduum mass and usually starts with a fire service before the readings which explore the history of mankind. The service also includes [[baptism]] and [[confirmation]] services which are usually celebrated after the homily. The Easter Vigil and Triduum Mass ends in the usual way with full communion.
Holy Week and the season of Lent, depending on [[denomination]] and local [[custom]], end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday or on the morning of Easter Sunday. It is custom for some churches to hold sunrise services which include open air celebrations in some places.
In the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions, the [[altar]] linens and [[priest|priest's]] vestments are [[Violet (color)|violet]] during the season of Lent. However, during the holy days the [[linens]] often change. See [[Liturgical colours]].
There are some [[Christian denominations]] that do not practice Lent and see it as an obscure tradition that the [[Christian Church|Church]] practices without [[Biblical]] merit.<ref>[http://www.thercg.org/articles/ttmol.html The Restored Church of God: The True Meaning of Lent]</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
{{Wiktionary}}
*[[Asceticism]]
*[[Ash Wednesday]]
*[[Carnival]]
*[[Clean Monday]]
*[[Cold Food Festival]]
*[[Easter]]
*[[Fasting and abstinence in the Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]]
*[[Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Fasting|Eastern Orthodox Church: Fasting]]
*[[Good Friday]]
*[[Maundy Thursday]]
*[[People's Sunday]]
*[[Quinquagesima]]
*[[Ramadan]]
*[[Shrove Tuesday]]
*[[Tisha B'Av]]
*[[Vassa]]
==External links==
* [http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=3331 United Methodist Church: Lent and Easter]
* [http://imby.net/easter Lent: Prayer and Practice]
* [http://www.anchorite.org/blog/2007/02/22/lenten-resources/ Coptic Orthodox Lenten Resources]
* [http://www.armenianchurch.net/worship/lent/index.html Lent in the Armenian Orthodox Church tradition]
* [http://www.cresourcei.org/cylent.html The Season of Lent] at the Christian Resource Institute
* [http://www.journeytothecross.org Online Lenten Devotional]
* [http://www.liturgies.net/Lent/TheSeasonOfLent.htm Liturgical Resources]
* [http://www.umc.org/site/c.lwL4KnN1LtH/b.2514885/k.63E6/Lent_and_Easter_Resources.htm United Methodist Church: Lent and Easter Resources]
* [http://www.unicorne.org/orthodoxy/sommaires/fasting.htm Lent and Fasting in the Ukrainian Church] — a very good source to learn the differences between Lent in the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church.
* [http://www.catholichomeandgarden.com/lent.htm The Season of Lent in the Catholic Church]
[[Category:Fasting]]
[[Category:Christian festivals and holy days]]
[[Category:Christian liturgy, rites, and worship services]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox liturgical days]]
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[[Category:Catholic liturgy]]
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[[Category:Religious holidays]]
[[Category:Easter]]
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