Lepiota 838167 222739761 2008-06-30T21:39:56Z Ka Faraq Gatri 6892069 Category:Agaricaceae {{Taxobox | name = ''Lepiota'' | status = secure | image = Lepiota brunneoincarnata 060823w.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Lepiota brunneoincarnata]]'' | regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]] | divisio = [[Basidiomycota]] | classis = [[Agaricomycetes]] | subclassis = [[Hymenomycete]]s | ordo = [[Agaricales]] | familia = [[Agaricaceae]] | genus = ''Lepiota'' }} '''''Lepiota''''' is a [[genus]] of gilled [[mushroom]]s, in the order [[Agaricales]]. Though they have white spores, they are related to the familiar brown spored mushrooms of the genus ''[[Agaricus]]''. They typically have rings on the stems, which in larger species are detachable and glide up and down the stem. The cap usually has scales: the colours of the cap, gills and scales are important in determining the exact species, as is sometimes the smell. The term is likely derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] λεπις, "scale". The basionym is ''Agaricus'' sect. ''Lepiota'' [[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]] 1797, devalidated by later starting date, so the citation is (Pers.) ''per'' S.F.Gray. It was only described, without species, and covered an earlier mentioned, but unnamed group of ringed, non-volvate species, regardless of spore color. The Swedish mycologist [[Elias Magnus Fries]] restricted the genus to white-spored species, and made into a tribe, which was, like ''[[Amanita]]'', repeatedly raised to genus rank.<ref name = "Donk62">{{cite journal| last=Donk| first=M.A.| title=The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae| journal=Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia| pages=1–320| volume=5| year=1962| issn= 0078-2238}}</ref> The type species is unclear. ''[[Macrolepiota procera|L. procera]]'' is considered the type by Earle in 1909. ''Agaricus columbrinus'' (''[[Lepiota clypeolaria|L. clypeolaria]]'') was also suggested (by Singer, 1946) to avoid the many combination involved otherwise in splitting ''[[Macrolepiota]]'', which include ''L. procera''. Since both species had been placed into different genera prior to their selection (in ''[[Leucocoprinus]]'' and ''Mastocephalus'' respectively), Donk observes that a conservation will probably be needed, expressing support for Singer's emendation.<ref name = "Donk62"/> With respect to [[mushroom hunting|mushrooming]], this is a genus to be avoided as several species contain [[amanitins]] and are highly toxic.<ref name ="Bnejamin95">Benjamin DR. (1995). ''Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas: A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists, and Physicians''. W H Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-2649-1</ref> Those known to have caused death (or would have caused death except for intensive medical therapy) include ''[[Lepiota josserandi|L. josserandi]]'' in [[upstate New York]] in 1986, <ref>Haines JH, Lichstein E and Glickerman D. (1986) A fatal poisoning from an [[amatoxin]] containing ''Lepiota''. ''Mycopathologia'' '''93''', 15-7. </ref>, ''[[Lepiota brunneoincarnata|L. brunneoincarnata]]'' in Spain,<ref>Herraez Garcia J, Sanchez Fernandez A, Contreras Sanchez P. (2002) Fatal ''Lepiota brunneoincarnata'' poisoning ''An Med Interna.'' '''18'''(9):481-2 </ref> and ''[[Lepiota helveola|L. helveola]]''.<ref>Meunier B, Messner M, Bardaxoglou E, Spiliopoulos G, Terblanche J and Launois B. (1994) Liver transplantation for severe ''Lepiota helveola'' poisoning. ''Liver'' '''14''', 158-60. .</ref><ref>Studeník P, Průcha A, Krifta P, Zeman D (1996) Fulminant liver failure in poisoning by ''Lepiota helveola'' Bres. ''Vnitr Lek'' '''42'''(5) :342-4.</ref> Previously, the most familiar species were the larger species, such as the [[parasol mushroom]] and the [[shaggy parasol]]. However, these have now been placed in the different genera ''[[Macrolepiota]]'' and ''[[Chlorophyllum]]''. However the status of the genera is not unanimous as some current books still leave the members of ''Macrolepiota'' in ''Lepiota''.<ref name = "Phillips91">{{cite book | author = Phillips R | year = 1991 | title = Mushrooms of North America | publisher = Little, Brown & Co. | id = ISBN}}</ref> ==List of Lepiota species== *''[[Lepiota aspera]]'' - freckled dapperling *[[Image:Hazard T.svg|20px]]&nbsp;''[[Lepiota brunneoincarnata]]'' - deadly dapperling *[[Image:Hazard T.svg|20px]]&nbsp;''[[Lepiota castanea]]'' - chestnut dapperling *[[Image:Poisonous toxicity icon.png|20px]]&nbsp;''[[Lepiota clypeolaria]]'' - shield dapperling *[[Image:Poisonous toxicity icon.png|20px]]&nbsp;''[[Lepiota cristata]]'' - star dapperling, stinking parasol (Europe, North America) *[[Image:Hazard T.svg|20px]]&nbsp;''[[Lepiota helveola]]'' *[[Image:Hazard T.svg|20px]]&nbsp;''[[Lepiota heteri]]'' *[[Image:Hazard T.svg|20px]]&nbsp;''[[Lepiota josserandi]]'' - deadly parasol (North America) *[[Image:Hazard T.svg|20px]]&nbsp;''[[Lepiota scobinella]]'' *[[Image:Hazard T.svg|20px]]&nbsp;''[[Lepiota subincarnata]]'' - fatal dapperling ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agaricaceae]] [[an:Cocoma]] [[bg:Сърнела]] [[de:Riesenschirmlinge]] [[fr:Lépiote]] [[it:Lepiota]] [[lt:Žvynabudėlė]] [[hu:Őzlábgomba]] [[no:Parasollsopp]] [[pl:Czubajeczka]]