Lied
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221881674
2008-06-26T14:40:20Z
Peter cohen
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[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 221807114 by [[Special:Contributions/74.173.140.193|74.173.140.193]] ([[User talk:74.173.140.193|talk]])rv spam
{{for|the politician|Finn Lied}}
{{Germanmusic}}
'''''Lied''''' (plural '''''Lieder'''''), ({{pronounced|liːt}}; plural {{IPA|[ˈliːdɐ]}}) is a German word, meaning literally "[[song]]"; among English speakers, however, the word is used primarily as a term for [[Europe]]an [[European classical music|romantic music]] [[song]]s, also known as [[art song]]s. More accurately, the term perhaps is best used to describe specifically songs set to a German poem of reasonably high literary aspirations, most notably during the nineteenth century, beginning with [[Franz Schubert]] and culminating with [[Hugo Wolf]]. Typically, ''Lieder'' are arranged for a single singer and [[piano]]. Sometimes ''Lieder'' are gathered in a ''Liederkreis'' or "[[song cycle]]" — a series of songs (generally three or more) tied by a single narrative or theme. The composers [[Franz Schubert]] and [[Robert Schumann]] are most closely associated with this genre of romantic music.
== History ==
For [[Germany|German]] speakers the term ''Lied'' has a long history ranging from 12th century [[troubadour]] songs (''[[Minnesang]]'') via folk songs (''Volkslieder'') and church hymns (''Kirchenlieder'') to 20th-century workers songs (''Arbeiterlieder'') or [[protest song]]s (''Kabarettlieder, Protestlieder'').
In [[Germany]], the great age of song came in the 19th century. German and [[Austria]]n composers had written music for voice with keyboard before this time, but it was with the flowering of [[German literature]] in the [[Classical music era|Classical]] and [[Romantic period in music|Romantic eras]] that composers found high inspiration in [[poetry]] that sparked the genre known as the ''Lied''. The beginnings of this tradition are seen in the songs of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], but it is with [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]] that a new balance is found between words and music, a new absorption into the music of the sense of the words. [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]] wrote over 600 songs, some of them in sequences or [[song cycle]]s that relate a story — adventure of the soul rather than the body. The tradition was continued by [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], and [[Hugo Wolf]], and on into the 20th century by [[Richard Strauss|Strauss]] and [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]]. The body of song created in the ''Lied'' tradition, like that of the [[Italy|Italian]] [[madrigal (music)|madrigal]] three centuries before, represents one of the richest products of human sensibility.
== Other national traditions ==
The ''Lied'' tradition is closely linked with the [[German language]]. But there are parallels elsewhere, noticeably in [[France]], with the melodies of such composers as [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]], [[Gabriel Fauré|Fauré]], [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]] and [[Francis Poulenc]], and in [[Russia]], with the songs of [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]] and [[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninov]] in particular. [[England]] too had a flowering of song in the 20th century represented by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams|Vaughan Williams]] and [[Benjamin Britten]].
The Polish composer [[Stanisław Moniuszko]] (1819 - 1872) composed 278 songs. 276 were compiled in 12 booklets called The Home Songbook (Śpiewnik Domowy). The songs were set to poems by the most famous Polish poets of that time, such as [[Adam Mickiewicz]].
== Bibliography ==
Hallmark, Rufus, ed. ''German Lieder in the Nineteenth Century''. New York: Schirmer, 1996.
Parsons, James, ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to the Lied''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. [http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052180471X]
== External links ==
*[http://www.recmusic.org/lieder The Lied and Art Song Texts Page]
[[Category:German music history]]
[[Category:Romanticism]]
[[Category:Song forms]]
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