Lieven 4534181 223126731 2008-07-02T18:12:38Z Fatidiot1234 1593792 {{Refimprove|date=March 2008}} [[Image:Princessliven.jpg|thumb|200px|First Princess Lieven.]] The '''Lievens''' (Latvian, ''Līveni'') are one of the oldest and noblest families of [[Baltic German]]s. They claim descent from [[Caupo of Turaida]] (Latvian, ''Kaupo''), the [[Livs|Livonian]] ''quasi rex'' who converted to [[Christianity]] in [[1186]], when Bishop [[Meinhard]] attempted to Christianize the region. Henrici Chronicon Lyvoniae tells that Caupo in winter 1203-1204 went to [[Rome]] with Theodoric, a Cistercian Monk (who was to become the founder of the Swordbrothers , then the first bishop of Estonia). They were received by the [[Pope Innocent III]] who backed up their plans to Christianize Livonia. According to feudal records, the Lieven ancestor Gerardus Līvo (1269) and his son Johannes (1296) entered service as vassals to the archbishop of Rīga. One of Caupo's daughters married an ancestor of the barons, then earls [[von Ungern-Sternberg]]. Caupo's grandson, Nicholas, was the first to spell his name Lieven. '''Reinhold Liewen''', the Swedish governor of Oesel ([[Saaremaa]]), in 1653 was made a [[baron]] together with his brother, whose son - Baron Hans-Heinrich von Liewen - accompanied [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]] in all his campaigns and expeditions. Among Reinhold's descendants, one branch settled in [[Courland]] and was recognized in 1801 as in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. '''Johann-Christoph von Lieven''' was the first member of the family to gain distinction in the Russian service: he served as [[Governor of Arkhangelsk]] under [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine the Great]] and as General of Infantry under [[Paul I of Russia|Emperor Paul]]. Baron '''Otto Heinrich von Lieven''' (1726-1781) married in 1766 Baroness '''Charlotte von Gaugreben''' (1742-1828), who was entrusted by Emperor Paul with the task of educating his daughters and younger sons - [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas]] and [[Mikhail Pavlovich]]. In recognition of her services Paul made her a countess in 1796. When her pupil Nicholas became the Emperor of Russia in [[1826]], the 84-year-old governess was made a Princess with the title of [[Her Serene Highness]]. The title was hereditary and passed to her descendants, of which the following were notable: [[Image:Lieven.jpg|thumb|200px|Coat of arms of the Princes Lieven.]] *Her son, Prince '''[[Khristofor Andreyevich Lieven|Christoph Heinrich von Lieven]]''' (1774-1838), accompanied [[Alexander I of Russia]] during the [[Battle of Austerlitz]] and at the signing of the [[Peace of Tilsit]]. In 1809 he was sent to represent Russia at the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]n court and, at the crisis of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[1812]], was transferred as the Minister Plenipotentiary to the [[St. James's Palace|court of St. James's]], a post which he kept for 22 years. Somewhat overshadowed by his more illustrious wife, '''[[Dorothea von Lieven]]''', Prince Lieven took part in the [[Congress of Vienna]] and died in [[Rome]] when he accompanied the future [[Alexander II of Russia]] on his [[Grand Tour]]. *His elder brother, Prince '''Carl Christoph von Lieven''' (1767-1844), started his career as an [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Prince Potemkin]], administered the garrison of Arkhangelsk under Paul and ended his career as Imperial Minister of Education (1828-33). *Prince '''[[Alexander Lieven|Alexander Karlovich Lieven]]''' (1801-1880), son of the preceding, Mayor-General, served as Governor of [[Taganrog]] in 1844-1853, and senator 1853-1880. *Prince '''Andrey Alexandrovich Lieven''' (1839-1913), his son, was the Senator and Minister of State Properties in 1877-81. *Prince '''[[Anatoly Lieven|Anatoly Pavlovich Lieven]]''' (1872-1937) commanded a Russo-German army in [[Latvia]] until the supreme command was taken over by Prince [[Pavel Bermondt-Avalov]]; Lieven refused to collaborate with the German puppet government of [[Andrievs Niedra]] and forbade his men to fight the Latvian and Estonian forces in Livonia -- these ''līvenieši'' were loyal to the Republic of Latvia, and after the [[Latvian War of Independence]] he became a Latvian citizen and a manufacturer of bricks. ==External links== *[http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/lieven.html Lieven Family in Online Gotha] *[http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/L/LI/liiveni/encik/liiven_le_1962.htm Lieven family, Latvian Encyclopedia (Latvian)] [[Category:Baltic Germans]] [[Category:Baltic nobility]] [[Category:Russian noble families]] [[Category:Swedish noble families]] [[Category:Latvian nobility]] [[de:Lieven (Familie)]] [[et:Lieven]] [[fi:Lieven]] [[ru:Ливен]]