Lima 85423 224382419 2008-07-08T16:38:45Z Idioma-bot 2964546 robot Adding: [[gn:Lima]] {{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Settlement <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Lima |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = City of the Kings |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = Hoc signum vere regum est <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Lima banner.PNG |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = '''Top:''' Lima skyline, '''Middle''': [[Plaza Mayor]] de Lima, '''Bottom left:''' [[Cathedral of Lima]], '''Bottom right:''' [[Palace of Justice (Peru)|Palace of Justice]]. |image_flag = Bandera de Lima.png |flag_size = 120px |image_seal = Escudolima.PNG |seal_size = 75px |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Districts of Lima.svg |mapsize = 180px |map_caption = [[Lima Province]] and Lima within [[Peru]] <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = [[Country]] |subdivision_name = {{PER}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Peru|Region]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Lima Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Peru|Province]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Lima Province]] <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = [[Mayor of Lima|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Luis Castañeda Lossio]] |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Settled |established_date = [[January 18]], [[1535]] |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 804.3 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = 75.7 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = 5.8 |area_urban_km2 = 4319.9 |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2006 |population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/Peru-Lima.html Citypopulation.de Lima related information]</ref><ref>[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=lima-peru www.emporis.com population charts]</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 7819436 |population_density_km2 = 8544 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 9241961 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 7629407 |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi= <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = PET |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd=12|latm =02.6|lats=|latNS=S |longd=77|longm=1.7|longs=|longEW=W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 0 - 1548 |elevation_m = 0 - 1548 |elevation_ft = 0 - 5079 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = [http://www.munlima.gob.pe/ www.munlima.gob.pe] |footnotes = }} '''Lima''' is the [[capital]] and largest city of [[Peru]]. It is located in the valleys of the [[Chillón River|Chillón]], [[Rímac River|Rímac]] and [[Lurín River|Lurín]] rivers, on a coast overlooking the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It forms a [[Lima Metropolitan Area|contiguous urban area]] with the seaport of [[Callao]]. Lima was founded by [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[conquistador]] [[Francisco Pizarro]] on [[January 18]], [[1535]], as La Ciudad de los Reyes, or "The City of [[Biblical Magi|Kings]]." It became the most important city in the Spanish [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] and, after the [[Peruvian War of Independence]], was made the capital of the Republic of Peru. Today around one-third of the Peruvian population lives in the [[Lima Metropolitan Area|metropolitan area]]. ==Etymology== The first name of the city was the City of the [[Biblical Magi|Kings]] ({{Lang-es|Ciudad de los Reyes}}) because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the [[Epiphany (Christian)|Epiphany]]. However, this quickly fell into disuse, as "Lima" became the capital's name of choice. It is uncertain where this name originated; it may derive either from the [[Aymara]] word ''lima&ndash;limaq'' (yellow flower), or from [[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]] ''rimaq'' (talking), pronounced {{IPA2|'li-ma:}} in the ancient local [[Quechua I]] variety. It is worth noting that the river that feeds Lima is still called ''Rimac'', closer to the [[Quechua II]] pronunciation for "Talking river". Many speculate that the Spanish produced "Lima" in trying to reproduce what in fact was "Rimac," which they heard from local inhabitants. On the oldest Spanish maps of [[Peru]], both ''Lima'' and ''Ciudad de los Reyes'' can be seen together as names for the city. ==History== {{Main|History of Lima}} [[Image:Pachacamac.jpg|left|thumb|[[Pachacamac]] temple.]] During the early 16th century, the location of what is now the city of Lima was inhabited by several [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|amerindian]] groups under the domination of the [[Inca Empire]]. In 1532, a group of Spanish ''[[conquistador]]s'' led by [[Francisco Pizarro]] [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|defeated the Inca ruler]] and took over his empire. Pizarro initially chose the city of [[Jauja]] as his capital but found a better site in the valley of the [[Rímac River]]. There he founded his new capital on [[January 18]], [[1535]] as ''Ciudad de los Reyes''. The city gained prestige as it was designated capital of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] and site of a ''[[audiencia|Real Audiencia]]'' in 1543. The Western Hemisphere's first university, [[National University of San Marcos|San Marcos University]] was established in 1551 and its first [[printing press]] in 1584. It also became an important religious center, a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[diocese]] was established in 1541 and converted to an [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima|archdiocese]] five years later. The city flourished during the 17th century as the center of an extensive trade network which extended as far as Europe and the Philippines.<ref>Margarita Suárez, ''Desafíos transatlánticos'', pp. 252&ndash;253.</ref> However, it also suffered considerable damage from two [[earthquake]]s in 1630 and 1687. A constant danger to the city's commerce was the presence of [[piracy|pirates]] and [[privateer]]s in the Pacific Ocean. To protect the city against them, Viceroy [[Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull]] built a [[Lima City Walls|wall]] around it between 1684 and 1687. In the 18th century, Lima had to be rebuilt after being almost completely destroyed by an earthquake on [[October 28]], [[1746]]. This natural disaster led to the appearance of an intense devotion for the Lord of the Miracles, which has endured until today. [[Image:Lima1750.jpg|left|thumb|Map of Lima surrounded by its [[Lima City Walls|city walls]] in 1750.]] On [[July 28]], [[1821]], [[José de San Martín]] declared the [[Peruvian War of Independence|independence of Peru]]. After the war, endemic political turmoil and lack of economic stability slowed Lima's recovery. In the mid 19th century, an economic boom sustained by [[guano]] exports allowed for several improvements to the city. In 1872, the city walls were torn down to make way for the expansion of the city. During the 1879&ndash;1883 [[War of the Pacific]], Chilean troops occupied Lima after defeating Peruvian resistance in the battles of [[Battle of San Juan|San Juan]] and [[Battle of Miraflores|Miraflores]] destroying and burning some parts of the city. The city went through a process of urban renewal and expansion from the 1890s up to the 1920s. In the 1940s, the city started a period of rapid growth spurred by immigration from the Andean regions of Peru. Population, estimated at 600,000 in 1940, doubled by 1960 and again by 1980. Growth far outstripped public services development, giving rise to large [[shanty town]]s, known as ''[[pueblos jóvenes]]'', some of which have developed their infrastructure and become incorporated into Lima proper. ==Geography== [[Image:Lima SPOT 1048.jpg|thumb|right|Lima seen from Spot satellite]] The urban area of Lima covers about 800&nbsp;km². It is located on mostly flat terrain in the [[Sechura Desert|Peruvian coastal plain]], within the valleys of the [[Chillón River|Chillón]], [[Rímac River|Rímac]] and [[Lurín River|Lurín]] rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as 500 meters above mean sea level. Within the city exist isolated hills which are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. The San Cristobal hill in the Rimac district, which faces directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth. Metropolitan Lima has an area of 2672.28 km², of which 825.88 km² (31%) comprise the actual city and 1846.40 km² (69%) the city outskirts. The urban area extends around 60 km from north to south and around 30 km from west to east. The city center is located 15 km inland at the shore of the Rimac river, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectrical dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 out of the 43 districts of [[Lima Province]], corresponding to an urban area centered around the historic [[Lima District|Cercado de Lima]] district. The city is the core of the [[Lima Metropolitan Area]], one of the ten [[largest metropolitan areas in the Americas]]. ==Climate== {{Unreferencedsection|date=May 2008}} [[Image:Climate Chart Lima.svg|thumb|right|Weather averages for Lima International Airport.]] Lima's climate is quite mild, despite being located in the Tropics. Lima has a [[subtropical]] and [[desert]] climate, yet the microclimate also makes it very humid throughout the year. The temperatures vary from mild to warm (neither very cold or hot).The average temperature is 18&nbsp;°C to 19&nbsp;°C (60&ndash;65&nbsp;°F). The lowest temperatures vary from 12&nbsp;°C (50 °F) to around 20&nbsp;°C (68&nbsp;°F) and the high average is around 25&nbsp;°C (78&nbsp;°F), with 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F) in the warmest of days. Relative humidity is very high, and produces brief morning fog from June to December and persistent low clouds from May to November. Sunny, less moist and warm summers follow from December to April and are followed by cloudy, damp and cool winters (June to October). Rainfall is almost unknown. The yearly average of 0.7&nbsp;cm (0.3in) reported at the airport is the lowest of any large metropolitan area in the world. Inland locations receive 1 to 6&nbsp;cm of rainfall, which accumulates mainly during the winter months. Summer rain occurs in the form of isolated light and brief afternoon or evening events, leftover from afternoon storms that generate over the Andes. The peak of the 'rainy season,' which does not produce "rain" in the true sense of the word, occurs during winter when late-night/morning drizzle events (locally called 'garúa','llovizna' or '[[camanchacas]]') become frequent, leaving a light coating of dampness on the ground. All these climatic phenomena arise from the combination of semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the cold [[Humboldt Current]] just offshore. One thing to take into consideration is that because of the coast, hills and valleys, the climate varies within Lima itself. For example, in winter, the Surco area of Lima, which is closer to the coast, is cool and damp. In contrast, the more elevated next district, La Molina, will be slightly warmer and drier. The Cieneguilla area, about 30 minutes drive to the east of La Molina, provides sunshine and spring-like weather seemingly year round. Lima is described as having micro-climates: while winter is generally winter in all of Lima, a 30 minute drive in any direction can result in a slightly warmer, drier, wetter or colder area depending on the elevation and distance to the coast. The same is true for the other seasons. ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Lima}} [[Image:Lima PuebloJov 4.jpg|right|thumb|Slums in the outskirts of Lima.]] Lima ranks as the [[List of cities by population|nineteenth most populous city in the world]] with an estimated population of 7.6 million for the [[urban area]], 7.8 million for the [[Lima Province|entire province]], and 9.2 million for the [[Lima Metropolitan Area|metropolitan area]] as of 2005.<ref name="population">[http://www.inei.gob.pe/Sisd/index.asp INEI] - ''Por AÑOS ESTIMACIONES Y PROYECCIONES'' (2005)</ref> Its population features a very complex mix of racial and ethnic groups. Traditionally, ''[[Mestizos]]'' of mixed [[Europe]]an (mostly [[Spanish people|Spanish]]) and [[Amerindian]] descent are the largest contingent. The second group has its origins in [[European ethnic groups|Europe]], mostly of [[Spaniards|Spanish]] descent, but there are significant numbers of [[Italians]], [[Germans]], [[Jews]], and [[Middle East]]erners. The first settlement in what would become Lima was made up of only 117 housing blocks. In 1562, another district was built at the other side of the Rimac River and in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. Lima had, at this point in time, around 1600 inhabitants. In 1861, the amount of inhabitants surpassed 100,000, and by 1927 this amount was doubled. During the early twenty century thousands of immigrants came to the city, a significant number of French, Italians and Germans, many of them had been adapting to the Peruvian society. They organized in social clubs, and they built their own schools; for example, The American Peruvian school which is located in Miraflores, The French Alliance (Alianza Francesa de Lima) and the hospital Maison de Sante. They also influenced Peruvian cuisine, the Italians in particular exerting a strong influence in the Miraflores and San Isidro areas with their restaurants, called Trattorias. A great number of Chinese immigrants, and a lesser amount of Japanese, came to Lima and established themselves in the Barrios Altos neighborhood near downtown Lima, coming in order to work on farms and domestic services.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Lima residents refer to their Chinatown as "Calle Capon," and the city's ubiquitous Chifa restaurants -- a small, sit-down, usually Chinese-run restaurant serving the Peruvian spin on Chinese cuisine -- can be found by the dozen in this Chinese enclave. The 1950s saw the exponential increase of the city inhabitants, most of them Andean immigrants and their descendants, who settled in the northern and southern outskirts.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The political and economic instability in Peru during the latter half of the twentieth century created unprecedented poverty and violence in the towns of the countryside or [[Andean]] highlands, forcing hundreds of thousands of peasants of Amerindian descent to migrate to Lima &mdash; thus greatly augmenting Lima's population.<ref>[http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/LIb0002/cap0101.htm Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica]</ref> In the 70’s, the lacking transportation facilities for the newcomers who had to travel for hours on end to reach the city center became a problem, and it was decided that Lima should not expand any further. Unlike other ethnic groups in Lima who speak only Spanish, most of the peasant population that migrated to Lima speaks primarily [[Quechua]] or [[Aymara]], rather than Spanish. While a number of Amerindians eventually attain middle class status, others still live in shantytowns, known locally as ''[[pueblos jóvenes]]'' (young towns). These areas often lack such basic services as electricity and running water. [[Afro-Peruvians]], whose African ancestors were initially brought to the region as slaves, are yet another part of the city's ethnic quilt, and [[Asians]], an even smaller one. ==Economy== {{Unreferencedsection|date=May 2008}} [[Image:San isidro-lima.PNG|thumb|right|Lima's financial district, [[San Isidro District|San Isidro]].]] Lima is the industrial and financial center of Peru. It contains more than two thirds of its industrial production and most of its [[tertiary sector]], and is home to many national companies. The Metropolitan area, with around 7000 factories, spearheads the industrial development of the country, thanks to the quantity and quality of the available [[workforce]], cheap infrastructure and the mostly developed routes and highways in the city. The most relevant industrial sectors are textiles, clothing and food. Chemicals, fish, leather and oil derivatives are also manufactured and/or processed in Lima. The financial district is located in the district of [[San Isidro District|San Isidro]], while much of the industrial activity takes place in the area stretching west of Downtown Lima to the airport in Callao. The Callao [[seaport]] is one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America, with 75% of the country's imports and exports using it as their entry/departure point. The main export goods leaving the country through Callao are oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee. In 2004, Lima's [[GDP]] represented 45% of the country's GDP (5% more than the previous year). The GDP per capita was also higher in Lima (3525 dollars) than in the rest of the country (2625 dollars). Most of the foreign companies operating in the country have settled in Lima, which has led to the previously mentioned concentration of economic and financial activity on the city. ==Districts== {{main|List of districts of Lima}} [[Image:Church Magdalena del Mar.jpg|thumb|Church in the Magdalena del Mar district]] Lima is made up of thirty densely-populated districts, each headed by a local mayor and the Mayor of Lima, whose authority extends to these and the thirteen outer districts of the Lima province. The city's [[Historic Centre of Lima|historic centre]] is located in the [[Lima District|Cercado de Lima]] district, locally known as simply Lima, or as "El Centro" ("[[Downtown]]"), and it is home to most of the vestiges of Lima's [[colonial]] past, the Presidential Palace ({{lang-es|Palacio de Gobierno}}), the metropolitan municipal council ({{lang-es|Consejo municipal metropolitano de Lima}}), and dozens of hotels, some operating and some defunct, that used to cater to the national and international elite. The upscale [[San Isidro District|San Isidro]] district is the city's financial center. It is home to many prominent figures such as politicians and celebrities. It is also where the main banks of Peru and branch offices of world banks are headquartered. [[San Isidro District|San Isidro]] has many parks, including Parque El Olivar, which has olive trees that were brought from Spain during the seventeenth century. Another upscale district is [[Miraflores District|Miraflores]], which has many luxury hotels, shops and restaurants. [[Miraflores District|Miraflores]] has more parks and green areas in the south of Lima than most other districts. Larcomar, a popular shopping mall and entertainment center built on cliffs overlooking the [[Pacific Ocean]], featuring bars, dance clubs, movie theaters, cafes, shops, boutiques and galleries, is also located in this district. [[La Molina]] and [[Santiago de Surco]], home to the American Embassy and the exclusive Club Polo Lima respectively, are the other two wealthy districts of Lima, with wealth being concentrated in small pockets of the city's other districts. The most densely-populated districts of Lima lie in the northern and southern ends of the city (Spanish: [[Cono Norte]] and [[Cono Sur]], respectively), and they are mostly composed of Andean immigrants who arrived during the mid and late 20th century looking for better living standards and economic opportunities, or as refugees of the country's internal conflict with the [[Shining Path]] during the late 80s and early 90s. In the case of Cono Norte(North Lima), certain shopping malls like Megaplaza and Royal Plaza have been recently built in the district of Los Olivos, which is the most residential neighborhood in the Northern part of Lima. Barranco, which borders [[Miraflores District|Miraflores]] by the [[Pacific Ocean]], is known as the city's bohemian district, home or once home of many Peruvian writers and intellectuals like Mario Vargas Llosa, Chabuca Granda and Alfredo Bryce Echenique. This district has many acclaimed restaurants, music venues called "peñas" featuring the traditional folk music of coastal Peru (in Spanish, "música criolla"), and beautiful Victorian-style chalets. It along with Miraflores serves as the home to the foreign nightlife scene. ==Education== The city has the largest concentration of higher-education institutions in the country (28 universities) and schools with world-wide recognition. The [[National University of San Marcos]], founded on [[May 12]] [[1551]] during [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Spanish colonial regime]], is the oldest continuously functioning university in [[the Americas]]. Other public universities also play key roles in teaching and research, such as the [[Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina]] where ex-president [[Alberto Fujimori]] once taught, [[Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería]], among others. The [[Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú]], established in 1917, is the oldest private university. Other private institutions that are located in the city are [[Universidad de Lima]], [[Universidad Científica del Sur]], [[Universidad San Martín de Porres]], [[Universidad del Pacifico]], [[Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]], [[Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia]], [[Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas]] and [[Universidad Ricardo Palma]]. ==Transport== {{Main|Transportation of Lima}} [[Image:avenueJavierPrado.jpg|thumb|Javier Prado Avenue]] Lima is connected to the rest of the country via two main highways: the [[Pan-American Highway]] (''Carretera Panamericana'') and the Central Highway (''Carretera Central''). There are three expressways in the city; they are located at Grau, Javier Prado, and Paseo de la República avenues. Lima has a rapid transit rail system under development called the [[Lima Metro]]. This project was paralyzed in the late 1980s due to lack of funds but is now expected to be relaunched with private funding. The Metropolitan Transportation System (Sistema de Transporte Metropolitano), is an urban transport project that envisages the implementation of Corridors of High Capacity Buses (COSAC) through Lima. The COSAC-South Corridor I is currently under implementation, it runs for 15 kilometers between Construction Matenilli in Chorrillos and the Plaza Grau in downtown Lima. [[Image:Taxi Yellow Lima Peru (I).jpg|thumb|right|Taxi in Lima.]] Public transport in Lima is handled by buses, ''micros'', [[taxicab]]s, and the so-called ''mototaxis''. ''Micros'' are the most common means of public transportation in [[Lima]] and many other cities in [[Peru]]. The word ''micro'' is used in common-day Peruvian [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as an abbreviation for ''microbus'' ([[minibus]]). While the bigger vehicles are known as ''micros'', the smaller ones are known as ''combis''. These privately-owned vehicles are known for being cheap and convenient but also rather risky. Due to large margins of unemployment faced Peru in the eighties, the free importation of used cars and the fact that no authorization is required to provide municipal services, there is an over-supply of taxis. Lima is serviced by air through [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]], Peru's main hub for both national and international air traffic.<ref>Lima Airport Partners, [http://www.lap.com.pe/pdf/memorianual2004.pdf ''Annual Report'']. Retrieved on [[July 8]], [[2007]]</ref> ==Culture== The [[Historic centre of Lima]] was declared a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1988 due to its large number of historical buildings dating from the Spanish colonial era. In particular, the Plaza Mayor, with the 16th century [[Cathedral of Lima|Cathedral]] and the [[Government Palace (Peru)|Presidential Palace]], and the catacombs of the [[Convento de San Francisco]] are popular tourist attractions. Like many other world capitals, Lima is home to the most prestigious national museums, including the National Museum of Anthropology, Archeology, and History and the [[Larco Museum|Rafael Larco Herrera Archaeological Museum]], both in the [[Pueblo Libre]] district, the Museum of the Nation, the Museum of Art, the Museum of Italian Art, the Museum of the Inquisition, and many others. [[Image:PlazadeArmas.jpg|left|thumb|Plaza Mayor de Lima.]] Many small beaches, which are heavily visited during the summer months, are located along the southern [[Pan-American Highway]]. The most well-known ones are located in the districts of [[Santa María del Mar]], [[Punta Hermosa]], [[Punta Negra]], [[San Bartolo]] and [[Pucusana District|Pucusana]]. Lima's wealthy families usually go during summer to the highly exclusive beaches of [[Asia District, Peru|Asia]] 97 kilometers south of Lima. Also, the district of [[Ancón District|Ancón]], located north of the city, has a very popular beach resort. Numerous restaurants, clubs and hotels have been opened in these places to serve the many beachgoers. Lima residents also flock to the beaches in the Miraflores district. The [[suburban]] district of [[Cieneguilla]] and the town of [[Chosica]] (in the [[Lurigancho]] District) provide attractive green landscapes at a short distance from the city. Because of their elevation (over 500 meters), the sun shines in these areas even during winter and hence they are visited by residents of Lima to escape from the winter fog. Lima has a world renowned cuisine, which fuses Andean and Spanish culinary traditions, as well as some African, Asian (mainly Chinese and Japanese), French, Italian and Muslim cuisine. The city is rapidly becoming world-famous for its seafood and unique vegetables, Creole, Peruvian&ndash;Chinese (called ''chifa'') and fusion cuisine. ==Sister cities== [[Image:IMG 8118.JPG|thumb|Lima Skyline]] [[Image:Lima Peru HDR.jpg|thumb|Lima in the evening]] List of [[sister city|sister cities]], designated by [[Sister Cities International]]:<ref>Sister Cities International, [http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Americas/Peru Online Directory: Peru, Americas]. Retrieved [[July 14]], [[2007]]</ref> *{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Arequipa]], [[Perú]] *{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], [[Perú]] *{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Piura]], [[Perú]] *{{flagicon|United States}} [[New York City]], [[United States]] *{{flagicon|United States}} [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[United States]] *{{flagicon|United States}} [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[United States]], since 1981 *{{flagicon|United States}} [[Sister cities of Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[United States]] *{{flagicon|United States}} [[Miami]], [[United States]] *{{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], [[France]], since 1957 *{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Beijing]], [[China]], since [[November 21]], [[1983]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] *{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Tegucigalpa]], [[Honduras]] *{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Akhisar]], [[Turkey]] *{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], [[Canada]]{{Fact|date=February 2008}} *{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] *{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] *{{flagicon|UK}} [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]], [[United Kingdom]] == See also == *[[Lima Metropolitan Area]] *[[List of people from Lima]] *[[List of districts and neighborhoods of Lima]] *[[List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} == External links == {{commons|Lima}} * {{es icon}} [http://www.munlima.gob.pe Municipality of Lima] * [http://www.geographia.com/peru/lima/ Geographia.com] * {{es icon}} [http://www.guiacalles.com/calles/index.asp Maps] * [http://www.bvl.com.pe/english/index.html Stock Exchange] * {{Wikitravel}} {{coor title dm|12|02.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE_type:city}} {{Lima}} {{Peruviancitiesover100000}} {{South American capitals}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} <!-- Categories below this line--> <!-- Interwiki links below this line--> [[Category:Capitals in South America]] [[Category:Cities, towns and villages in the Lima Region]] [[Category:Lima| ]] [[Category:Coastal cities]] [[Category:Settlements established in 1535]] {{Link FA|de}} [[af:Lima]] [[am:ሊማ]] [[ar:ليما]] [[an:Lima]] [[frp:Lima]] [[gn:Lima]] [[ay:Lima]] [[az:Lima]] [[bn:লিমা]] [[be:Горад Ліма]] [[be-x-old:Ліма (сталіца)]] [[bs:Lima]] [[br:Lima]] [[bg:Лима]] [[ca:Lima]] [[cv:Лима]] [[cs:Lima]] [[cy:Lima]] [[da:Lima]] [[de:Lima]] [[et:Lima (Peruu)]] [[el:Λίμα]] [[es:Lima]] [[eo:Limo (Peruo)]] [[eu:Lima]] [[fa:لیما]] [[fo:Lima]] [[fr:Lima]] [[ga:Lima]] [[gd:Lima]] [[gl:Lima]] [[ko:리마]] [[hr:Lima]] [[io:Lima]] [[id:Lima, Peru]] [[ia:Lima]] [[is:Líma]] [[it:Lima]] [[he:לימה]] [[ka:ლიმა]] [[sw:Lima]] [[ht:Lima]] [[lad:Lima]] [[la:Lima]] [[lv:Lima]] [[lb:Lima]] [[lt:Lima]] [[lij:Lima]] [[hu:Lima]] [[mr:लिमा]] [[ms:Lima]] [[nah:Lima]] [[nl:Lima (stad)]] [[ja:リマ]] [[no:Lima]] [[nn:Lima]] [[nov:Lima]] [[oc:Lima]] [[pms:Lima]] [[nds:Lima]] [[pl:Lima]] [[pt:Lima]] [[crh:Lima]] [[ro:Lima]] [[rm:Lima]] [[qu:Lima]] [[ru:Лима]] [[scn:Lima]] [[simple:Lima]] [[sk:Lima]] [[sl:Lima]] [[sr:Лима]] [[sh:Lima]] [[fi:Lima]] [[sv:Lima]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Lima]] [[th:ลิมา]] [[vi:Lima]] [[tr:Lima]] [[uk:Ліма]] [[vec:Lima]] [[vo:Lima]] [[bat-smg:Lima]] [[zh:利馬]]