List of Antarctic expeditions
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[[Image:antarctica.jpg|thumb|300px||Territorial claims of Antarctica]]
This '''List of Antarctic expeditions''' is a [[chronological]] list of [[expeditions]] involving [[Antarctica]].
==Pre-expedition==
*600 - 300 [[BCE]] [[Greek philosophy|Greek Philosophers]] theorize [[Spherical Earth]] with the [[antipodes]] [[North Pole|North]] and [[South Pole|South]] [[Polar region]]s.
*150 [[CE]] [[Ptolemy]] published [[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]], which notes [[Terra Australis|Terra Australis Incognita]]
==Pre-1800s==
*1487 [[Bartolomeu Dias]] first to sail around [[Cape of Good Hope]] crosses (40° S)
*1497 [[Vasco da Gama]] sails to [[White River, South Africa]]
*[[1522]] [[Ferdinand Magellan]] - first [[circumnavigation]] discovers [[Strait of Magellan]] (54º S)
*1525 [[Francisco de Hoces]], member of the [[Loaísa Expedition]] - thought to see ''Land's End'' (56º S)
*1578 [[Francis Drake]] discovers [[Drake Passage]]
*1599 [[Dirk Gerritsz]] - potentially sails to (64° S)
*1603 [[Gabriel de Castilla]] - potentially sails to (64° S)
*1615 [[Jacob le Maire]] and [[Willem Schouten]] first to sail around [[Cape Horn]] cross (56° S)
*1619 [[Garcia de Nodal expedition]] – circumnavigate [[Tierra del Fuego]] and discover [[Diego Ramirez Islands]] ({{coor dm|56|30|S|68|43|W}})
*1642 – 1643 [[Abel Tasman]] discovers [[New Zealand]] and [[Tasmania]] (44° S)
*1675 [[Anthony de la Roché]] discovers [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] ({{coor dms|54|15|00|S|36|45|00|W|}}), the first ever land discovered south of the [[Antarctic Convergence]]
*1698 – 1699 [[Edmond Halley]] sails to (52° S)
*1720 [[Captain George Shelvocke]] – sails to (61° 30’S)
*1739 [[Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier]] – discovers [[Bouvet Island]] ({{coor dm|54|26|S|3|24|E|}})
*1771 [[James Cook]] – [[HM Bark Endeavour]] expedition
*1771 – 1772 [[French Antarctic Expedition|First French Antarctic Expedition]] - led by [[Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec]] discovers [[Kerguelen Islands]] ({{coor dm|49|15|S|69|35|E|}})
*1772 - 1775 [[James Cook]] – sails [[HMS Resolution (Cook)|HMS Resolution]] crossing [[Antarctic Circle]] in January 1773 and December 1773. On [[30 January]] [[1774]] he reaches 71°10’ S, his [[Farthest South]], coming within about 75 miles of the Antarctic mainland.
==1800s==
*1819 [[William Smith (mariner)|William Smith]] discovers [[South Shetland Islands]] ({{coor dm|62|00|S|058|00|W|}}), the first ever land discovered south of 60° south latitude.
*1819 [[San Telmo (ship)|San Telmo]] wrecks in the [[Drake Passage]] off [[Livingston Island]]
*1819 – 1821 [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] – on [[January 27]], [[1820]], discovers Antarctica mainland at [[Princess Martha Coast]] ({{coor dms|69|21|28|S|2|14|50|W|}})
*1820 [[Edward Bransfield]] & [[William Smith (mariner)|William Smith]] – on [[January 30]], [[1820]], sight [[Trinity Peninsula]] ({{coor dm|63|37|S|058|20|W|}})
*1820 [[Nathaniel Palmer]] sights Antarctica on [[November 17]], [[1820]]
*1821 [[John Davis (sealer)|John Davis]] – on [[February 7]], [[1821]] disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at [[Hughes Bay]] ({{coor dm|64|13|S|61|20|W|}})
*1823 – 1824 [[James Weddell]] – on [[February 20]], [[1823]] his ship Jane (160 tons) reached a new [[Farthest South]] of 74°15’ S ({{coor dm|74|15|S|30|12|W|}})
*1830 – 1832 [[Southern Ocean Expedition]] – sight [[Enderby Land]] ({{coor dm|67|30|S|53|0|E|}}) and [[Adelaide Island]] ({{coor d|67.25|S|68.5|W|}})
*1837 – 1840 [[French Antarctic Expedition|Second French Antarctic Expedition]] – led by [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] discovers [[Adelie Land]] (66° S)
*1838 – 1839 [[John Balleny]] discovers [[Balleny Islands]] ({{coor dm|66|55|S|163|45|E|}})
*1838 – 1842 [[United States Exploring Expedition]] – led by [[Charles Wilkes]] to [[Antarctic Peninsula]] ({{coor dm|69|30|S|065|00|W|}}) and eastern Antarctica
*1839 – 1843 [[James Clark Ross]] discovered the [[Ross Ice Shelf]], [[Ross Sea]], [[Mount Erebus]], [[Mount Terror (Antarctica)|Mount Terror]] and [[Victoria Land]]; extended his [[Farthest South]] to 78°10’ S on [[23 January]] [[1842]]
*1892 - 1893 (Jason expedition with [[Carl Anton Larsen]], 1st person to ski in Antarctica)
*1892 – 1893 [[Dundee Whaling Expedition]] discover [[Dundee Island]] ({{coor dm|63|30|S|055|55|W|}})
*1893 - 1894 (Whaling Expedition with Carl Anton Larsen)
*1893 – 1895 [[Henryk Bull]], [[Carstens Borchgrevink]] and [[Alexander von Tunzelmann]] – set foot on Antarctica at [[Cape Adare]]
*1897 – 1899 [[Belgian Antarctic Expedition]] – led by [[Adrien de Gerlache]]
*1898 – 1900 [[Southern Cross Expedition]], [[Carsten Borchgrevink]] – sails to [[Cape Adare]], winters on Antarctica and takes [[Farthest South]] on [[16 February]] [[1900]] at 78°50’ S
==1900s==
* 1901 — 1904 [[Discovery Expedition]] - led by [[Robert Falcon Scott]], on [[December 30]], [[1903]], reached (82° 17’S)
* 1901 — 1903 [[Gauss expedition]] (or [[Gauss expedition|First German Antarctic Expedition]]) - led by [[Erich von Drygalski]]
* 1901 — 1903 [[Swedish Antarctic Expedition]] – led by [[Otto Nordenskjöld]] with captain [[Carl Anton Larsen]]
* 1902 — 1904 [[Scottish National Antarctic Expedition]] – led by [[William Speirs Bruce]]
* 1903 — 1905 [[French Antarctic Expedition|Third French Antarctic Expedition]] – led by [[Jean-Baptiste Charcot]]
* 1907 — 1909 [[Nimrod Expedition]] – On [[January 9]], [[1909]], [[Ernest Shackleton]] reached 88'23S ([[Farthest South]]), and on [[January 16]], [[1909]], Professor [[Edgeworth David]] reached the [[South Magnetic Pole]] at ({{coor dm|72|25|S|155|16|E}}) (mean position)
* 1908 — 1910 [[French Antarctic Expedition|Fourth French Antarctic Expedition]] – led by [[Jean-Baptiste Charcot]]
* 1910 — 1912 [[Japanese Antarctic Expedition]] - led by [[Nobu Shirase]]
* 1910 — 1912 [[Amundsen's South Pole expedition|Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition]] - On [[December 14]], [[1911]], reached the [[South Pole]] (90° S)
* 1910 — 1913 [[Terra Nova Expedition]] - On [[January 17]], [[1912]], [[Robert Falcon Scott]], reached the [[South Pole]] (90° S)
* 1911 — 1913 [[Second German Antarctic Expedition]] - led by [[Wilhelm Filchner]]
* 1911 — 1914 [[Australasian Antarctic Expedition]] – led by [[Douglas Mawson]]
* 1914 — 1916 [[Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] – led by [[Ernest Shackleton]]
* 1914 — 1917 [[Ross Sea Party]] – led by [[Aeneas Mackintosh]]
:: The last expedition of the [[Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration]]
* 1921 — 1922 [[Shackleton-Rowett Expedition]] – led by [[Ernest Shackleton]]
* 1929 — 1931 [[British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition]]
* 1928 — 1930 [[Richard Evelyn Byrd]] - First expedition
* 1931 [[H Halvorsen]] - discovered [[Princess Astrid Coast]]
* 1931 [[Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen]] - flew over Antarctica, discovered [[Prince Olav Coast|Kronprins Olav Kyst]]
* 1933 — 1935 [[Richard Evelyn Byrd]] - Second expedition
* 1933 — 1939 [[Lincoln Ellsworth]] – Aircraft expedition
* 1934 — 1937 [[British Graham Land Expedition]]
* 1936 [[Lars Christensen]] - dropped Norwegian flag over [[Prince Harald Coast]]
* 1938 [[Third German Antarctic Expedition]] ([[New Swabia]], or ''[[New Swabia|Neuschwabenland]]'', claimed for [[Nazi Germany]]) - led by [[Alfred Ritscher]]
* 1939 — 1941 [[United States Antarctic Service Expedition]] – led by [[Richard Evelyn Byrd]]
* 1943 — 1945 [[Operation Tabarin]] - led by Lieutenant [[James Marr]]
* 1946 — 1946 [[Operation Highjump]] – led by [[Richard Evelyn Byrd]]
* 1947 — [[First Chilean Antarctic Expedition]]
* 1947 — 1948 [[Operation Windmill]] – led by Commander [[Gerald Ketchum]]
* 1947 — 1946 [[Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition]] – led by [[Finn Ronne]]
* 1949 — 1952 [[Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition]] – led by [[John Giaever]]
* 1955 — 1956 [[Operation Deep Freeze]] - led by [[Richard Evelyn Byrd]]
* 1955 — 1957 [[1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Mikhail Somov]]
* 1956 [[Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station]] established
* 1956 — 1958 [[Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] – led by [[Vivian Fuchs]]
* 1956 — 1958 [[2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Aleksei Treshnikov]]
* 1957 — 1958 [[International Geophysical Year]]
* 1957 [[Scott Base]] established
* 1957 — 1958 [[Luncke Expedition]]
* 1957 — 1959 [[3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Yevgeny Tolstikov]]
* 1958 — 1960 [[4th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Aleksandr Dralkin]]
* 1959 — 1961 [[5th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Yevgeny Korotkevich]]
* 1960 [[SANAE|South African National Antarctic Expedition]]
* 1960 — 1962 [[6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by V.Driatsky
* 1961 — 1963 [[7th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Aleksandr Dralkin]]
* 1962 — 1962 [[Vostok traverse]] - led by [[Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions]] ([[ANARE]])
* 1962 — 1964 [[8th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Mikhail Somov]]
* 1963 — 1965 [[9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Mikhail Somov]]
* 1964 — 1966 [[10th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by M.Ostrekin, I.Petrov
* 1965 — 1967 [[11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by D.Maksutov, [[Leonid Dubrovin]]
* 1966 — 1968 [[12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Pavel Senko]] and [[Vladislav Gerbovich]]
* 1967 — 1969 [[13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Aleksei Treshnikov]]
* 1968 — 1970 [[14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by D.Maksutov, [[Ernst Krenkel]]
* 1969 — 1971 [[15th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Pavel Senko]] and [[Vladislav Gerbovich]]
* 1970 — 1972 [[16th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by I.Petrov and [[Yury Tarbeyev]]
* 1971 — 1973 [[17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Yevgeny Korotkevich]], V.Averyanov
* 1972 — 1974 [[18th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Pavel Senko]]
* 1973 — 1975 [[19th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by D.Maksutov, V.Ignatov
* 1974 — 1976 [[20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by V.Serdyukov, N.Kornilov
* 1975 — 1977 [[21st Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by O.Sedov, G.Bardin
* 1976 — 1978 [[22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by N.Tyabin, [[Leonid Dubrovin]]
* 1977 — 1979 [[23rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by V.Serdyukov, O.Sedov
* 1978 — 1980 [[24th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by A.Artemyev, O.Sedov
*1979 [[Air New Zealand Flight 901]] – airplane crash
* 1979 — 1980 [[25th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by N.Kornilov, N.Tyabin
* 1980 — 1981 [[Transglobe Expedition]] - led by [[Ranulph Fiennes]]
* 1980 — 1982 [[26th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by V.Serdyukov, V.Shamontyev
* 1981 — 1983 [[27th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by D.Maksutov, R.Galkin
* 1982 [[Falkland Islands War]]
* 1982 — 1984 [[28th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by N.Kornilov, A.Artemyev
* 1983 — 1985 [[29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] - led by N.Tyabin, L.Bulatov
* 1984 - 1985 [[1st Uruguayan Antarctic Expedition - Antarkos I]] Led by Lt.Col. Omar Porciúncula
* 1984 — 1986 [[30th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] - led by D.Maksutov, R.Galkin
* 1985 — 1987 [[31st Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by N.Tyabin, V.Dubovtsev
* 1986 — 1988 [[32nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by V.Klokov, V.Vovk
* 1987 [[Iceberg B-9]] calves and carries away [[Little America (exploration base)|Little America]]s I - III
* 1987 — 1989 [[33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by N.A.Kornilov, Yu.A.Khabarov
* 1987 — 1988 [[First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition]] — [[St. Kliment Ohridski Base]] established
* 1988 — 1990 [[34th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by S.M.Pryamikov, L.V.Bulatov
* 1989 — 1991 [[35th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by V.M.Piguzov
* 1991 — 1992 [[36th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] — led by [[Lev Savatyugin]]
* 1996 [[Lake Vostok]] discovered
==2000s==
* 2004 [[BELARE Expedition]]
* 2004 – 2005 [[Tangra 2004/05]] created [[Camp Academia]].
* 2005 [[BELARE 2005 Logistics Survey Expedition]]
* 2006 – 2007 [http://www.teamn2i.com/ Team n2i] [[Kite Skiing]] expedition to the [[Southern Pole of Inaccessibility]]. [[Rupert Longsdon]], [[Henry Cookson]], [[Rory Sweet]] and guide [[Paul Landry]].
* 2007 [http://www.britishgrahamlandexpedition2007.co.uk/ British Graham Land Expedition] Independent Mountaineering expedition to the [[Antarctic Peninsula]].
* 2007 Independent South African expedition by explorers [[Sibusiso Vilane]] and Alex Harris.
* 2007 - 2008 [[Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica]] [http://traverse.npolar.no/]
* 2008 - British Antarctic Survey (Bas) led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, on the 2,200 years (ago) volcanic eruption.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7194579.stm BBC NEWS, Ancient Antarctic eruption noted]</ref>
==Agreements==
* 1959 [[Antarctic Treaty System]]
* 1964 [[Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora]]
* 1978 [[Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals]]
* 1982 [[Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources]]
* 1988 [[Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities]]
* 1998 [[Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty]]
==See also==
*[[Farthest South]]
*[[Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions]]
*[[History of Antarctica]]
*[[List of research stations in Antarctica]]
*[[List of Antarctic expeditions by the Soviet Union]]
==References==
*Savatyugin, L.M., Preobrazhenskaya, M.A. ''Russian Exploration of Antarctica'' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Российские исследования в Антарктике), published by Gidrometeoizdat, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russian Federation (Roshydromet), in 3 volumes ([http://www.aari.nw.ru/misc/publicat/docs/savatugin/savatugin.htm vol.1]:1st to 20th SAE;[http://www.aari.nw.ru/misc/publicat/docs/savatugin2/savatugin.htm vol.2]:21st to 30th SAE; [http://www.aari.nw.ru/misc/publicat/docs/savatugin3/savatugin.htm vol.3]:31st SAE to 40th RAE), Saint Petersburg, 1999, ISBN 5-286-01265-5
*''Soviet Antarctic Expedition'' : information bulletin., Amsterdam: Elsevier Pub. Co. ; New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co., 1964-, ISSN 0038-5271
==Further reading==
* Headland, Robert K. (1990). ''Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30903-4
*Landis, Marilyn J. (2003). ''Antarctica: Exploring the Extreme: 400 Years of Adventure''. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-480-3
==External links==
*[http://www.fram.museum.no/en/default.asp?page=159 Map of Antarctic Expeditions 1772 - 1931] at [[Fram Museum|The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)]]
*[http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/expeditions/ Index to Antarctic Expeditions] - at the Scott Polar Research Institute's website
*[http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/data/access/bedmap/database/bibliography.html Antarctic Expeditions] - information about some of them from the British Antarctic Survey
*[http://www.antarctic-circle.org/timeline.htm Chronologies and Timelines of Antarctic Exploration]
==References==
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[[Category:History-related lists|Antarctica expeditions]]
[[Category:Scientific expeditions]]
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