List of alchemical substances 1598325 186094570 2008-01-22T11:42:14Z MarkMLl 4680642 Cooking to calcination. Add category alchemical processes. [[alchemy|Alchemical]] studies produced a number of substances, which were later [[Systematic name|classified]] as particular chemical [[chemical compound|compounds]] or mixtures of compounds. Many of these terms were in common use into the 20th century. {{listdev}} * [[Aqua Fortis]] - [[nitric acid]], can be formed by 2 parts [[saltpetre]] in 1 part (pure) oil of vitrol([[sulfuric acid]]). (Historically, this process could not have been used, as 98% oil of vitrol was not available) * [[Aqua Ragia]]/[[Spirit of turpentine]]/[[Oil of turpentine]]/[[Gum turpentine]] - [[turpentine]], formed by the distillation of [[pine]] tree [[resin]]. * [[Aqua Regia]] (Latin: "royal water") - a mixture of aqua fortis and spirit of salt. * [[Aqua Tofani]] - [[arsenic trioxide]]. Extremely poisonous. * [[Aqua Vitae]]/[[Spirit of Wine]] - [[ethanol]], formed by distilling wine * [[Auric Hydroxide]] - formed by precipitation by potash from gold dissolved in aqua regia. * [[Bismuth]] (German: Wismuth) * [[Blende]] * [[Blue Vitriol]]/[[Bluestone]] - A mineral; [[copper(II) sulfate]] pentahydrate. * [[Brimstone]] - [[sulfur]]. :* [[Flowers of sulfur]] - formed by distilling sulfur. * [[Butter of antimony|Butter (or oil) of antimony]] - [[antimony trichloride]]. Formed by distilling roasted [[stibnite]] with corrosive sublimate, or dissolving [[stibnite]] in hot concentrated hydrochloric acid and distilling. * [[Cadmia]]/[[Tuttia]]/[[Tutty]] - probably [[zinc carbonate]]. * [[Calamine]] - [[zinc carbonate]]. * [[Calomel]]/[[horn quicksilver]]/[[horn mercury]] - [[mercury(I) chloride]], a very poisonous purgative formed by subliming a mixture of mercuric chloride and metallic mercury, triturated in a mortar and heated in an iron pot. The crust formed on the lid was ground to powder and boiled with water to remove the calomel. * [[Caustic potash]]/[[Caustic Wood Alkali]] - [[potassium hydroxide]], formed by adding lime to potash. * [[Caustic Soda]]/[[Caustic Marine Alkali]] - [[sodium hydroxide]], formed by adding lime to natron. * [[Caustic Volatile Alkali]] - [[ammonium hydroxide]]. * [[Chalk]] - a rock composed of porous biogenic [[calcium carbonate]]. * [[Chrome green]] - [[chromic oxide]] and [[cobalt oxide]]. * [[Chrome orange]] - chrome yellow and chrome red. * [[Chrome red]] - basic [[lead chromate]] - PbCrO4+PbO. * [[Chrome yellow]]/[[Paris Yellow]]/[[Leipzig Yellow]] - [[lead chromate]] - PbCrO<sub>4</sub>. * [[Cinnabar]]/[[Vermilion]] - refers to several substances, among them: [[mercury(II) sulfide]] (HgS), or native [[vermilion]] (the common ore of [[Mercury (element)|mercury]]). * [[Copper glance]] - [[copper(I) sulfide]] ore. * [[Corrosive sublimate]] - [[mercuric chloride]], formed by subliming mercury, calcined green vitriol, common salt and nitre. * [[Cuprite]] - [[copper(I) oxide]] ore. * [[Dutch White]] - a pigment, formed from one part of white lead to three of [[barium sulfate]]. * [[Flowers of antimony]] - [[antimony trioxide]], formed by roasting [[stibnite]] at high temperature and condensing the white fumes that form. * [[Fool's gold]] - a mineral; [[iron disulfide]] or [[pyrite]], can form [[oil of vitriol]] on contact with water and air. * [[Fulminating silver]] - [[silver nitride]], formed by dissolving [[silver(I) oxide]] in ammonia. Very explosive when dry. * [[Fulminating gold]] - [[gold hydrazide]], formed by adding ammonia to the auric hydroxide. When dry, can explode on concussion. * [[Galena]] - [[lead(II) sulfide]]. [[Lead]] ore. * [[Glass of Antimony]] - impure [[antimony tetroxide]], formed by roasting stibnite. A yellow pigment for glass and porcelain. * [[Glauber's Salt]] - [[sodium sulfate]]. * [[Green Vitriol]] - a mineral; [[iron(II) sulfate]] heptahydrate. (or [[ferrous sulfate]]) :* [[Marcasite]] - a mineral; [[iron disulfide]]. In moist air it turns into green vitriol. :* [[Rouge]]/[[Crocus]]/[[Colcothar]] - [[ferric oxide]], formed by burning green vitriol in air. * [[Gum Arabic]] - gum from the [[Acacia tree]]. * [[Gypsum]] - a mineral; [[calcium sulfate]]. * [[Horn silver]]/[[Argentum Cornu]] - a weathered form of [[chlorargyrite]], an ore of silver chloride. :* [[Luna cornea]] - [[silver chloride]], formed by heating horn silver till it liquifies and then cooling. * [[King's Yellow]] - formed by mixing orpiment with white arsenic. * [[Lapis solaris]] ([[barite|Bologna stone]]) - [[barium sulfide]] - 1603, [[Vincenzo Cascariolo]] * [[Lead fume]] - [[lead oxide]], found in flues at lead smelters. * [[Lime (mineral)|Lime]]/[[Quicklime]] (Burnt Lime)/[[Calx Viva]]/[[Unslaked Lime]] - [[calcium oxide]], formed by calcining [[limestone]]. :* [[Slaked Lime]] - [[calcium hydroxide]]. * [[Liver of sulfur]] - formed by fusing potash and sulfur. * [[Lunar caustic]]/[[lapis infernalis]] - [[silver nitrate]], formed by dissolving [[silver]] in aqua fortis and evaporating. * [[Lye]] - potash in a water solution, formed by leaching wood ashes. :* [[Potash]]/[[Salt of tartar]] - [[potassium carbonate]], formed by evaporating lye. :* [[Pearlash]] - formed by baking potash in a kiln. * [[Massicot]] - [[lead monoxide]]. :* [[Litharge]] - [[lead monoxide]], formed by fusing and powdering massicot. :* [[Minium]]/[[Red Lead]] - [[trilead tetroxide]], formed by roasting litharge in air. :* [[Naples yellow]]/[[Cassel yellow]] - [[oxychloride of lead]], formed by heating litharge with sal ammoniac. * [[Mercurius praecipitatus]] - red [[mercuric oxide]]. * [[Milk of Sulfur]] (lac sulphuris) - formed by adding an acid to thion hudor ([[lime sulfur]]). * [[Mosaic Gold]] - [[stannic sulfide]], formed by heating a mixture of tin filings, sulfur and sal-ammoniac. * [[Natron]] - [[sodium carbonate]]. * [[Nitrum Flammans]] - [[ammonium nitrate]]. * [[Oil of Vitriol]]/[[Spirit of Vitriol]] - [[sulfuric acid]], a weak version can be formed by heating green vitriol and blue vitriol. * [[Orpiment]] - [[arsenic trisulfide]], an ore of arsenic. * [[Pearl white]] - [[bismuth nitrate]]. * [[Philosophers' Wool]]/[[nix alba]] (white snow)/[[Zinc White]] - [[zinc oxide]], formed by burning zinc in air, used as a pigment. * [[Plumbago (disambiguation)|Plumbago]] - a mineral; [[graphite]], not discovered in pure form until 1564. * [[Powder of Algaroth]] - [[antimonious oxychloride]], formed by precipitation when a solution of butter of antimony and spirit of salt is poured into water. * [[Purple of Cassius]] - formed by precipitating a mixture of gold, [[Tin(II) chloride|stannous]] and [[Tin(IV) chloride|stannic chlorides]], with alkali. Used for glass coloring. * [[Realgar]] - [[arsenic disulfide]], an ore of arsenic. * [[Regulus of antimony]] * [[Resin of copper]] - [[copper(I) chloride]] (cuprous chloride), formed by heating copper with corrosive sublimate. * [[Sal Ammoniac]] - [[ammonium chloride]]. * [[Sal Petrae]] (Med. Latin: "stone salt")/[[Salt of Petra]]/[[Saltpetre]]/[[Nitrate of potash]] - [[potassium nitrate]], typically mined from covered dungheaps. * [[Salt]]/[[Common salt]] - A mineral; [[sodium chloride]], formed by evaporating sea-water (impure form). * [[Sodium carbonate|Soda]]/[[Soda Ash]] - [[sodium carbonate]]. * [[Spirit of box]]/[[Pyroxylic Spirit]] - distillation of [[wood alcohol]]. * [[Spirit of hartshorn|Spirit of Hartshorn]] - [[ammonia]], formed by the decomposition of sal-ammoniac by unslaked lime. * [[Sal volatile|Salt of Hartshorn/Sal Volatile]] - [[ammonium carbonate]] formed by distilling bones and horns. * [[Spirit of salt]]/[[Acidum Salis]] - the liquid form of [[hydrochloric acid]] (also called muriatic acid), formed by mixing [[Sodium chloride|common salt]] with oil of vitriol. :* [[Marine Acid Air]] - gaseous form of [[hydrochloric acid]]. * [[Spiritus fumans]] - [[stannic chloride]], formed by distilling tin with corrosive sublimate. :* [[Tin salt]] - hydrated [[tin(II) chloride|stannous chloride]]. :* [[Butter of Tin]] - hydrated [[tin(IV) chloride]]. * [[Stibnite]] - [[antimony]] or [[antimony trisulfide]], ore of antimony. * [[Sugar of Lead]] - [[lead acetate]], formed by dissolving lead oxide in vinegar. * [[Sweet Vitriol]]- [[diethyl ether]]. * [[Thion Hudor]] - [[lime sulfur]], formed by boiling flowers of sulfur with slaked lime. * [[Turpeth mineral]] - hydrolysed form of [[mercury(II) sulfate]]. * [[Verdigris]] - [[copper(II) carbonate]] or (more recently) [[copper(II) acetate]]. The carbonate is formed by weathering copper. The acetate is formed by vinegar acting on copper. One version was used as a green pigment. * [[White arsenic]] - [[arsenious oxide]], formed by subliminating arsenical soot from the roasting ovens. * [[White lead]]- [[lead carbonate]], a toxic pigment, produced by corroding stacks of lead plates with dilute vinegar beneath a heap of moistened wood shavings. (replaced by [[blanc fixe]] & [[lithopone]]) * [[White vitriol]] - [[zinc sulfate]], formed by lixiviating roasted zinc blende. * [[Venetian White]] - formed from equal parts of white lead and [[barium sulfate]]. * [[Zaffre]] - impure [[cobalt arsenate]], formed after roasting cobalt ore. * [[Zinc Blende]] - [[zinc sulfide]]. <!-- Categories --> [[Category:Chemistry lists|Alchemical substances]] [[Category:Alchemical substances|*]] [[Category:Alchemical processes|Alchemical processes]]