List of automotive superlatives 858694 224136362 2008-07-07T14:01:16Z 89.42.163.20 /* Flat-6 */ {{Original research|date=December 2007}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2007}} This page lists [[Wiktionary:superlatives|superlatives]] of the [[automobile]] industry - that is, the smallest, largest, fastest, lightest, best-selling, and other such topics. In order to keep the entries relevant, the list (except for the [[#Firsts|Firsts]] section) will be limited to automobiles built after World War II. Many odd vehicles emerged in the early days of the automobile industry. There is [[#Pre-War|a section]] for early superlatives, however. The list will also be limited to production road cars that meet the following conditions: # Vehicles constructed principally for the transport of people rather than other primary purposes. # 20 or more examples must have been made by the original vehicle manufacturer and offered for commercial sale to the public in new condition - cars modified by either professional tuners or individuals are not eligible # They must be street-legal in their intended markets and capable of passing any tests or inspections required to be granted this status # They must have been built for retail sale to consumers for their personal use on public roads - no commercial or industrial vehicles are eligible ==Some notes about units of measurement used herein== ===Engine capacity/displacement=== *1&nbsp;L = 1,000 [[cubic centimeter]]s = 61.0237 [[cubic inch]]es *1&nbsp;in³ = 16.3871 cubic centimeters ===Engine output=== [[Power (physics)|Power]] *1 [[horsepower]] (hp) = 1 brake&nbsp;hp (bhp) = 1.0139 metric&nbsp;hp ([[Horsepower#PS|PS]]) = 0.7457 [[kilowatt]]s (kW) *1 metric&nbsp;hp = 0.9863&nbsp;hp = 0.7355 kilowatts *1 kilowatt = 1.3410&nbsp;hp = 1.3596 metric&nbsp;hp [[Torque]] *1 foot-pound force of torque (&nbsp;ft•lbf''f'') = 1.3558 [[newton-meter]] (N•m) *1 newton-meter = 0.7376 foot-pound force ===Fuel economy=== *1 mile per US gallon = 1.2009 miles per imperial gallon = 0.4252 kilometers per&nbsp;L = 235.208 liters per 100 kilometers *1 mile per imperial gallon = 0.8327 miles per US gallon = 0.3540 kilometers per&nbsp;L = 282.4731 liters per 100 kilometers *1 kilometer per&nbsp;L = 2.3521 miles per US gallon = 2.8247&nbsp;miles per imperial gallon *1&nbsp;L per 100 kilometers = 235.208&nbsp;miles per US gallon = 282.4731&nbsp;miles per imperial gallon ===Power to weight or weight to power=== (See also: [[weight-to-power ratio]]) *1&nbsp;hp per [[short ton]] = 1.12&nbsp;hp per [[long ton]] = 0.82199 kilowatt per [[metric ton]] *1&nbsp;hp per long ton = 0.89286&nbsp;hp per short ton = 0.76890 kilowatt per metric ton *1 kilowatt per metric ton = 1.2166&nbsp;hp per short ton = 1.3625&nbsp;hp per long ton *1 pound per&nbsp;hp = 0.60828 kilogram per kilowatt ==Engine capacity== ===[[Flat-twin]]=== * Smallest flat-twin engine (gasoline) - 0.38&nbsp;L (375&nbsp;cc/23&nbsp;in³) - 1948 [[Citroën 2CV]] * Largest flat-twin engine (gasoline) - 4.83&nbsp;L (4838&nbsp;cc/295&nbsp;in³) - 1904 [[Lanchester 18]] [http://www.citroen.mb.ca/cItROeNeT/panhard-et-levassor/panhard-04.html] ===[[Straight-3]] (I3)=== * Smallest I3 engine (gasoline) - 0.36&nbsp;L (357&nbsp;cc/22&nbsp;in³) - 1967 [[Suzuki Fronte]] * Smallest I3 engine (Diesel) - 0.8&nbsp;L (799&nbsp;cc/48.8&nbsp;in³) - 2000 [[Smart Fortwo]] ''cdi'' * Largest I3 engine (gasoline) - 1.2&nbsp;L (1198&nbsp;cc/73&nbsp;in³) - 2002 [[Volkswagen Polo]]/[[SEAT Ibiza]]/[[Škoda Fabia]] * Largest I3 engine (Diesel) - 1.8&nbsp;L (1779&nbsp;cc/109&nbsp;in³) - 1984 [[Alfa Romeo 33]] 1.8 TD ===[[Straight-4]] (I4)=== * Smallest I4 engine (gasoline) - 0.36&nbsp;L (356&nbsp;cc/21.7&nbsp;in³) - 1963 [[Honda T360]] ''AS250E'' * Smallest I4 engine (Diesel) - 1.25&nbsp;L (1248&nbsp;cc/65&nbsp;in³) - 2003 [[Fiat Nuova Panda]] ''[[MultiJet]]'' * Largest I4 engine (gasoline) - 3.2&nbsp;L (3202&nbsp;cc/195.45&nbsp;in³) - 1965 [[IHC Scout]] * Largest I4 engine (Diesel) - 4.1&nbsp;L (4100&nbsp;cc/250.2&nbsp;in³) - [[Toyota]] [[Toyota Mega Cruiser|Mega Cruiser]] ''[[Toyota 15B-FTE engine|15B-FTE]]'' [[Diesel]] ===[[V4 engine]]=== * Smallest V4 engine - 0.7&nbsp;L (746&nbsp;cc/46&nbsp;in³) - 1960 [[Zaporozhets|ZAZ 965]] ''[[MeMZ|V4]]'' * Largest V4 engine - 2.6&nbsp;L (2568&nbsp;cc/157&nbsp;in³) - 1930 [[Lancia Lambda]] ''[[Lancia V4 engine|V4]]'' ===[[Flat-4]]=== * Smallest Flat 4 engine - 0.9&nbsp;L (897&nbsp;cc) - [[Lloyd Arabella]] * Largest Flat 4 engine - 2.5&nbsp;L (2484&nbsp;cc) - [[Lancia Gamma]] <!-- See the article for citations. --> ===[[Straight-5]] (I5)=== * Smallest I5 engine (gasoline) - 1.9&nbsp;L (1921&nbsp;cc/117&nbsp;in³) - 1981 [[Audi 100]] 1.9 E * Smallest I5 engine (Diesel) - 2.0&nbsp;L (1986&nbsp;cc/121&nbsp;in³) - 1978 [[Audi 100]] 2.0 D * Largest I5 engine (gasoline) - 3.7&nbsp;L (3653&nbsp;cc/223&nbsp;in³) - 2007 [[General Motors Corporation|GM]] ''[[GM Atlas engine#LLR|Atlas L5R 3700]]'' * Largest I5 engine (Diesel) - 3.5&nbsp;L (3469&nbsp;cc/212&nbsp;in³) - 1990 [[Toyota]] [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]] ''[[Toyota PZ engine|1PZ]]'' [[Diesel]] ===[[Straight-6]] (I6)=== * Smallest I6 engine (gasoline) - 1.1&nbsp;L (1087&nbsp;cc/68&nbsp;in³) - 1933 [[MG Cars|MG]] [[MG K-Type|K-Type]] * Smallest I6 engine (Diesel) - 2.4&nbsp;L (2383&nbsp;cc/145&nbsp;in³) - 1979 [[Volvo]] [[Volvo 200 Series#Diesel VW|240 D24 engine]] * Largest I6 engine (gasoline) - 8&nbsp;L (7983&nbsp;cc/487&nbsp;in³) - [[Bentley]] [[Bentley 8 Litre|8 Litre]] * Largest I6 engine (Diesel) - 6.7&nbsp;L (6690&nbsp;cc/408&nbsp;in³) - 2007 [[Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram 2500/3500]] ''[[Cummins]] [[Cummins B Series engine|B series turbodiesel]]'' ===[[V6 engine]]=== * Smallest V6 engine (gasoline) - 1.6&nbsp;L (1597&nbsp;cc/97&nbsp;in³) - 1992 [[Mitsubishi]] [[Mitsubishi Lancer|Lancer]] ''[[Mitsubishi 6A1 engine|6A1]]'' **Honorable mention: - 1.0&nbsp;L - 1960s [[DKW]] [[DKW F102|F102]] (a two-stroke V6) ''(about 100 produced for testing, 13 fitted to road cars)''[http://www.dyna.co.za/cars/specs.htm] **Honorable mention: - 1.4&nbsp;L (1396cc) Smart V6 consisting of two combined 3-cyl [[Smart Roadster]] engines. This twin turbocharged gasoline engine develops {{convert|225|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 5500 rpm with {{convert|162|ftlbf|Nm|abbr=on}} of torque from 2250-4500 rpm). Only 10 prototype Smart Coupé [[Brabus]] were fitted in 2003 with this engine made by [[Mercedes-Benz]]. * Smallest V6 engine (Diesel) - 2.5&nbsp;L (2496&nbsp;cc/152&nbsp;in³) - 1996 [[Audi|Audi/VW]] 2.5 TDI (in multiple cars) * Largest V6 engine (gasoline) - 7.8&nbsp;L (7800&nbsp;cc/478&nbsp;in³) - 1966 [[GMC (General Motors division)|GMC]] 1000-3500 series ''[[GMC V6 engine|478E 60° V6]]'' * Largest V6 engine (Diesel automobiles) - 4.3&nbsp;L (4304&nbsp;cc/262&nbsp;in³) - 1982 [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] Supreme, Supreme Brougham, Calais [[General Motors Corporation|GM]] ''[[Oldsmobile Diesel V6 engine|LT6]]'' ===[[Flat-6]]=== * Smallest Flat 6 engine - 2.0&nbsp;L (1991&nbsp;cc) - [[Porsche 911]] * Largest Flat 6 engine - 5.5&nbsp;L (5490&nbsp;cc) - [[Tucker Torpedo]] **Honorable mention - 9.7&nbsp;L (9651&nbsp;cc) - [[Tucker Torpedo]] prototype, never saw production ===[[V8 engine]]=== * Smallest road car V8 engine (gasoline) - 2.0&nbsp;L (1990&nbsp;cc/121&nbsp;in³) - 1975 [[Ferrari GT4#208 GT4|Ferrari 208 GT4]] * Smallest V8 engine (Diesel) - 3.3&nbsp;L (3328&nbsp;cc/203&nbsp;in³) - 2000 [[Audi A8]] ''3.3 [[Turbo Direct Injection|TDI]]'' * Largest V8 engine (gasoline) - 8.2&nbsp;L (8194&nbsp;cc/500&nbsp;in³) - 1970 [[Cadillac Eldorado]] ''[[Cadillac V8 engine#1963|500]]'' **Honorable mention: 12.8&nbsp;L (12782&nbsp;cc/780&nbsp;in³) - 2006 Weineck Cobra 780 (limited edition tuner car) * Largest V8 engine (Diesel) - 7.3&nbsp;L (7275&nbsp;cc/444&nbsp;in³) - 1997 [[Ford F-Series|Ford F250]] ''[[Ford Power Stroke engine|Power Stroke]]'' ===[[W8 engine]]=== ** Honourable mention: 4.0 L - 2002-2004 [[Volkswagen Passat]] W8 4 Motion ===[[V10 engine]]=== * Smallest V10 engine - 4.9&nbsp;L (4921&nbsp;cc/301&nbsp;in³) - [[Volkswagen Touareg]] V10 TDI * Largest V10 engine - 8.4&nbsp;L (8381&nbsp;cc/511&nbsp;in³) - 2008 [[Dodge Viper]] ===[[Flat-12]]=== * Smallest road car Flat 12 engine - 4.45&nbsp;L - [[Ferrari 365 GT4 Berlinetta Boxer]] * Largest Flat 12 engine - 5.0&nbsp;L - [[Ferrari 512 Berlinetta Boxer]] ===[[V12 engine]]=== * Smallest road car V12 engine - 2.0&nbsp;L (1995&nbsp;cc/122&nbsp;in³) - 1948 [[Ferrari 166|Ferrari 166 Inter]] ''[[Ferrari Colombo engine|Colombo]]'' ** Honorable mention: - 1.5&nbsp;L (1497&nbsp;cc/91&nbsp;in³) - 1947 [[Ferrari 125 S]] ''[[Ferrari Colombo engine|Colombo]]'' (''Not a production road car''). * Largest V12 engine - 11.5&nbsp;L (11,508c&nbsp;cc/702&nbsp;in³) - 1960 to 1965 GMC Twin-Six "[[GMC V6 engine|702]]" for commercial trucks ** Honorable mention: - 7.5&nbsp;L (7467c&nbsp;cc/456&nbsp;in³) - 1934 [[Packard Twelve Victoria]] (pre-WWII) ** Honorable mention: - 7.7&nbsp;L (7730&nbsp;cc/471&nbsp;in³) - TVR Cerbera Speed 12 (''Vehicle never reached production''). ===[[W12 engine]]=== * Largest W12 engine - 6.0&nbsp;L (5999&nbsp;cc/366 cu&nbsp;in³) 2005 [[Audi A8 Quattro]] ===[[V16 engine]]=== * Largest V16 engine - 8.0&nbsp;L (8046&nbsp;cc/491 &nbsp;in³) - [[Marmon|Marmon Sixteen]] ** Honorable mention: 13.6&nbsp;L (13600&nbsp;cc/829 &nbsp;in³) 2003 [[Cadillac Sixteen]] ([[concept car]]) * Smallest road car V16 engine - 7.1&nbsp;L (7062&nbsp;cc/431 &nbsp;in³) - [[Cadillac V-16#1938-1940|Cadillac Series 90]] ** Honorable mention: 1.5&nbsp;L (1488&nbsp;cc/91 &nbsp;in³) [[BRM British Racing Motors V16]] ''(not a production engine)'' ===[[W16 engine]]=== * Smallest W16 engine - 8.0&nbsp;L (7993&nbsp;cc) - 2005 [[Bugatti Veyron]] * Largest W16 engine - 8.0&nbsp;L (7993&nbsp;cc) - 2005 [[Bugatti Veyron]] ==Dimensions== ===Overall=== * Longest - 6650&nbsp;mm (261.8&nbsp;in) - 2006 [[Ford F-350]] Super Duty Crew Cab Long Bed ** Passenger car - 6426&nbsp;mm (253&nbsp;in) - 1975 [[Cadillac Fleetwood|Cadillac Fleetwood Seventy-Five]] [http://www.mindspring.com/~dburden/wheelbase.html] *** Honorable mention - 6400&nbsp;mm (252&nbsp;in) - 1932 [[Bugatti Royale]] (''Few produced'') ** Commercial - 6852&nbsp;mm (269.8&nbsp;in) - [[Checker Aerocar]] *** Honorable mention - 6680&nbsp;mm (263.0&nbsp;in) - 2005 [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter|Mercedes-Benz (in US Dodge) Sprinter High Roof]] * Widest - 2474&nbsp;mm - 2002 [[Unimog|Unimog U5000]] * Highest - 1632&nbsp;mm (64.3&nbsp;in) - 2006 [[Rolls Royce Phantom]] ("Highest passenger car") * Shortest - 1340&nbsp;mm (52.8&nbsp;in) - 1962 [[Peel P50]] (3 wheels) ** Honorable mention - 2286&nbsp;mm (90&nbsp;in) - 1956 [[Isetta]] (4 wheels) * Lowest - 39&nbsp;in (991&nbsp;mm) - 1967 [[Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale]] ''(18 produced)'' ** Honorable mention - 37&nbsp;in (940&nbsp;mm) - [[Concept Cars Ltd|Concept]] [[Concept Centaur GT|Centaur GT]] ''(Not a production car)'' ** Honorable mention - 32&nbsp;in (813&nbsp;mm) - [[Adams Brothers]] [[Probe 16]] ''(Only 3 produced)'' ===Wheelbase=== * Longest wheelbase - 4475&nbsp;mm (176.2&nbsp;in) - 2006 [[Ford F-Series|Ford F-350 Super Duty Chassis Crew Cab]] (truck) ** Honorable mention - 3900&nbsp;mm (153.3&nbsp;in) - 1964 [[Mercedes-Benz 600]] - longest wheelbase car ** Honorable mention - 4800&nbsp;mm (189&nbsp;in) - [[Checker Aerocar]] (''Not a consumer vehicle'') * Shortest wheelbase - 1270&nbsp;mm (50&nbsp;in) - 1962 [[Peel P50]] ** Honorable mention - 1500&nbsp;mm (59.1&nbsp;in) - 1956 [[Isetta]] ** Honorable mention - 1800&nbsp;mm (70.9&nbsp;in) - 2003 [[Suzuki Twin]] ===Track=== * Widest Front - {{convert|1920|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} - 2002 [[Unimog|Unimog U5000]] * Widest Rear - {{convert|1920|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} - 2002 [[Unimog|Unimog U5000]] * Narrowest Front - 990&nbsp;mm (39&nbsp;in) - [[Peel P50]] * Narrowest Rear - 521&nbsp;mm (20.5&nbsp;in) - [[Isetta]] ===Weight=== * Heaviest - 3681&nbsp;kg (8114&nbsp;lb) [[curb weight]] - 2006 [[Hummer H1|Hummer H1 Alpha Wagon]] * Lightest - 59&nbsp;kg (132&nbsp;lb) [[DIN]] - 1962 [[Peel P50]] (3 wheels) ** Honorable mention - 350&nbsp;kg (770&nbsp;lb) [[DIN]] - 1956 [[Isetta]] (4 wheels) ===Other=== * Largest iron [[disc brake|brake disc]] - 405&nbsp;mm (16&nbsp;in) - 2004 [[Bentley Continental GT]] * Largest carbon ceramic [[disc brake|brake disc]] - 420&nbsp;mm (16.5&nbsp;in) - 2006 [[Bentley Continental GT]] Diamond Series, 2007 [[Bentley Continental GT]] Speed * Largest fuel tank - {{Convert|290|L|usgal impgal|1|abbr=on|lk=on}} - 1986 [[Lamborghini LM002]] * Largest tires (height) - 1041.4&nbsp;mm (41&nbsp;in) - 2006 [[International CXT]] * Largest tires (weight) - 90.71&nbsp;kg (200&nbsp;lb) - 2006 [[International CXT]] ==Power== ===Most power=== * Petrol/Gasoline - ([[naturally-aspirated]]) - 485&nbsp;kW (660&nbsp;[[horse power#PS|PS]]/651&nbsp;[[horse power|hp]]) - 2003 [[Enzo Ferrari (car)|Enzo Ferrari]] V12 engine ** Honorable mention: 820&nbsp;kW (1115&nbsp;PS/1100&nbsp;hp) - 2006 Weineck Cobra 780 (limited edition tuner car) * Front-wheel drive: 226&nbsp;kW (307&nbsp;PS/303&nbsp;hp) - [[GM LS engine#LS4|GM LS4]], 2005 [[Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala SS]] and [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo SS]] ** Honorable mention: 298&nbsp;kW (400&nbsp;hp) 1970 Cadillac Eldorado (400hp and 550ft/lbs measured at the crank) *Petrol/Gasoline - (forced-induction) - 736&nbsp;kW (1001&nbsp;PS/987&nbsp;hp) - 2005 [[Bugatti Veyron]] ([[Turbocharger|quad-turbocharged]] W16 engine) ** Honorable mention: 879.9&nbsp;kW (1196&nbsp;PS/1180&nbsp;hp) - [[SSC Aero|2007 SSC Ultimate Aero TT]] (appears that less than 20 will be produced) *[[Diesel]] - 368&nbsp;kW (500&nbsp;PS/493&nbsp;hp) - [[List of Volkswagen engines#500 hp 6.0L V12 TDI|Audi V12 TDI]] in the [[Audi Q7]] ===Most torque=== *Petrol (naturally-aspirated) - 775&nbsp;N·m (572&nbsp;ft·lbf), 1997 [[Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR]] 6.9&nbsp;L (5987&nbsp;cc/365&nbsp;in³) [[Mercedes-Benz M120 engine|M120 V12 engine]]. ** Honorable Mention: 1760&nbsp;N·m (1298.1&nbsp;ft·lbf), [[Weineck Cobra Limited Edition|2006 Weineck Cobra 780 cui Limited Edition]] (12782&nbsp;cc/780&nbsp;in³) V8 engine. (Production car status is debatable.) *Petrol (forced-induction) - 1250&nbsp;N·m (922&nbsp;ft·lbf), 2005 [[Bugatti Veyron]] 8.0&nbsp;L (7993&nbsp;cc/488&nbsp;in³) [[Turbocharger|quad-turbocharged]] W16 engine. ** Honorable Mention: 1303&nbsp;N·m (961&nbsp;ft·lbf), [[SSC Aero|2007 SSC Ultimate Aero TT]] (6345&nbsp;cc/387.2&nbsp;in³) [[Turbocharger|twin-turbo]] V8 engine. (limited production of 25) *Diesel - 1000&nbsp;N·m (738&nbsp;ft·lbf), Audi Q7 V12 TDI 6.0&nbsp;L (5934&nbsp;cc/362&nbsp;in³) Twin Turbo V12 ===Most specific power (power to weight ratio)=== * 100–200&nbsp;hp — 288.75&nbsp;hp/metric ton (7.64&nbsp;lb/hp) — [[Lotus 340R]], 190&nbsp;hp (142&nbsp;kW) and 658&nbsp;kg (1451&nbsp;lb) * 200–300&nbsp;hp — 657&nbsp;hp/metric ton (3.35&nbsp;lb/hp) — [[Ariel Atom]] 2 [[supercharged]] 300&nbsp;hp (224&nbsp;kW) and 456&nbsp;kg (1005&nbsp;lb) * 300–400&nbsp;hp — 381&nbsp;hp/metric ton (5.79&nbsp;lb/hp) — 2003 [[TVR Tuscan]] S 400&nbsp;hp (298&nbsp;kW) and 1050&nbsp;kg (2315&nbsp;lb) * 400+&nbsp;hp — 1045&nbsp;hp/metric ton (1.91&nbsp;lb/hp) - 2007 [[Caparo T1]] V8 engine 575&nbsp;hp (429&nbsp;kW) and 470&nbsp;kg (1036&nbsp;lb) 400+ category previously listed as 949&nbsp;hp/metric ton (2.33&nbsp;lb/hp) — [[SSC Aero|2007 SSC Ultimate Aero TT]] V8 engine 1180&nbsp;hp (880&nbsp;kW) and 1247&nbsp;kg (2750&nbsp;lb). ===Most specific engine output (power per unit displacement)=== *Petrol/Gasoline ([[naturally-aspirated]]) [[piston engine]] - 92.1&nbsp;kW (125.2&nbsp;PS/123.7&nbsp;hp)/litre - 2000 JDM [[Honda S2000]] ''[[Honda F20C engine|F20C]]'' (184&nbsp;kW (250&nbsp;PS/247&nbsp;hp) [[JIS]] 2.0&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]]) :* Honorable Mention 126.49hp/litre - [[Ascari A10]] (625hp/466kW/634PS 4941cc [[V-8|V8]]) (Limited production, only 50 to be produced) :* Honorable mention: 125.3&nbsp;kW (168&nbsp;hp)/litre - 2002 [[Radical Sportscars]] ''SR3'' (252&nbsp;hp (184&nbsp;kW) 1.5&nbsp;L I4 engine) - (''Note:'' The Radical's status as a production car is disputed, and numbers refer to the competition version, there are no official data for the road version) *Petrol/Gasoline (forced-induction) [[piston engine]] - 149&nbsp;kW (203&nbsp;PS/200&nbsp;hp)/litre 400&nbsp;hp - 2005 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII FQ400 (298&nbsp;kW (405&nbsp;PS/400&nbsp;hp) 2.0&nbsp;L [[straight-4|I4]] (''The FQ400's status as a "production car" is disputed'') *[[Diesel]] ([[naturally-aspirated]]) - 33.4&nbsp;kW (45.4&nbsp;PS/44.7&nbsp;hp)/litre (100&nbsp;kW (136&nbsp;PS/134&nbsp;hp) [[DIN]] 3.0&nbsp;L [[Straight-6|I6]]) - 1995 [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|Mercedes E 300 D]] *[[Diesel]] (forced-induction) - 75.2&nbsp;kW (102,2&nbsp;PS)/litre (150&nbsp;kW (204&nbsp;PS) 2.0&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]] twin-turbo) - 2007 [[BMW]] new [[List of BMW engines#Straight-4|2L engines]] ** Honorable Mention: 81.6&nbsp;kW (111&nbsp;PS/109.5&nbsp;hp)/litre (156&nbsp;kW (212&nbsp;PS/209&nbsp;hp) 1.9&nbsp;L I4 twin-turbo) - 2003 [[Opel Vectra]] OPC Concept (''Not a production vehicle'') *[[Naturally-aspirated]] [[pistonless rotary engine]] - 140.5&nbsp;kW (191.1&nbsp;PS/188.8&nbsp;hp) /litre - [[Mazda RX-8]] ''[[Mazda Wankel engine#Renesis|Renesis]]'' (184&nbsp;kW (250&nbsp;PS/247&nbsp;hp) [[Japanese Industrial Standard|JIS]] 1.3&nbsp;L) *Forced-induction [[pistonless rotary engine]] - 157.4&nbsp;kW (214.1&nbsp;PS/212.3&nbsp;hp)/litre - 2003 [[Mazda RX-7]] ''[[Mazda Wankel engine#13B|13B-REW]]'' (206&nbsp;kW (280&nbsp;PS/276&nbsp;hp [[Japanese Industrial Standard|JIS]] 1.3&nbsp;L)( Numbers based on insurance claims for lower premiums, all Japanese supercars of that era (1988 to 2003) were rated at 276hp) ===Most specific torque (torque per unit displacement)=== The [[mean effective pressure]] (MEP) is a useful comparison tool, giving the average cylinder pressure exerted on the piston. *Petrol ([[naturally-aspirated]]) - MEP 14.3&nbsp;bar, 114&nbsp;N•m (84&nbsp;ft•lbf)/litre (370&nbsp;N•m (273&nbsp;ft•lbf)) - 2003 [[BMW M3]] ''CSL'' *Petrol (forced-induction) - MEP 30.3&nbsp;bar, 241.4&nbsp;N•m (177.7&nbsp;ft•lbf)/litre (482.1&nbsp;N•m (355&nbsp;ft•lbf)) - 2004 [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution|Mitsubishi Evo VIII]] ''MR FQ-400'' ** Honorable mention: MEP unknown, 157&nbsp;N•m (115.8&nbsp;ft•lbf)/litre - 156&nbsp;N•m/115&nbsp;ft•lbf [[Suzuki Forsa]] (Turbocharged L3 Sohc 993cc) *Petrol ([[naturally-aspirated]] [[pistonless rotary engine]]) - MEP 21.5&nbsp;bar, 170.8&nbsp;N•m (126.0&nbsp;ft•lbf)/litre (222&nbsp;N•m (164&nbsp;ft•lbf)) - 2005 [[Mazda RX-8]] *Petrol (forced-induction [[pistonless rotary engine]]) - MEP 28.4&nbsp;bar, 226.3&nbsp;N•m (166.9&nbsp;ft•lbf)/litre (294&nbsp;N•m (217&nbsp;ft•lbf)) - 1995 [[Mazda RX-7]] ''Turbo'' *Diesel - MEP unknown, 209&nbsp;N•m (154.1&nbsp;ft•lbf)/litre (400&nbsp;N•m (294&nbsp;ft•lbf)) - 2007 [[Fiat]] new 1.9 [[JTD]] [[Twin Stage Turbo]] engine (''also used on 2007 [[Saab 9-3]] 1.9 TTiD'') ** Honorable mention: MEP 26.5&nbsp;bar, 210.5&nbsp;N•m (154.8&nbsp;ft•lbf)/litre (400&nbsp;N•m (294&nbsp;ft•lbf)) - 2003 [[Opel Vectra]] OPC Concept (''Not a production vehicle'') ==Economy== * Highest USA [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] mileage - {{convert|48|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}/{{convert|60|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} - 2001 [[Honda Insight]] 5-speed ** Note: in 2007 the EPA changed its measurement standards, changing the rating to {{convert|48|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}/{{convert|58|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} * Lowest USA EPA mileage - {{convert|8|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}/{{convert|12|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}} - 2008 [[Hummer H2]] * Lowest EU fuel consumption - {{convert|2.99|L/100 km|abbr=on}} - 2002 [[VW Lupo]] 1.2 TDI 5-speed ** Honorable mention: {{convert|0.89|L/100 km|abbr=on}} - 2002 [[Volkswagen 1-litre car]] (''Not a production car'') [http://www.seriouswheels.com/top-vw-1-liter-car.htm] * Highest EU fuel consumption - {{convert|24.1|L/100 km|abbr=on}} combined city/hwy 2008 [[Bugatti Veyron]] 16.4 * Longest 90% range - 1500&nbsp;km (932&nbsp;mi) - 2005 Mercedes E220 CDI with 6-speed manual and optional {{Convert|80|L|usgal impgal|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} fuel tank, calculated by using extra-urban Euro cycle mileage of {{convert|4.8|L/100 km|abbr=on}} ==Price== * Most expensive - $1,600,000 - 2006 [[Bugatti Veyron]] * Most inexpensive - $125 - 1922 [[Briggs & Stratton Flyer]] ($1,364.22 in 2006, inflation adjusted) Note that this would be the factory price. The car is probably worth more due to its collector's value. * Most inexpensive (currently in production) - $2500 [[Tata Nano]] ==Performance== {{Mergefrom|Fastest production car|Talk:Fastest production car#Merger proposal|date=November 2007}} * Quickest 0-60&nbsp;mph (roughly equal to 0-100&nbsp;km/h): ** 2.46 seconds - 2006 [[Bugatti Veyron]] {{Fact|date=June 2007}} ** 4 seater - 3.5 seconds - 2009 [[Nissan GT-R]]<ref>[http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FullTests/articleId=124017 2009 Nissan GT-R - Full Test: InsideLine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ** 4-door car - 3.5 seconds - 2005 [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution|Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII FQ400]] 2.0&nbsp;L {{Fact|date=November 2007}} ** Pickup truck - 4.9 seconds - 2004 [[Dodge Ram SRT-10]] {{Fact|date=November 2007}} ***Honorable mention: 1991 [[GMC Syclone]] - Car & Driver got 0-60 in 4.6 Seconds (Nov '90) and later 5.3 Seconds (Sep '91), Sport Truck (Jan '91) got 4.8 seconds, Off Road magazine (Feb '91) got 4.3 Seconds (Feb '91), and Autoweek got 5.2 seconds but quoted GMC's estimate of 4.6 seconds and cited unfavorable temperature and track conditions. ** Sport Utility Vehicle - 4.5 seconds - 2007 [[Jeep]] ''Grand Cherokee SRT8'' {{Fact|date=November 2007}} * Quickest 0-200 km/h (124 mph) - 7.4 seconds - Auto Motor und Sport - 2006 Bugatti Veyron 16.4 {{Fact|date=November 2007}} * Quickest 0-300 km/h time (185 mph) - 18.2 seconds, Auto Motor Und Sport - 2006 Bugatti Veyron 16.4 * Quickest 0-400 km/h time (248 mph) - 55 seconds - 2006 Bugatti Veyron 16.4 {{Fact|date=November 2007}} * Quickest 0-100-0&nbsp;mph: sports car: [[Caparo T1]] it goes 0-100 MPH in under 5 seconds **Sports car (2 seat) - 9.9 sec - 2006 Bugatti Veyron {{Fact|date=June 2007}}<!--Autocar Magazine?--> ***Honorable mention: 9.4 seconds - 2006 [[Ultima GTR]]-720<sup>[http://www.ultimasports.co.uk/records/part6.html]</sup> - (''Note:'' production numbers for GTR-720 are not available and the GTR's status as a "production car" is disputed.) * Highest top speed: ** Sports car - 411&nbsp;km/h (255&nbsp;mph) - [[SSC Aero|2007 SSC Ultimate Aero TT]] {{Fact|date=November 2007}} *** Honorable Mention: 407&nbsp;km/h (253&nbsp;mph) - [[Bugatti Veyron 16.4]] {{Fact|date=November 2007}} ** 4-door car - 366&nbsp;km/h (227&nbsp;mph) - [[Brabus Rocket]]<sup>[http://www.worldcarfans.com/7061121.002/brabus-rockets-to-366km-h-world-record]</sup> ** Pickup truck/Utility - 271.44&nbsp;km/h (168.66&nbsp;mph) - [[Holden Special Vehicles#World Record|2006 HSV Maloo R8]] {{Fact|date=November 2007}} ***Honorable mention: 360.9&nbsp;km/h (225.609&nbsp;mph) Estate Car - [[MG ZT-T]] (One-off modified for land speed record use) ==Sales== :''See also [[List of bestselling vehicle nameplates]]'' * Best-selling models: ** Best-selling car nameplate - [[Toyota Corolla]] ''(more than 32,000,000 sold in nine generations since 1966)'' ** Best-selling vehicle nameplate - [[Toyota Corolla]] ''(more than 32,000,000 sold in nine generations since 1966)'' ** Best-selling single model - [[Volkswagen Beetle]] ''(21,529,464 of the same basic design sold worldwide between 1938 and 2003)'' ** Best single-year sales - 1.36 million - 2005 [[Toyota Corolla]]. ** Best single-month sales - 126,905 - July 2005 [[Ford F-Series]] [http://www.ford-trucks.com/news/idx/12/264/2005/article/FORD_FSERIES_SETS_NEW_MONTHLY_SALES_RECORD_.html] ** Best-selling coupe - [[Ford Mustang]] (1964–present) — over ''8,000,000'' in five generations. ** Best-selling 2-seat car - [[Chevrolet Corvette]] ''(1,302,401 sold between 1953 and 2003 (1,407,858 between 1953 and 2006, not including 2006 Z06)) [http://www.corvetteactioncenter.com/specs/totalprod.html] ** Best Selling Minivan - [[Dodge Caravan]], over 11,000,000 sold. * Lowest-production models: ''(excluding limited-production vehicles)'' ** Pickup truck - avg. 223 per month, [[Lincoln Blackwood]] ''(3,356 sold in 15 months)'' ** Sports car - avg. 6 per month, [[Toyota 2000GT]] ''(337 sold in 5 years)'' ** SUV - avg. 4 per month, [[Lamborghini LM002]] ''(301 sold in 6 years)'' ** Supercar - avg. 2 per month, [[MG XPower SV]] ''(64 sold in 2 years)'' ==Firsts== Full-production vehicles are listed here. Many were preceded by racing-only cars. ===Industry=== * First automobile manufacturer - [[Benz]] (1871), [[Panhard|Panhard et Levassor]] (1889) (followed by [[Peugeot]] in 1891) * First standardized automobile - [[Benz Velo]] (1894) or [[Duryea Motor Wagon]] (1893) * First mass-produced automobile - [[Oldsmobile Curved Dash]] (1901){{Fact|date=October 2007}}<!--Other articles in WP claim different, including [[Duryea]] & [[Benz]], not counting the [[Model T]]...--> ** Honorable Mention - [[Ford Model T]], first car produced on a moving assembly line. * First auto company technical institute - [[General Motors Institute]] (now [[Kettering University]]) * First automotive proving ground - [[General Motors]] [[Milford Proving Grounds]] ===Engine types=== * [[V4 engine]] ** First V4 - 1922 [[Lancia Lambda]] *** Honorable mention - 1903 [[Marmon]] ''(few produced)'' *** Honorable mention - 1904 [[Christie]] ''(race only, few produced)'' * [[Straight-6]] ** First 6-cylinder - 1903 [[Napier & Son]] ''(few produced)'' * [[V6 engine]] ** First V6 - 1950 [[Lancia Aurelia]] *** Honorable mention - 1904 [[Marmon]] ''(few produced)'' * [[Straight-8]] ** First I8 - 1919 [[Isotta-Fraschini]] Tipo 8 *** Honorable mention - 1903 [[Charron, Girardot et Voigt|CGV]] (first eight-cylinder design; none built)<ref>Georgano, G. N. ''Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930''. (London: Grange-Universal, 1990), p.42.</ref> *** Honorable mention - 1920 [[Duesenberg]] Model A * [[V8 engine]] ** First V8 - 1904 [[Marmon]] ''(few produced)'' *** Honorable mention - [[Rolls-Royce V-8 (1905)|1905 Rolls-Royce V-8]]<ref>Georgano, p.43.</ref> ''(three produced, one sold, none surviving)'' ** First commercially successful V8 - 1910 [[de Dion]] CJ<ref>Wise, David Burgess, "De Dion: The Aristocrat and the Toymaker", in Ward, Ian, executive editor. ''The World of Automobiles'' (London: Orbis Publishing, 1974), Volume 5, p.514</ref><ref>[[de Dion]]</ref> ** First [[Overhead valve|OHV]] V8 - 1949 [[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile]]/[[Cadillac V8 engine#1949|Cadillac]] (Not the same engine, but both released the same year) * [[V10 engine]] ** First V10 (road car) - 1992 [[Dodge Viper]] (Previously V10s were only used in race cars and trucks) ** First V10 sedan - 2002 [[Volkswagen Phaeton]] ** First V10 wagon - 2007 [[BMW M5|BMW M5 Touring]] * [[V12 engine]] ** First V12 - 1916 [[Packard]] "Double-Six" *[[W12 engine]] ** First W12 - 2001 [[Audi A8]] (5998 cc W12 engine - four banks - two banks per cylinder head, with two cylinder heads) *[[V16 engine]] ** First V16 - 1930 [[Cadillac V-16]] *** Honorable mention - 1931 [[Marmon]] and 1932 [[Peerless]] *[[W16 engine]] ** First W16 - [[Bugatti Veyron 16.4]] *** [[Jimenez Novia]] (used a 4.1&nbsp;L W16 based on four I4 Yamaha motorcycle engines.) *[[W18 engine]] **No production cars yet are known to use a W-18 configuration, however [[Bugatti]] has experimented with both three-bank and four-bank designs for various [[concept cars]]. ===Engine technologies=== * First [[carburetor]] - 1896 [[Daimler]] * First [[overhead cam]] engine - 1898 [[Wilkinson Motor Car Company|Wilkinson]] * First [[variable displacement]] engine - 1905 [[Sturtevant]] 38/45 six ** Honorable mention - 1917 [[Enger Motor Car|Enger]] Twin-Unit Twelve * First [[DOHC]] engine - 1921 [[Ballot (automobile)|Ballot]] ** Honorable mention - 1913 [[Peugeot]] (DOHC four-valve [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix]] car) * First [[Diesel]]-engined production car &mdash; 1935 [[Citroen]] [[Citroen Rosalie|Rosalie]]. * [[Multi-valve]] engines ** First 3-valve engine - 1924 [[Bugatti]] [[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35]] ''([[Bugatti Type 18|Type 18]] had a 3-valve in 1912, but only 6 or 7 were made. The Type 35 used the engine from the 1922 [[Bugatti Type 29|Type 29]] racing car.)'' ** First 4-valve engine - 1913 [[Peugeot Grand Prix]] *** Honorable mentions - An [[SOHC]] 4-valve engine appeared in 1910's [[Bugatti Type 13]] racing car, while a 4-valve [[straight-4]] was also developed by Bugatti in 1914. The [[Linthwaite-Hussey Motor Company]] of Los Angeles manufactured and advertised a four-valve straight-4 engine in 1916. ** First 5-valve engine - 1989 [[Mitsubishi Minica]] 548 cc [[Mitsubishi 3G8 engine|3G81]] I3 ''([[Peugeot]] had a triple overhead cam 5-valve [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix]] car in 1921).'' ** First 6-valve engine - 1985 [[Maserati Biturbo]] 2.0L V6 36V 261&nbsp;hp (prototype) ** First 3-valve [[Diesel]] - 1989 [[Citroën]] [[Citroën XM|XM]] ** First 4-valve [[Diesel]] - 1993 [[Mercedes-Benz]] [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class|C-Class]] (''OM604 engine'') ** First [[multi-valve]] [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] engine - 1980 [[Maserati]] [[Maserati Biturbo|Biturbo]] ''[[AM452]]'' * First [[carburetor]] air filter - 1915 [[Packard]] Twin Six ** Honorable mention - 1922 [[Rickenbacker (car)|Rickenbacker]] had a modern dry element * First [[crankcase ventilation]] - 1926 [[Cadillac V8 engine]] * First automatic [[choke]] - 1932 [[Oldsmobile]] * First four-barrel [[carburetor]] - 1941 [[Buick]] * [[Fuel injection]] ** First FI engine - 1910 [[Adams-Farwell]] [[Diesel]] ** First non-[[Diesel]] FI engine - 1952 [[Goliath GP 700]] / [[Gutbrod Superior 600]] ** First [[gasoline direct injection]] - 1952 [[Goliath GP 700]] / [[Gotbrud Superior 600]] ** First electronic [[fuel injection]] - 1968 [[Bosch]] D-Jetronic - [[Volkswagen]] [[VW Type 3|Type 3]]/[[VW Type 4|Type 4]] ** First [[Diesel]] direct injection engine - 1986 [[Fiat Croma]] Turbo D i.d. ** First electronic gasoline direct injection - 1996 [[Mitsubishi Galant]]/[[Mitsubishi Legnum|Legnum]] ''[[Mitsubishi 4G9 engine#4G93|4G93]]'' GDI [[Straight-4|I4]] ** First [[common rail]] diesel direct injection engine - 1997 [[Alfa Romeo 156]] JTD * First [[Supercharger|supercharged]] car - 1921 [[Mercedes (car)|Mercedes]] 6/25/40 hp ** Honorable mention - 1906 Chadwick ''(6 produced)'' * First [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] car - 1962 [[Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile F-85]] ''[[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Turbo Jetfire|Turbo Jetfire]]'' ** Honorable mention - 1962 [[Chevrolet Corvair]] ''[[Chevrolet Corvair engine|flat-6]]'' * First [[Turbodiesel|turbocharged diesel]] car - 1978 [[Mercedes-Benz W116|Mercedes-Benz 300SD]] ** Honorable mention - 1978 [[Peugeot 604]] * First variable-nozzle [[turbocharger]] - 1989 [[Shelby CSX#CSX-VNT|Shelby CSX-VNT]]/[[Garrett Systems]] ** Honorable mention - 2006 [[Porsche 997#Turbo|Porsche 911 Turbo]]/[[BorgWarner]] * First quad-[[turbocharged]] car - [[Bugatti EB110]] * First supercharged and turbocharged car - 1985 [[Lancia Delta S4]] (Homologation special, 200 road cars produced for [[Group B]] regulations) ** Honorable mention - 1989 Nissan [[March Superturbo]] ''[[Nissan MA MA09ERT|MA09ERT]]'' * First point ignition - 1910 [[Cadillac Model Thirty]]/[[Delco]] * First electronic ignition - 1960 [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]/[[Delco]] * First alternator - 1960 [[Chrysler Corporation]], [[Plymouth Valiant]] * First [[flat-engine]] - 1905 [[Knox (automobile)|Knox]] * First [[Oversquare|square]] engine - 1906 [[Premier (automobile)|Premier]] * First engine with removable cylinder head - 1908 [[Ford Model T]] * First counterbalanced [[crankshaft]] - 1908 [[Mercer]] Type 35 * First [[V engine|split-plane]] [[crankshaft]] - 1923 [[Cadillac V8 engine]] * [[Variable valve timing]] ** First VVT engine - 1980 [[Alfa Romeo Spider]] 2.0&nbsp;L ** First electronic VVT - 1987 [[Nissan 300ZX]] ''[[Nissan VG engine#VG30DE|VG30DE]]'' [[N-VCT|NVCS]] V6 * First [[gas turbine]] car - 1950 [[Rover (car)|Rover]] JET 1 ''(Experimental only; no gas turbine car ever reached real production)'' * [[Wankel engine]]s ** First [[Wankel engine]] - 1964 [[NSU Motorenwerke AG|NSU]] Spider ** First 2-rotor Wankel - 1965 [[Mazda Cosmo]] ''(60 preproduction examples were produced and registered)'' *** Honorable mention - 1966 [[NSU Ro 80]] ** First 3-rotor [[Wankel engine]] - 1991 [[Mazda Cosmo]] *** Honorable mentions - 1969 [[Mercedes-Benz C111]] and 1970 [[Felix Wankel]]-refitted [[Mercedes-Benz 300SL]] ''(Not production cars)'' ** First [[turbocharger|turbo]] Wankel engine - 1982 [[Mazda Luce]]/[[Mazda Cosmo|Cosmo]] ** First front-wheel drive car with Wankel engine - 1966 [[NSU Ro 80]] * First [[Miller cycle]] engine - 1996 [[Mazda Millenia]] * First [[Atkinson cycle]] engine - 2004 [[Toyota Prius]] and [[Ford Escape Hybrid]] * First [[Hydrogen vehicle]] - 2006 [[Mazda RX-8]] (Japan commercial leases only) * First [[California]] [[Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|ULEV emissions]] compliant - 1995 [[Honda Accord]] * First [[sleeve valve]] - 1909 [[Daimler]] (used [[Charles Yale Knight|Charles Knight]] 1903 design)<ref>Georgano, p.43.</ref> ===Hybrid vehicles=== * First gas-electric hybrid - 1899 [[Lohner Carriage|Lohner]]-[[Ferdinand Porsche|Porsche]] Mixte (''about 300 produced'') * First modern hybrid car - 1904 [[Auto-Mixte]] ([[Belgium]])<!-- same modern system used with regenerating energy from braking and that the petrol engine kicks in when some extra oomph is needed--> * First modern hybrid car - 1997 [[Toyota Prius]] NHW10/[[Honda Insight]] (Japan) * First hybrid [[bus]] - 1997 [[Hino Motors|Hino]] (Japan) * First [[all-wheel drive]] hybrid - 2004 [[Ford Escape Hybrid]] * First hybrid [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] - 2004 [[Ford Escape Hybrid]] * First hybrid [[luxury car]] - 2005 [[Lexus RX 400h]] (introduced January 2004) * First hybrid [[pickup truck]] - 2005 [[Chevrolet Silverado#Hybrid|Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Hybrid]] * First [[rear-wheel drive]] hybrid car - 2007 [[Lexus GS#GS 450h|Lexus GS450h]] (on sale March 16, 2006 in Japan) * First three-cylinder hybrid - 1999 [[Honda Insight]] * First four-cylinder hybrid - 1997 [[Toyota Prius]] NHW10 (Japan) * First six-cylinder hybrid - 2005 [[Lexus RX 400h]] (introduced January 2004) ===Body=== * First [[sedan]] &mdash; 1911 [[Speedwell Motor Car Company]] * First motorized [[truck]] &mdash; October 1896 [[Daimler-Benz|Daimler]] * First production closed-body car - 1910 [[Cadillac Model Thirty]] * First [[monocoque]] - 1924 [[Lancia Lambda]] ** Honorable mentions - 1917 [[Ruler Four]] ''(few produced)'', 1934 [[Citroën Traction Avant]], 1914 [[Cornelian]] race car * First shatter-resistant windshield glass - 1926 [[Cadillac]] * First [[coupé convertible]] - 1934 [[Peugeot 401]] D Eclipse * First [[Pickup]] / [[Utility]] (Ute) - 1924 [[Holden]] [[Coupé utility]] * First safety [[windshield]] - 1948 [[Tucker Torpedo]] (''popout safety glass'') * First [[fiberglass]] body - 1952 [[Woodill Wildfire]] (low production) * First [[Multi-purpose vehicle|MPV]] - 1956 [[Fiat Multipla|Fiat 600 Multipla]] * First [[convertible|retractable hardtop]] - 1934 Pourtout [[Lancia Belna Eclipse]]-coachbuilt ** Honorable mention -first production models- 1934 [[Peugeot 401d éclipse]] and [[Peugot 601d éclipse]] * First [[hatchback]] - 1953 [[Aston Martin DB2/4]] ** Honorable mentions - 1958 [[Austin A40 Farina]], 1962 [[Austin A40 Farina#Innocenti|Innocenti Combinata]], and 1965 [[Renault 16]] * First [[fiberglass]] [[monocoque]] - 1956 [[Berkeley cars|Berkeley]] SA322 ** Honorable mention - 1959 [[Lotus Elite]] * *First [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] - 1916 [[Ford Model T]] ** honorable mentions: ** 1941 [[Willys]] army jeeps (first [[sport utility convertible]]) ** 1942 [[Dodge Carryall]] (arguable example)<!-- 1935 [[Chevrolet Suburban]] Not an SUV then, but a station wagon. --> ** 1957 [[Moskvitch 410]] (first [[crossover SUV]]/XUV) * First all-[[aluminium]] body - 1932 [[Riley]] Kestrel ** Honorable mention - 1947 [[Land Rover]] (used [[Birmabright]], an aluminum alloy) ** First all-aluminum space frame - 1990 [[Honda NSX]] * First [[Graphite-reinforced plastic|carbon fiber]] [[monocoque]] - 1991 [[McLaren F1]] * First stress-bearing engine acting like a structural member - 1995 [[Ferrari F50]] * First [[Automotive aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] design - 1921 [[Rumpler]] ''Tropfenwagen'' * First body made of recycled material - 1954 [[Trabant]] P70 * First [[tricar]] - 1902<ref>Georgano, p.68.</ref> * First [[cyclecar]] - 1910 [[GN]]/1910 [[Bédélia]]<ref>Georgano, p.75.</ref> * First production [[station wagon]] (estate) - 1923 The [[Star (automobile)|Star]] **Honorable mention - 1919 [[Stoughton Wagon Company]], which put wagon bodies on [[Model T]] chassis<ref>Georgano, p.94.</ref> ===Transmission=== * [[Manual transmission]]s ** First synchronized transmission - 1929 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]<!--Also '29 Lasalle. Did Cad debut first?--> ** First [[overdrive (mechanics)|overdrive]] - 1934 [[Chrysler Airflow]] ** First modern cone synchromesh transmission - 1952 [[Porsche]] [[Porsche 356|356]] ** First 5-speed manual - 1948 [[Lancia Ardea]] *** Honorable mention - 1953 [[Ferrari 212]] *** Honorable mention - 1953 [[Alfa Romeo 1900]] Super Sprint ** First 6-speed manual - 1967 [[Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale]] *** Honorable mention - 1986 [[Porsche 959]] *** Honorable mention - 1957 [[Moskvitch 410|Moskvitch 410/411]] (three forward gears with high and low selection) ** First 8-speed manual - 1960 [[Moskvitch 410|Moskvitch 410/411]] *** Honorable mention - 1931 [[Maybach]] Doppelschnellgang - fitted to various marques (four forward gears with high and low selection) * [[Automatic transmission]]s ** First automatic transmission - May 1939 [[Oldsmobile]] [[Hydra-Matic]] (also the first 4-speed automatic) *** Honorable mention - 1934 [[REO]] (a pair of self-shifting manuals) *** Honorable mention - 1937 [[Oldsmobile]] [[Automatic Safety Transmission]] ** First [[torque converter]] automatic - 1948 [[Buick]] [[Dynaflow]] *** Honorable mention - 1949 [[Packard]] [[Ultramatic]] (torque converter automatic) *** Honorable mention - 1946 [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]] [[Presto-Matic]] (torque converter manual) ** First non-planetary automatic - 1968 [[Honda]] [[Hondamatic]] ** First 5-speed automatic - 1991 [[BMW]] [[BMW E34|E34]] [[BMW 5-Series|5-Series]] and [[BMW E36|E36]] [[BMW 3-Series|320i/325i]] [[ZF 5HP18 transmission|ZF 5HP18]] ** First 6-speed automatic - 2002 [[BMW]] [[BMW E65|E65]] [[BMW 7-Series|7-Series]] [[ZF 6HP26 transmission|ZF 6HP26]] *** Honorable mention - 1999 [[Jeep Grand Cherokee]] [[Chrysler 45RFE transmission|45RFE]] had an automatic transmission with 3 planetary gearsets capable of six speeds, but only 5 were used, and the company advertised it as a 4-speed. ** First 7-speed automatic - 2003 [[Mercedes-Benz]] [[7G-Tronic]] ** First 8-speed automatic - 2007 [[Lexus LS|Lexus LS 460]] * First [[limited slip differential]] - 1956 [[Studebaker]] * First [[continuously variable transmission]] - 1958 [[DAF 600]] "A-Type" - ===Layout=== * First [[FR layout]] car - 1895 [[Panhard]] et Levassor * First [[RR layout|RR]] car - 1896 [[Hertel (automobile)|Hertel]] * First [[front-wheel drive]] - 1924 [[Tracta]] (Gregoire-Tracta) ** Honorable mention - 1900 [[E.J. Pennington|Pennington]] ** Honorable mention - 1928 [[Alvis Cars|Alvis]] ''(did not sell more than 150 units)'' ** Honorable mention - 1934 [[Citroën Traction Avant]] ** Honorable mention - 1929 [[Cord Automobile]] L-29 ** Honorable mention - 1930 [[Ruxton]] ** Honorable mention - 1904 - 1909 [[Christie]] ''(seven race cars built)'' * First [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[front-wheel drive]] - 1931 [[DKW]] F1{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ** Honorable mention - 1904 - 1909 [[Christie]] ''(seven race cars built)'' ** Honorable mention - 1947 [[Saab 92]] ** Honorable mention - 1950 [[Lloyd LP300]] ** First [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[front-wheel drive|FWD]] [[Straight-5|I5]] - 1993 [[Volvo 850]] ** First [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[front-wheel drive|FWD]] [[Straight-6|I6]] - 1970 [[Austin Kimberley]] and [[Austin Tasman]] *** Honorable mention - 1959 [[Saab Monster]] ''(Not a production vehicle)'' ** First [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[front-wheel drive|FWD]] [[V8 engine|V8]] - 1985 [[Cadillac DeVille]] ** First [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[all-wheel drive]] - 1968 [[Austin Ant]] (never entered production) * First [[four-wheel drive]] vehicle - 1910 [[Caldwell Vale]] or 1911 [[four-wheel drive Auto|Four Wheel Drive]] * First [[all-wheel drive]] car - 1966 [[Jensen FF]] ** Honorable mention - 1901 [[Lohner-Porsche]] ,Hybrid with electric 4WD ** Honorable mention - 1902 Jacobus [[Spyker]] ''(One produced)'', first mechanical 4WD ** Honorable mention - 1932 [[Bugatti Type 53]] ''(Three produced)'' ** Honorable mention - 1958 [[Citroën 2CV|Citroën 2CV Sahara]] ''(Dual-engine all wheel drive)'' ** Honorable mention - 1981 [[Audi Quattro]]''(first mass-production car with permanent all wheel drive)'' * First [[FR layout|FR]] [[transaxle]] - 1950 [[Lancia Aurelia]] ''(the 1914 [[Stutz Bearcat]] featured a primitive transaxle)'' * First [[MR layout|MR]] car - 1921 [[Rumpler]] Tropfenwagen * First [[MR layout|MR]] [[all-wheel drive|AWD]] car - [[1984]] [[Ford RS200]] (Homologation special, 200 road cars produced for [[Group B]] regulations.) ** Honorable mention - 1990 [[Panther Solo|Panther Solo 2]] (Only between 16-25 Produced) ** Honorable mention - 1985 Peugeot 205 Turbo-16 (Homologation special, 200 road cars produced for [[Group B]] regulations.) ** Honorable mention - 1985 [[Lancia Delta S4]] (Homologation special, 200 road cars produced for [[Group B]] regulations.) ** Honorable mention - 1985 [[Rover Metro]] 6R4 (Homologation special, 220 road cars produced for [[Group B]] regulations.) ** Honorable mention - 1983 [[Honda Acty]]4WD ([[Kei car]]) ===Suspension=== * First [[torsion bar]] suspension - 1921 [[Leyland Motors|Leyland]] * First front [[independent suspension]] - 1911 [[Morgan Motor Company|Morgan]] three wheeler * First [[hydraulic]] [[shock absorber]]s - 1933 [[Hudson (automobile)|Hudson]] (Monroe) * First [[coil spring]]/[[shock absorber]] suspension - 1934 [[Cadillac]], [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]], and [[Hudson (automobile)|Hudson]] * First [[four wheel brakes]] - 1909 [[Argyll (automobile)|Argyll]] (developed by [[Arrol-Johnson]])<ref>Georgano, p.58.</ref> * First [[MacPherson strut]] suspension - 1949 [[Ford Vedette]] * First [[Chapman strut]] suspension - 1958 [[Lotus Elite]] * First air [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] - 1958 [[Cadillac Brougham]] ** Honorable mentions - 1909 [[Cowey]] and 1933 [[Stout-Scarab]] ([[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]]) * First [[self-levelling suspension]] - 1955 [[Citroën DS]] ** Honorable mention - 1954 [[Citroën Traction Avant]] 15H[[Hydropneumatic]] * First electronically-controlled suspension - 1985 [[Nissan Maxima]] (Japan-market model) * First fully active suspension - 1990 [[Infiniti Q|Nissan Infiniti Q45]], 1991 [[Toyota Soarer]] [http://www.toyotaimportsforum.co.uk/soarer/z30soarer_changes.htm] ** Honorable mention - 1983 [[Lotus 92]] (''raced at the [[Long Beach Grand Prix]], began road development in 1987 but never applied to a road car[http://www.gglotus.org/ggtech/activesusp/activesuspn.htm]'') ** Honorable mention - 1991 [[Toyota Celica]] (300 experimental vehicles produced) * First active anti-roll bars - 1994 [[Citroen Xantia Activa]] ([[Active Roll Stabilization]]) * First [[active differential]] - 1995 [[Nissan Skyline GT-R]] Vspec - Active LSD ** Honorable mention - 1986 [[Porsche 959]] ''PSK'' (''limited production of 200 vehicles'') ** Honorable mention - 1996 [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution#Evolution IV|Mitsubishi Lancer EVO IV]], [[Active yaw control|AYC]] is a factory option. Became standard in EVO V. ** Honorable mention - 2005 [[Ferrari F430]] and [[Acura RL]] feature fully-integrated electronic differentials ===Brakes=== * First [[four wheel brakes]] - 1909 [[Argyll (automobile)|Argyll]] (developed by [[Arrol-Johnson]])<ref>Georgano, p.58.</ref> ** Honorable mention - 1922 [[Austin 7]]<ref>Georgano, p.142 cap.</ref> * First [[power brake]]s - 1919 [[Hispano-Suiza]] [[Hispano-Suiza H6|H6]] (mechanically assisted) ** Honorable mention - 1921 [[Duesenberg]] Model A * First four wheel power brakes - 1919 Hispano-Suiza H6<ref>Georgano, p.181.</ref> * First vacuum-assist power brakes - 1928 [[Pierce-Arrow]] * First [[hydraulic]] power brakes - 1921 [[Duesenberg]] Model A<ref>Georgano, p.186.</ref> * First standard [[disc brake]]s - 1949 [[Crosley Hot Shot]] ** Honorable mentions - 1955 [[Citroën DS]], 1956 [[HRG]] twincam (used helicopter disc brakes), [[Triumph TR3]], [[Girling (car)|Girling]] ''([[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]] pioneered disc brakes at [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans]] in 1953)'' * First [[antilock braking system]] - 1966 [[Jensen FF]] ([[Dunlop Maxaret]] system, previously used in aviation) ** First electrical [[antilock braking system]] - 1969 [[Lincoln Continental Mark III]] *** Honorable mention - 1970 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]<!--the Versailles?--> (rear only) ** First electronic [[antilock braking system]] - 1978 [[Mercedes-Benz]] [[Mercedes S-Class|S-Class]] * First [[emergency brake#Electric parking brake|electric parking brake]] - 2003 [[Lincoln LS]] * First diagonally split, dual brake circuits - 1962 [[Saab 95]]/[[Saab 96|96]] * First [[asbestos]]-free [[brake pad]]s - 1983 [[Saab Automobile]] * First electro-hydraulic brakes - 2002 Mercedes-Benz [[E-Class]] * First [[regenerative brake]]s - 1997 [[Toyota Prius]] ===Driver-aids=== * First standard rear-view mirror - 1912 [[Marmon]]{{Fact|date=October 2007}} * First [[power steering]] - 1951 [[Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]] * First [[cruise control]] - 1957 [[Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]] ** Honorable mention - [[Peerless]] had a [[centrifugal governor]] speed control system in the 1910s * First [[traction control]] - 1987 [[Bosch]] [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]]/[[BMW 7-Series]] * First [[drive-by-wire]] throttle - 1988 [[BMW 7-Series|BMW 750iL]] * First [[electrochromic]] rear-view mirror - 1989 [[Lexus LS]] * First [[dynamic stability control system]]/[[Electronic Stability Program]] - 1996 [[BMW 7-Series]]/[[Mercedes-Benz CL-Class]] * First [[adaptive cruise control]] - 1997 [[Toyota Celsior]] * First [[heads-up display]] - 1988 [[Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] * First factory [[GPS]] navigation - 1990 [[Mazda Cosmo]], 1991 [[Toyota Soarer]] * First [[night vision]] - 2000 [[Cadillac DeVille]] * First [[power door locks]] - 1914 [[Scripps-Booth]] * First integrated car dynamics control system: 2005 [[Toyota Crown|Toyota Crown Majesta]] (''[[Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management]]'') * First [[Advanced Parking Guidance System|self parking]] - 2004 [[Toyota Prius#2004-2007_Prius_.28model_NHW20.29|Toyota Prius]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3198619.stm] ** Honorable mention - 2007 [[Lexus LS#Fourth generation .28USF40 .2F USF41.29|Lexus LS 460]] (first available in American market) ===Active restraint=== * First car to come standard with [[Seat belt|safety belts]] - 1958 [[Saab GT750|Saab GT 750]] ([http://www.trollhattansaab.net/archives/2005/02/saab_innovation.html] [http://www.trollhattansaab.net/page/5]) ===Passive restraint=== * First [[airbag]]s - 1974 [[Oldsmobile Toronado]] * First car to come standard with dual airbags - [[1988]] [[Porsche 944 Turbo]] * First six-airbag system - 1994 [[Audi A8]] * First head airbags - 1997 [[BMW 7-Series]] ===Tires=== * First use of pneumatic tires - 1895 [[Peugeot]] L'Eclair ([[Michelin]]) * First standard pneumatic tires - 1896 [[Léon Bollée Automobiles|Bollée]] Voiturette * First radial-ply tires - 1949 [[Michelin]] "X" ''(patented in 1946) * First self-repairing tires - 1950 [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear]] * First [[run flat tire]] - 1974 [[Mini|Mini 1275GT]] ([[Dunlop Rubber|Dunlop]] Denovo; optional) ===Lighting=== * First electrical lighting - 1898 [[Columbia (automobile)|Columbia]] electric * First standard lights - 1904 "Prest-O-Lite" [[acetylene]] * First standard electrical lights - 1908 [[Peerless]] * First integrated electrical and lighting system - 1912 [[Cadillac Model Thirty|Cadillac Model 1912]] [[Delco]] * First "dipping" headlights - 1915 [[Guide Lamp Company]] * First dual-beam headlight - 1924 [[Bilux]] * First retractable headlights - 1936 [[Cord Automobile|Cord]]{{Fact|date=October 2007}}<!--[[DeSoto (automobile)]] says otherwise...--> * First directional headlamps - 1930s [[Tatra (car)|Tatra]] ** Honorable mention - 1948 [[Tucker Torpedo]] (originally designed with swivel lights, but replaced with third "cyclops light" turned on when cornering). * First [[fog light]]s - 1938 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] * First auto-dimming headlights - 1952 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] ''Autronic Eye'' * First auto-on/off headlights - 1964 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] ''Twilight Sentinel'' * First headlight wipers - 1970 [[Saab Automobile|Saab]] ([[Saab 95|95]], [[Saab 96|96]], [[Saab 99|99]]) [http://www.saabmuseum.com/innovations/index.html] * First modern U.S.-market car with [[sealed beam]] headlights - 1984 [[Lincoln Mark VII]]{{Fact|date=October 2007}}<!--The sealed beam article says they were '''required''' beginning in 1940! Whassup?--> * First [[alternating current|AC]] [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID]] lights - 1991 [[BMW E32|BMW 7-series]] * First [[direct current|DC]] [[High-intensity discharge lamp|HID]] lights - 1997 [[Lincoln Mark VIII]] * First [[neon]] lights - 1997 [[Lincoln Mark VIII]] * First all-[[light-emitting diode|LED]] tail lights - 1998 [[Maserati 3200 GT]] * First [[bi-xenon HID headlamp]]s - 2000 [[Mercedes-Benz CL-Class]] * First all-[[light-emitting diode|LED]] headlights - 2007 [[Audi R8 (road car)]] ===Electrical system=== * First [[Magneto (electrical)|magneto]] - 1897 [[FWilliam Lanchester|Lanchester]]<ref>Georgano, p.49.</ref> * First twin-spark engine - 1921 [[Bentley 3 Litre]] * First [[electric starter|electric self-starter]] - [[Arnold (automobile)|Arnold]] (copy of the [[Benz Velo]]) before 1900.<ref>Georgano, p.25.</ref> **Honorable mention - 1912 [[Cadillac]] (all models)<ref>[http://forums.detnews.com/joyrides/story/index.cfm?id=394 ''Detroit News'']</ref> * First electric windows - 1938 [[Buick Y]] * First combination key and ignition switch - 1949 [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]] * First [[Alternating current|AC]] [[alternator]] - 1960 [[Plymouth Valiant|Valiant]] * First sealed [[battery (electricity)|battery]] - 1971 [[Pontiac]] "Freedom Battery" * First multiplexed wiring - 1987 [[Cadillac Allanté]] * First integrated car systems control - 1987 [[Toyota Soarer]] (''Electro Multi Vision'')[http://autospeed.drive.com.au/cms/A_1718/article.html] * First built-in 110V AC inverter - 2000 [[Toyota Avalon]] ===Climate control=== * First windshield defroster - 1928 [[Studebaker]] * First windshield washer - 1937 [[Studebaker]] * First [[air conditioning]] - 1938 [[Studebaker Commander]] ** Honorable mention - 1939 [[Packard]] and 1941 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] * First rear window defogger - 1948 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] * First heated seats - 1966 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] ** Honorable mention (first electrically heated) - 1972 [[Saab 99]] * First automatic climate control - 1964 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] * First digital climate control - 1975 [[Rolls-Royce Camargue]] * First ventilated seats - 1998 [[Saab 9-5]] ===In-car electronics and entertainment=== * First original-equipment radio - 1923 [[Springfield (automobile)|Springfield]] * First [[automotive navigation system|navigation system]] - August 1981 [[Honda Accord]] (analog, dealer-installed) [http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1981navigationsystem/index.html] ** First navigation system with acoustic output - 1989 [[Infiniti Q45]] ** First digital navigation system - 1990 [[Acura Legend]] ** First [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] navigation system - 1990 [[Mazda Eunos Cosmo]] *** Honorable mention - 1991 [[Toyota Soarer]] [http://www.toyotaimportsforum.co.uk/soarer/z30soarer_changes.htm] *** Honorable mention - 1990 [[Pioneer Electronics]]/[[Trimble]] (aftermarket) * First active audio volume control - 1990 [[Chevrolet Corvette]] [[Bose]]/[[Delco Electronics|Delco]] Gold Series * First [[telematics|telematics assist]] system - 1996 ''tie'' 1997-model [[Cadillac Seville]] ([[OnStar]]) and [[Lincoln Continental]] ([[Motorola]] RESCU) * First [[Digital versatile disc|DVD]] navigation system - 1996 [[Matsushita]]/[[Pioneer Electronics]] (aftermarket) * First in-car [[personal computer|PC]] - 1997 [[Microsoft]] [[Auto PC]] (aftermarket) * First [[Bluetooth]]-capable audio system - 2000 [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]] * First [[THX]]-certified stereo system - 2003 [[Lincoln LS]] * First in-car [[karaoke]] machine - 2003 [[Geely BL]] * First active noise cancellation - 2005 [[Acura RL]] * First [[digital television]] reception - 2004 E60 [[BMW 5 series]] ===Other=== * First steering wheel - 1899 [[Packard]] * First [[speedometer]] - 1901 [[Oldsmobile]] * First tilt-away steering wheel - 1912 [[Peerless]] * First dash-mounted fuel tank gauge - 1914 [[Studebaker]] * First tilt-away steering column - 1928 [[Buick]] * First [[turn signal]]s - 1939 [[Buick]] * First split folding rear seats - 1961 [[Renault 4]] (''[[Fiat]] patented the system in 1978'') * First tilt/telescope steering wheel - 1965 [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] * First [[four wheel steering]] - 1985 [[Nissan Skyline]] HICAS ** Honorable mention - 1938 Mercedes 170VL (miltitary truck only) ** Honorable mention - 1987 [[Honda Prelude]] 4WS * First [[Fibre-reinforced plastic|composite]] wheels - 1989 [[Shelby CSX]] * First capless fuel filler - 2005 [[Ford GT]] * First active exhaust - 1991 Mitsubishi 3000GT * First front moveable air dam - 1991 Mitsubishi 3000GT ===American types=== * First standardized American automobile - [[Duryea Motor Wagon]] (1896) * First American [[electric car]] - [[Detroit Electric]] (1907) * First American [[hybrid car|hybrid]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] - [[Ford Escape Hybrid]] * First Chinese-made vehicle sold in America - 2006 [[Miles Automotive Group#MILES_ZX40|Miles ZX40]] ==Pre-War== * Best-selling pre-war vehicle - [[Ford Model-T]] ''(15,000,000 sold between 1908 and 1928)'' * Least-expensive full-featured automobile - 1927 [[Ford Model-T]] ''($300 is about $3500 in inflation-adjusted 2005 dollars)'' * Largest vehicle - [[Bugatti Royale]] - 21&nbsp;ft (6.4&nbsp;m) long, 180&nbsp;in (4.57&nbsp;m) or 170&nbsp;in (4.32&nbsp;m) wheelbase depending on model * Largest pre-war [[Straight-4]] - 21495&nbsp;cc (1312 in<sup>3</sup>) - 1912 Benz 82/200 * Largest pre-war [[Straight-6]] - 21112&nbsp;cc (1288 in<sup>3</sup>) - 1905 [[Panhard|Panhard et Levassor]] 50 CV * Largest pre-war [[Straight-8]] - 12763&nbsp;cc (779&nbsp;in³) - 1929 [[Bugatti Royale]] production car; the prototype had a 14726&nbsp;cc engine * Largest pre-war [[V12]] - 11310&nbsp;cc (690&nbsp;in³) - 1933 [[Hispano-Suiza Type 68]]bis ==Other Data for Comparison== These data do not strictly obey the rules of the article, but give some perspective on what theoretically can be achieved in automobiles. * [[Sport bike]] Engine - 222&nbsp;hp/litre - 133 hp from 599&nbsp;cc - [[Yamaha YZF-R6]] * Smallest motorcycle straight-six: 750cc [[Benelli 750 Sei]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Automobile-related lists|Superlatives]] [[Category:Lists of superlatives|Automobiles]] [[fi:Autoilun ennätykset]]