List of basic geography topics
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{{TopicTOC-Geography}}
'''[[Geography]]''' is the study of the [[earth]] and its features, inhabitants, and phenomena.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geography |work=The American Heritage Dictionary/ of the English Language, Fourth Edition |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/geography |accessmonthday=October 9|accessyear=2006 }}</ref> A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was [[Eratosthenes]] (276-194 B.C.). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the [[spatial analysis]] of natural and human phenomena (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in [[earth sciences]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pattison |first=W.D. |year=1990 |title=The Four Traditions of Geography |journal=Journal of Geography |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=pp. 202–6 |url=http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~kclarke/G200B/four_20traditions_20of_20geography.pdf |id={{ISSN|0022-1341}} |doi=10.1080/00221349008979196 }} Reprint of a 1964 article.</ref> Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the world and all of its human and natural complexities-- not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches - [[human geography]] and [[physical geography]].<ref>web.clas.ufl.edu/users/morgans/lecture_2.prn.pdf.</ref>
The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to geography:
[[Image:Physical world.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Map of the Earth]]
== Essence of geography ==
: ''Main articles: [[Geography]] and [[World]]''
The themes of the 18 National Geography Standards of the National Council for Geographic Education include the following topics<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ncge.org/publications/tutorial/standards/
|title = National Geography Standards
|accessdate = 2007-11-17
|publisher = National Council for Geographic Education
|quote = The Geographically Informed Person knows and understands . . .
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/standards/
|title = Geography Standards
|accessdate = 2007-11-17
|publisher = National Geographic Society
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.nationalgeographic.com/education/standards.html
|title = Geography for Life
|author = Roger M. Downs
|accessdate = 2007-11-17
|publisher = National Geographic Society
|quote= The National Geography Standards were produced under the sponsorship of the four major geography organizations: the American Geographical Society, the Association of American Geographers, the National Council for Geographic Education, and the National Geographic Society. Thus they are a statement not only for all the people interested in geography but also for all the major players in geography education.
}}</ref>:
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:1. [[Map]]
:2. [[Mental mapping]]
:3. [[Distance]] and [[Direction (geometry, geography)|direction]], [[Location (geography)|location]] and distribution
:4. [[Sense of place]]
:5. [[Region]]s and [[regional geography]]
:6. [[Culture]] and [[cultural geography]]
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7. [[Landform]]s and the [[geomorphology|geomorphic processes that created them]]<br>
8. [[Ecosystem]]s<br>
9. [[Population dynamics]], [[human migration]], [[world population]]<br>
10. [[Cultural mosaic]]s and [[multiculturalism]]<br>
11. [[Globalization]] and the [[Global Village (term)|Global Village]]<br>
12. [[Human settlement]]
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:13. [[Border]]s and [[geopolitics]]
:14. [[Anthropogenic]]s and [[environmentalism]]
:15. [[Cultural ecology]] and [[environmental determinism|geographical determinism]]
:16. [[Natural resource]]s, [[natural resource management]], and [[environmental management]]
:17. [[Behavioral geography]] and [[environmental history]]
:18. The [[world]], [[world view]]s, and [[futures studies]]
|}
== Branches of geography ==
Geography is divided into two main branches: [[physical geography]] and [[human geography]]. Each of these branches is divided into a number of subfields:<br clear=both>
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|-
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<!-- LEFT COLUMN -->
=== Sub-fields of human geography ===
: ''Main article: [[Human geography]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background-color: #adf;"
!Fields of human geography!!Focal subjects
|-
|[[Behavioral geography]] || [[Behavior]]
|-
|[[Children's geographies]] || [[Child]]ren
|-
|[[Cultural region|Cultural geography]] || [[Culture]]
|-
|[[Economic geography]] || [[Economics]]
|-
|[[Environmental geography]] || [[environment (biophysical)|Environment]], [[Ecology]]
|-
|[[Feminist geography]] || [[Women's studies]]
|-
|[[Development geography]] || [[Economic development]]
|-
|[[Health geography]] || [[Health]], [[Epidemiology]]
|-
|[[Historical geography]] || [[History]]
|-
|[[Military geography]] || [[Military science]]
|-
|[[Political geography]], including [[Geopolitics]] || [[Politics]]
|-
|[[Population geography]] or [[Demography]] || [[Population]], [[Population density]]
|-
|[[Regional geography]] || [[Region]]
|-
|[[Social geography]] || [[Society]], [[Sociology]]
|-
|[[Strategic geography]] || [[Military strategy]]
|-
|[[Transportation geography]] || [[Transport]]
|-
|[[Time geography]] || [[Lifestyle]], [[Motion (physics)|Motion]]
|-
|[[Tourism geography]] || [[Tourism]]
|-
|[[Urban geography]] || [[City]]
|-
|}
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<!-- RIGHT COLUMN -->
=== Sub-fields of physical geography ===
: ''Main article: Physical geography''
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background-color: #adf;"
!Fields of physical geography!!Focal subjects
|-
|[[Biogeography]] || [[Species]]
|-
|[[Climatology]] || [[Climate]]
|-
|[[Coastal geography|Coastal/Marine studies]] || [[Coasts]]
|-
|[[Environmental geography]] || [[Environmental science]]
|-
|[[Geodesy]] || [[Gravity]], [[Magnetic field]]
|-
|[[Geomorphology]] || [[Landforms]]
|-
|[[Hydrology]] || [[Water cycle]], [[Water resources]]
|-
| [[Glaciology]] || [[Glacier]]
|-
| [[Oceanography]] || [[Ocean]], [[Sea]]
|-
| [[Limnology]] || [[Lake]], [[Pond]], [[River]]
|-
|[[Landscape ecology]] || [[Nitrogen cycle]]
|-
|[[Palaeogeography]] || [[Continental drift]]
|-
|[[Pedology (soil study)|Pedology]] || [[Soil]]
|-
|}
|}
=== Geographic multi-disciplinary fields ===
Fields that draw upon various disciplines and have applications in geography''':
* [[Cartography]]
* [[Demography]] and [[demographics]]
* [[Ethnography]]
* [[Geoarchaeology]]
* [[Geographic information science]]
* [[Geostatistics]]
* [[Philosophy of geography]]
== Location and place ==
Concepts concerning location or place''':
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* [[Atlas]]
* [[Climate]]
* [[Distance decay]]
* [[First law of geography]]
* [[Geocode]]
* [[Location]]
** [[Absolute location]]
*** [[Latitude]]
**** [[Prime meridian]]
*** [[Longitude]]
**** [[Equator]]
**** [[Tropic of Cancer]]
**** [[Tropic of Capricorn]]
** [[Relative location]]
| width="33.33%" align="left" valign="top" |
* [[Population]]
** [[Demographics]]
** [[Population Density]]
** [[Overpopulation]]
** [[World population]]
* [[Sense of place]]
* [[Terrain]]
* [[Topography]]
* [[Tourist attraction]]
| width="33.33%" align="left" valign="top" |
[[Image:World population density map.PNG|400px|thumb|Population density per square [[kilometre]] by country, [[2006]]]]
|}
== The tasks and tools of geography ==
: ''Main articles: [[Geosophy]] and [[Philosophy of geography]]
The approaches and activities of [[geographer]]s, and the tools they use''':
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* [[Exploration]]
* [[Geocode]]
* [[Geographic information system]]
* [[Globe]]
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* [[Map]]s
** [[Atlas]]
** [[Cartography|Map making (cartography)]]
** [[Map projection]]
* [[Demographics]]
* [[Spatial analysis]]
* [[Surveying]]
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[[Image:Mollweide-projection.jpg|thumb|400px| The equal-area [[Mollweide projection]]]]
|}
== The World ==
: ''Main article: [[World]]''
The field of geography does not operate in a vacuum, and is greatly interconnected with other fields of study. This is most evident at the global level.
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* [[Anti-globalization]]
* [[Alter-globalization]]
* [[Civilization]] ([[cultural geography]])
* [[Earth]]
* [[Global]]
* [[Global citizens movement]]
* [[Globalization]] ([[cultural geography]], [[economic geography]])
* [[Globalization and disease]]
* [[Globalization Index]]
| width="33.33%" align="left" valign="top" |
* [[Global village]]
* [[Global warming]]
* [[Globe]]
* [[Great Transition]]
* [[Human geography]]
* [[Human migration]]
* [[International community]]
* [[Transformation of culture]]
* [[Westernization]]
| width="33.33%" align="left" valign="top" |
* [[World]]
* [[World citizen]]
* [[World community]] ([[cultural geography]], [[political geography]])
* [[World development]]
* [[World government]] (single [[political division]])
* [[Atlas|World atlas]]
* [[World map]]
* [[World population]] ([[demography]])
|}
=== Geography, earth science, and Earth's spheres ===
[[Image:Seawifs global biosphere.jpg|thumb|400px|A [[false-color]] composite of global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance from September [[1997]] to August [[2000]], showing Earth's biosphere. Provided by the [[SeaWiFS]] Project, [[NASA]]/[[Goddard Space Flight Center]] and [[ORBIMAGE]].]]
: ''Main articles: ''[[Earth science]] and [[Earth's spheres]]''
Geography is a key component of [[earth science]], used along with [[physics]], [[geology]], [[meteorology]], [[mathematics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]] to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or interactive ''[[Earth's spheres|spheres]]'' of the Earth system, including its:
* [[Hydrosphere]] - all water found on, under, and over the surface of Earth
* [[Biosphere]] - all life on Earth
* [[Lithosphere]] - the [[Crust (geology)|crust]] and the uppermost [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] of Earth
* [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmosphere]] - the gases that surround the Earth (its air)
Other interpretations of this model of the Earth include the following additional spheres:
* [[Pedosphere]] - the outermost layer of the [[Earth]] that is composed of [[soil]] and subject to [[pedogenesis|soil formation processes]]
* [[Geosphere]] - solid parts of Earth (which consist mostly of [[Rock (geology)|rock]] and [[regolith]])
* [[Anthroposphere]] - all parts of Earth modified by humans
* [[Cryosphere]] - sometimes included in the hydrosphere, the ice on Earth ([[ice cap]]s, [[glacier]]s, etc.)
<div style="clear:both"></div>
== Regions of the world ==
: ''Main articles: [[Region]], [[Subregions]], [[Location (geography)|Location]], and [[Lists of places]]''
''Regions'' are areas, and can be defined by physical characteristics, human characteristics, and functional characteristics. The term is used in various ways among the different branches of geography. A region can be seen as a collection of smaller units, such as a country and its political divisions, or as one part of a larger whole, as in a country on a continent.
=== The Continents ===
: ''Main article: [[Continent]]''
A ''continent'' is one of several large [[landmass]]es on [[Earth]]. They are generally identified by [[convention]] rather than any specific criteria, but seven areas are commonly regarded as continents. They are:
[[Image:Pangea animation 03.gif|thumb|400px|Earth may have had a single supercontinent called "[[Pangaea]]"]]
::''1.'' [[List of basic Africa topics|Africa]]
::''2.'' [[Antarctica]]
::''3.'' [[List of basic Australia topics|Australia]]
:[[Americas (terminology)|The Americas]]:
::''4.'' [[List of basic North America topics]]
::''5.'' [[List of basic South America topics]]
:[[Eurasia]]:
::''6.'' [[List of basic Europe topics|Europe]]
::''7.'' [[List of basic Asia topics|Asia]]
<!--
=== Regions by continent ===
{{Africa in topic|Regions of}}
{{North America in topic|Regions of}}
{{South America in topic|Regions of}}
{{Asia in topic|Regions of}}
{{Regions of Europe}}
{{Oceania in topic|Regions of}}
-->
=== Biogeographic regions ===
[[image:Ecozones.png|thumb|400px|right|Map of six of the world's eight ecozones
{{legend|#8000ff|[[Nearctic]]}}
{{legend|#008000|[[Palearctic]]}}
{{legend|#ff8040|[[Afrotropic]]}}
{{legend|#ff0000|[[Indomalaya]]}}
{{legend|#808000|[[Australasia ecozone|Australasia]]}}
{{legend|#bb825b|[[Neotropic]]}}
{{legend|#f9f9f9|[[Oceania ecozone|Oceania]] and [[Antarctic ecozone|Antarctic]] ecozones not shown}}]]
==== Ecozone ====
: ''Main article: [[Ecozone]]''
The [[World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) developed a system of eight biogeographic realms (ecozones):
* [[Nearctic]] 22.9 mil. km² (including most of [[North America]])
* [[Palearctic]] 54.1 mil. km² (including the bulk of [[Eurasia]] and [[North Africa]])
* [[Afrotropic]] 22.1 mil. km² (including [[Sub-Saharan Africa]])
* [[Indomalaya]] 7.5 mil. km² (including the [[Indian subcontinent|South Asian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]])
* [[Australasia ecozone|Australasia]] 7.7 mil. km² (including [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], and neighbouring islands). The northern boundary of this zone is known as the [[Wallace line]].
* [[Neotropic]] 19.0 mil. km² (including [[South America]] and the [[Caribbean]])
* [[Oceania ecozone|Oceania]] 1.0 mil. km² (including [[Polynesia]], [[Fiji]] and [[Micronesia]])
* [[Antarctic ecozone|Antarctic]] 0.3 mil. km² (including [[Antarctica]]).
==== Ecoregions ====
: ''Main article: [[Ecoregion]]''
Ecozones are further divided into ecoregions. The World has over 800 [[terrestrial ecoregion]]s. ''See [[Lists of ecoregions by country]].''
=== Countries of the World ===
: ''Main article: [[Political division]]''
A '''political division''', usually a [[country]], is a region under the control of a [[government]]. Countries are further divided into [[administrative division]]s including [[state (subnational)|states]], [[county|counties]], [[city|cities]], etc.
* [[List of countries with multiple capitals|Countries with more than one capital]]
==== Countries by continent ====
<center>
<div>
{| cellpadding=6
|align=center| [[Image:LocationAfrica.png|300px]]<br />[[List of African countries|Countries of Africa]]
|align=center| [[Image:LocationAsia.png|300px]]<br />[[List of Asian countries|Countries of Asia]]
|align=center| [[Image:LocationEurope.png|300px]]<br />[[List of European countries|Countries of Europe]]
|-
|align=center| [[Image:LocationNorthAmerica.png|300px]]<br />[[List of North American countries|Countries of North America]]
|align=center| [[Image:LocationOceania.png|300px]]<br />[[List of Oceanian countries|Countries of Oceania]]
|align=center| [[Image:LocationSouthAmerica.png|300px]]<br />[[List of South American countries|Countries of South America]]
|}
<center>
<p style="text-align:left;">
'''More territories''': ''[[Bouvet Island]]'' • ''[[French Southern Territories]]'' • ''[[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]'' • ''[[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]'' • [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] ''[[Antarctic territorial claims|territorial claims]]''
</center>
</div>
</center>
==== Country subdivision types ====
: ''Main article: [[Country subdivision]]''
A ''country subdivision'' is a designated [[territory (country subdivision)|territory]] created within a country for administrative or identification purposes. Examples of the types of country subdivisions''':
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*[[Bailiwick]]
*[[canton (country subdivision)|Canton]]
*[[Commune]]
*[[County]]
*[[Department (country subdivision)|Department]]
*[[District]]
*[[Duchy]]
*[[Emirate]]
*[[Federal state]]
*[[Parish]]
*[[Prefecture]]
*[[Province]]
*[[Region#Administrative regions|Region]]
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*[[Rural district]]
*[[Human settlement|Settlement]]
**[[Municipality]]
**[[City]]
***[[Borough]]
**[[Township]]
**[[Village]]
*[[Shire]]
*[[State]]
*[[Subdistrict]]
*[[Subprefecture]]
*[[Voivodeship]]
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[[Image:China administrative.gif|thumb|400px|[[Province (China)|Provinces]] and territorial disputes of the [[People's Republic of China]]]].
|}
=== More region or area types ===
* [[Biodiversity hotspot]]
* [[Geographical zone]]
* [[Hardiness zone]]
* [[Industrial region]]
* [[Mainland]]
* [[Metropolitan area]]
* [[Special Economic Zone]]
* [[Time zone]]
==== Some specific areas ====
* [[Atlantic World]]
* [[Bermuda Triangle]]
* [[Pacific Rim]]
* [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]
== Geographical features ==
Regions are further differentiated by virtue of being geographical features, or by the geographical features in them (or both). A geographical feature is a [[landform]], a [[body of water]], or an artificial creation large enough to show up on a regional map.
=== Natural geographical features ===
Features of the World that are naturally occurring''':
==== Landforms ====
: ''Main article: [[Landform]]''
A ''landform'' is part of the [[terrain]], defined by its shape and location in the landscape, and is typically an element of [[topography]]. Landforms are characterized by aspects such as elevation, slope, orientation, [[stratification]], rock exposure, and soil type. Examples of landforms''':
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* [[Arroyo (creek)|Arroyo]]
* [[Badlands]]
* [[Beach]]
* Bluff
* [[Canyon]]
* [[Cave]]
* [[Cove]]
* [[Cliff]]
* [[Coast]]
* [[Coral reef]]
* [[Impact crater|Crater, impact]]
* [[Volcanic crater|Crater, volcanic]]
* [[Cuesta]]
* [[Dell (landform)|Dell]]
* [[River delta|Delta]]
* [[Desert]]
* [[Escarpment]]
* [[Forest]]
* [[Geyser]]
* [[Glacier]]
<!--* [[Glen]]-->
* [[Grassland]]
* [[Gulch]]
* [[Headlands and bays|Headland]]
** [[Headlands and bays|Cape]]
* [[Hill]]
** [[Dune]]
** [[Foothills]]
* [[Hoodoo (geology)|Hoodoo]]
* [[Island]]
** [[Archipelago]]
** [[Atoll]]
** [[Islet]]
** [[Volcanic arc]]
* [[Highland (geography)|Highland]]
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* [[Isthmus]]
* [[Landmass]]
** [[Continent]]
** [[Island|Large island]]
** [[Supercontinent]]
<!--* [[Knoll]]-->
* [[Lowland]]
* [[Meadow]]
* [[Mesa]]
* [[Mountain]]
* [[Mountain pass]]
* [[Mountain range]]
* [[Moraine]]
* [[Pingo]]
* [[Plain]]
** [[Prairie]]
** [[Savanna]]
** [[Steppe]]
** [[Tundra]]
* [[Plateau]]
* [[Presque-isle]]
* [[Promontory]]
* [[Peninsula]]
* [[Reef]]
* [[Ridge]]
* [[Sandbar]]
* [[Spit (landform)|Spit]]
* [[Subterranea (geography)|Subterranea]]
* [[Valley]] (also ''vale'', or ''dale'')
** [[Cirque]]
** [[Gully]]
** [[Ravine]]
* [[Volcano]]
* [[drainage basin|Watershed]]
| width="33.33%" align="left" valign="top" |
[[Image:Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India.jpg|right|400px|thumb|The [[Ganges]] ''[[river delta]]'' in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] is one of the most fertile regions in the world.]]
[[Image:MSH82 st helens plume from harrys ridge 05-19-82.jpg|thumb|400px|The ''[[volcano]]'' [[Mount St. Helens]] in [[Washington]], United States.]]
|}
==== Bodies of water ====
: Main article: [[Body of water]]''
A ''body of water'' is any significant accumulation of [[water]] on a geographical scale. Some bodies of water can be man-made, but most are naturally occurring. Some bodies of water collect and move water, such as rivers and streams, and others primarily hold water, such as lakes and oceans. Bodies of water that are [[navigation|navigable]] are known as [[waterways]].
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* [[Natural arch|Arch]]
* [[Channel (geography)|Channel]]
* [[Geyser]]
* [[Inlet]]
** [[Headlands and bays|Bay]]
*** [[Headlands and bays|Gulf]]
*** [[Sound (geography)|Sound]]
** [[Cove]]
** [[Estuary]]
** [[Firth]]
** [[Fjord]]
* [[Lagoon]]
* [[Lake]]
** [[Oxbow lake]]
* [[Loch]]
* [[Ocean]]
* [[Pond]]
| width="33.33%" align="left" valign="top" |
* [[River]]
* [[Sea]]
* [[Source (river or stream)|Source of a river]]
* [[Spring (hydrosphere)|Spring]]
* [[Strait]]
* [[Stream]]
* [[Tide pool]]
* [[Vernal pool]]
* [[Waterfall]]
* [[Waterway]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Bog]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Marsh]]
** [[Mudflat]]
** [[Swamp]]
| width="33.33%" align="left" valign="top" |
[[Image:Norwegian Fjord.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Fjord in [[Sunnmøre]], [[Norway]]]]
|}
=== Manmade geographical features ===
Manmade geographical features, artificial creations large enough that they may show up on a regional map,''':
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* [[Airport]]
* [[Aqueduct]]
* [[Artificial dwelling hill]]
* [[Artificial island]]
* [[Artificial reef]]
* [[Breakwater (structure)|Breakwater]]
* [[Bridge]]
* [[Canal]]
* [[Causeway]]
* [[Dam]]
** [[Dike (construction)|Dike]]
*** [[Levee]]
* [[Farm]]
* [[Harbor|Manmade harbor]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Nation]]
* [[National park]]
* [[Nature reserve]]
* [[Orchard]]
* [[Park]]
* [[Pier]]
* [[Pipeline transport|Pipeline]]
| width="33.33%" align="left" valign="top" |
* [[Port]]
* [[Railway]]
* [[Ranch]]
* [[Reservoir (water)|Reservoir]]
* [[Road]]
** [[Highway]]
** [[Race track]]
** [[Street]]
* Settlement
** [[Village]]
** [[Town]]
** [[City]]
** [[Megalopolis (city type)|Megalopolis]]
* [[Subsidence crater]]
* [[Ski resort]]
* [[Train station]]
* [[Tree farm]]
* [[Tunnel]]
* [[Viaduct]]
* [[Wharf]]
* [[Wildlife reserve]]
| width="33.33%" align="left" valign="top" |
[[Image:Palm Island Resort.jpg|thumb|400px|The [[Palm Jumeirah]] is one of the 3 [[Palm Islands]] of [[Dubai]], the 3 largest [[artificial island]]s in the World. The Jumeirah is connected to land by a 300-meter long bridge. Note the surrounding crescent island which also serves as a [[breakwater]].]]
[[Image:Alaskan-way-viaduct.jpg|thumb|400px|The [[Alaskan Way Viaduct]] in [[Seattle]] allows a high traffic volume to share a limited space.]]
|}
== Geography of specific regions ==
: ''See also: [[Regional geography]]''
{{Africa in topic|Geography of}}
{{North America in topic|Geography of}}
{{South America in topic|Geography of}}
{{Asia in topic|Geography of}}
{{Geography of Europe}}
{{Oceania in topic|Geography of}}
=== Demographics by region ===
: ''Main articles: [[Demography]] and [[World population]]''
''Demography'' is the statistical study of [[populations]]. It is an applied science used to analyze [[population dynamics|dynamic populations]], that is, those that change over time or space. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to [[birth]], [[death]], [[Migration (human)|migration]] and [[aging]].
{{Africa in topic|Demographics of}}
{{North America in topic|Demographics of}}
{{South America in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Demographics of Europe}}
{{Oceania in topic|Demographics of}}
== History of geography ==
: ''Main articles: [[History of geography]] and [[Historical geography]]''
Topics pertaining to the geographical study of the World throughout history''':
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* [[Age of discovery]]
* [[Ancient Greek geography]]
* [[Ancient roads]]
* [[Chinese geography]]
* [[Critical geography]]
* [[Environmental determinism]]
* [[Historical demography#Historical population of the world|Historical population of the world]]
* History of human geography
** [[History of cartography]]
*** [[History of longitude]]
**** [[Longitude Prize]]
<!--** [[Behavioral geography#History|History of behavioral geography]]-->
** [[Cultural geography#History|History of cultural geography]]
** [[Economic geography#History of economic geography|History of economic geography]]
<!--** [[Environmental geography#History|History of environmental geography]]
** [[Feminist geography#History|History of feminist geography]]
** [[Development geography#History|History of development geography]]-->
** [[Health geography#History of health geography|History of health geography]]
<!--** [[Military geography#History|History of military geography]]-->
** [[Political geography#History|History of political geography]]
<!--** [[Population geography#History|History of population geography]]-->
*** [[Demography#History|History of demography]]
<!--** [[Social geography#History|History of social geography]]
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* History of physical geography
** [[Biogeography#History|History of biogeography]]
** [[Climatology#History|History of climatology]]
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** [[Environmental geography#History|History of environmental geography]]-->
** [[History of geodesy]]
** [[Geomorphology#History|History of geomorphology]]
** [[Hydrology#History of hydrology|History of hydrology]]
<!--*** [[Glaciology#History|History of glaciology]]-->
*** [[Oceanography#History|History of oceanography]]
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** [[Landscape ecology#History|History of landscape ecology]]
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** [[Pedology (soil study)#History|History of pedology]]-->
* History of geographic multi-disciplinary fields
** [[History of cartography]]
<!--** [[Ethnography#History|History of ethnography]]
** [[Geoarchaeology#History|History of geoarchaeology]]
** [[Geographic information science#History|History of geographic information science]]
** [[Geostatistics#History|History of geostatistics]]-->
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* [[Regional geography]]
* [[Quantitative revolution]]
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[[Image:Hecataeus world map-en.svg|thumb|right|400px|Reconstruction of Hecataeus' map of the World, created during [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek times]]]]
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== Geographical institutions and societies ==
* [[Anton Melik Geographical Institute]] (in Slovenia)
* [[National Geographic Society]]
* [[Royal Geographical Society]]
== Geography awards ==
[[Image:Hubbard Gold Medal, Anne Morrow Lindbergh.JPG|thumb|right|400px|Hubbard Medal awarded to [[Anne Morrow Lindbergh]], showing her flight route]]
{{seealso|List of prizes, medals, and awards#Geography}}
Some awards and competitions in the field of geography:
* [[Geography Cup]]
* [[Gold Medal (RGS)|Gold Medal]]
* [[Hubbard Medal]]
* [[National Geographic World Championship]]
* [[Victoria Medal (geography)|Victoria Medal]]
== Some notable geographers ==
: ''Main article: [[Geographer]], [[List of geographers]], [[List of Graeco-Roman geographers]]''
A ''geographer'' is a [[scientist]] who studies [[Earth]]'s physical [[environment (biophysical)|environment]] and [[human]] [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]]. Geographers are historically known for making [[map]]s, the subdiscipline of geography known as [[cartography]]. But they are not only capable of studying the physical details of the environment but also its impact on human and [[wildlife]] [[ecology|ecologies]], [[weather]] and [[climate]] patterns, [[economics]], and [[culture]]. Geographers especially focus on the spatial relationships between these elements.
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* [[Alexander von Humboldt]]
* [[Alfred Hettner]]
* [[al-Istakhri]]
* [[al-Yaqubi]]
* [[al-Masudi]]
* [[Bernhardus Varenius]]
* [[Carl Ritter]]
* [[Crates of Mallus]]
* [[David Harvey (geographer)|David Harvey]]
* [[Ellen Churchill Semple]]
* [[Ellsworth Huntington]]
* [[Eratosthenes]]
* [[Fan Chengda]]
* [[Fred K. Schaefer]]
* [[Gerardus Mercator]]
* [[Halford John Mackinder]]
* [[Ibn al-Faqih]]
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* [[Ibn Battuta]]
* [[Ibn Khaldun]]
* [[Ibn Khurdadhbih]]
* [[Jared Diamond]]
* [[Liu An]]
* [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|al-Idrisi]]
* [[Paul Vidal de la Blache]]
<!--* [[Peter Hagget]]-->
* [[Posidonius]]
* [[Ptolemy]]
* [[Richard Chorley|Richard J. Chorley]]
* [[Richard Hartshorne]]
* [[Shen Kuo]]
* [[Strabo]]
* [[Torsten Hägerstrand]]
* [[Waldo Tobler]]
* [[William Bunge]]
* [[William Garrison (geographer)|William Garrison]]
* [[Xu Xiake]]
* [[Yi-Fu Tuan]]
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[[Image:Strabo.jpg|thumb|400px|The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] geographer Strabo in a [[16th century]] engraving.]]
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== Geography lists ==
: ''Main article: [[Lists of places]]''
* [[Geography of present-day nations and states]]
* [[Lists by country]]
* [[Lists of country-related topics]]
* [[List of Graeco-Roman geographers]]
* [[Lists of place names]]
=== Lists of geographical features ===
==== Lists of landforms ====
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* [[List of caves]]
* [[List of continents]]
* [[List of deserts]]
* [[List of drainage basins]]
* [[List of glaciers]]
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* [[List of hills]]
* [[List of impact craters]]
* [[List of islands]]
* [[Lists of mountains]]
* [[List of mountain passes]]
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* [[List of mountain ranges]]
* [[List of peninsulas]]
* [[List of volcanoes]]
* [[List of watersheds]]
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==== Lists of bodies of water ====
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* [[List of geysers]]
* [[Lists of lakes]]
* [[Lists of rivers]]
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<!--* [[List of oceans]]-->
* [[Sea#List of seas (by ocean)|List of seas]]
* [[List of straits]]
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* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterways]]
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==== Lists of manmade geographical features ====
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* [[List of airports]]
* [[List of aqueducts]]
* [[List of bridges]]
* [[Artificial dwelling hill#List of artificial dwelling hills|List of artificial dwelling hills]]
* [[Cities of present-day nations and states|Lists of cities by country]]
* [[Lists of counties]]
* [[Lists of countries]]
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* [[List of marinas]]
* [[List of national parks|Lists of national parks]]
* [[List of piers]]
* [[List of railway stations]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams]]
* [[List of roads and highways]]
* [[List of sovereign states]]
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* [[List of towns]]
* List of tunnels
**[[List of tunnels by length|By length]]
**[[List of tunnels by location|By location]]
* [[List of walls]]
* [[List of waterways]]
* [[List of World Map changes]]
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== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
<div class="references-small"></div>
== See also ==
* [[List of basic astronomy topics]] - while geography studies and maps the [[World]], astronomy is the study of the rest of the universe, and maps the stars and galaxies.
* [[Earth]] - there's a lot more to a planet than its geography. Some fields closely related to geography are:
** [[Geology]] - while geography studies the surface of the Earth and the location of things on it, geology is the study of the Earth itself, that is, its solid matter: the ground, what it is made of, and what is beneath it.
** [[Oceanography]] - while geography names and maps bodies of water, oceonography studies the large ones, the water they contain, and the life they contain.
* [[Universe]] - the place where the World exists.
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Geography}}
*Teaching Geography
** [http://www.geoknow.net GeoKnow.net - Geography news, information and resources at your fingertips]
** [http://geography.about.com Geography at About.com - comprehensive resource on the discipline]
** [http://www.juicygeography.co.uk/ Juicy Geography - ideas and resources for teachers]
** [http://www.geointeractive.co.uk GeoInteractive - shared resources for teachers]
** [http://www.geocasestudies.com Geography case studies for students]
** [http://www.geography-site.co.uk/ The Geography-Site]
** [http://www.geographyteachingtoday.org.uk/ Geography Teaching Today - Curriculum development project]
** [http://www.problemistics.org/tools/subjects/geography.geology.html Geography - Selected websites]
*Multimedia Geography Resources
** [http://earth.google.com Google Earth: View the World from your Desktop]
** [http://www.guardian.co.uk/interactive Flash Animations on Geographical Themes]
** [http://geographyatthemovies.co.uk/ Geography Movies free for download]
** [http://www.arkive.org/ Images of Life on Earth]
** [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/ World in the Balance (PBS)]
** [http://www.hypergeo.eu/ Hypergeo : Electronical Encyclopedia of Geography]
*Geographical Associations and Pressure Groups
** [http://www.igu-net.org/ International Geographical Union]
** [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ National Geographic Online]
** [http://www.rgs.org Royal Geographical Society]
** [http://www.aag.org/ Association of American Geographers]
** [http://www.rcgs.org Royal Canadian Geographical Society]
** [http://www.cag-acg.ca/en/ Canadian Association of Geographers]
** [http://rgo.msk.ru/ Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Centre)]
** [http://igu.org.ru/ International Geographical Union - Russian National Committee]
{{List resources}}
[[Category:Basic topic lists|Geography]]
[[Category:Geography| ]]
[[Category:Geography-related lists| ]]
[[hr:Popis osnovnih geografskih tema]]