List of essential oils 5808493 223575543 2008-07-04T18:13:33Z Cacycle 83784 rm {{Vegetable oils}}, fix and clean up intro [[Image:Eteri%C4%8Dno_ulje.jpg|thumb|Essential oil of [[Eucalyptus]]]] [[Image:FennelSeeds.jpg|thumb|[[Fennel]] seeds are used as a mouth freshener in [[India]], and are the source of an [[essential oil]]]] [[Essential oil]]s are [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] and liquid [[aroma compound]]s from natural sources, usually plants. Essential oils are not [[oil]]s in a strict sense, but often share with oils a poor [[solubility]] in water. Essential oils often have an [[odor]] are are therefore used in [[food flavor]]ing and [[perfumery]]. Essential oils are usually prepared by [[fragrance extraction]] techniques such as [[distillation]] (including [[steam distillation]]), [[cold pressing]], or extraction ([[maceration]]). Essential oils are distinguished from [[aroma oil]]s (essential oils and aroma compounds in an oily [[solvent]]), [[infusion]]s in a vegetable oil, [[absolute]]s, and [[concrete]]s. Typically, essential oils are highly complex mixtures of often hundreds of individual aroma compounds. * [[Agar oil]], distilled from [[Agarwood]] (''[[Aquilaria]] malaccensis''). Highly prized for its fragrance.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nagaon.nic.in/agar.htm | title=Agar | publisher=Nagaon | accessdate=2006-11-17 }}</ref> * [[Ajwain]] oil, distilled from the leaves of [[Ajwain|Bishop’s weed]] ([[Carum Copticum]]). Oil contains 35-65% [[thymol]]. <ref>[http://www.essentialoil.in/ajwoin_oil.html Ajwain Essential Oil], from the [http://www.essentialoil.in/ EssentialOil.in] Web site, which sells essential oils.</ref> * [[Angelica]] [[Angelica root oil|root oil]], distilled from the ''[[Angelica archangelica]]''.<ref> {{cite web | url=http://www.hippylife.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=81&Itemid=31 | title=Angelica Root | publisher=Hippylife | accessdate=2006-08-17 }}</ref> * [[Anise oil]], from the ''[[Pimpinella anisum]]'', rich odor of licorice, used medicinally.<ref> {{cite web | url=http://www.hippylife.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=81&Itemid=31 | title=Anise | publisher=Hippylife | accessdate=2006-08-17 }}</ref> * [[Asafoetida]], used medicinally and to flavor food. * [[Balsam]] [[Balsam oil|oil]], from the ''[[Myroxylon pereirae]]''.<ref> {{cite web | url=http://www.hippylife.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=31 | title=Balsam, Peru | publisher=Hippylife | accessdate=2006-08-17 }}</ref> * [[Basil]] [[Basil oil|oil]] is used in making perfumes, as well as in [[aromatherapy]] * [[Bergamot orange|Bergamot]] [[Bergamot oil|oil]], used in [[aromatherapy]] and in [[perfume]]s. * [[Black Pepper]] essential oil is distilled from the berries of [[Piper nigrum]]. The warm,soothing effect makes it ideal for treating muscle aches, pains and strains. * [[Buchu]] [[Buchu oil|oil]], made from the [[buchu]] shrub. Considered toxic and no longer widely used. Formerly used medicinally. * [[Cannabis flower essential oil]], used as a flavoring in foods, primarily candy and beverages. Also used as a scent in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and candles. <ref>[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-284.html Hemp: A New Crop with New Uses for North America], from the [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/default.html Purdue University NewCROP Web site].</ref> * [[Caraway]] [[Caraway seed oil|oil]], used a flavoring in foods. Also used in mouthwashes, toothpastes, etc. as a flavoring agent. <ref>[http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/-22C871BE2A0105794A2568B30004D413-45149BF85B8EB0A2CA256BC7008242E5-5F1E116ACE52223C4A256DEA00278232-4AAE0B61F45AB732CA256BCF000BBD4A?open Caraway oil], from the [http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/index.htm Victoria, Australia Department of Primary Industries Web site].</ref> * [[Cardamom]] [[Caramom seed oil|seed oil]], used in [[aromatherapy]] and other medicinal applications. Extracted from seeds of subspecies of [[Zingiberaceae]] (ginger). Also used as a fragrance in soaps, perfumes, etc. <ref>[http://www.essentialoil.in/cardamom_oleoresin.html Cardamom Oleoresin], from the [http://www.essentialoil.in/ EssentialOil.in] Web site, which sells essential oils.</ref> * [[Carrot]] [[Carrot seed oil|seed oil]] (essential oil), used in [[aromatherapy]]. * [[Cedar]]wood [[Cedarwood oil|oil]], primarily used in [[perfumes]] and [[fragrances]]. <ref>[http://www.texarome.com/cedarwood_oil_uses.htm Common Uses of Cedarwood Oil] from the [http://www.texarome.com/ Texarome] Web site. Texarome manufactures essential oils from [[cedar]]wood, [[sandalwood]], [[vetiver]] and [[Tilia|lime]].</ref> * [[Roman chamomile|Chamomile]] [[Chamomile oil|oil]], There are many varieties of chamomile but only two are used in aromatherapy- Roman and German. Both have similar healing properties but German chamomile contains a higher level of azulin ( an anti-inflammatory agent). * [[Calamus]] Root, used medicinally * [[Cinnamon]] [[Cinnamon oil|oil]], used for flavoring and medicinally. * [[Cistus]] * [[Citronella oil]], from a plant related to [[lemon grass]] is used as an insect repellent, as well as medicinally. * [[Salvia sclarea | Clary Sage]] * [[Clove#Active compounds|Clove leaf oil]], used as a topical [[anesthetic]] to relieve dental pain. * [[Coffee]], used to flavor food. * [[Coriander]] * [[Costmary]] oil (bible leaf oil), from the [[Tanacetum balsamita]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seedsofknowledge.com/costmary.html|title=Costmary: A Historical and Useful herb|accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1068691.html|title=Costmary Oil|accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref> * [[Costus]] Root, used medicinally * [[Cranberry]] [[Cranberry seed oil|seed oil]], equally high in [[omega-3]] [[omega-6]] [[fatty acids]], primarily used in the cosmetic industry. * [[Cubeb]], used medicinally and to flavor foods. * [[Cumin]] [[Cumin seed oil|oil]]/Black seed oil, used as a flavor, particularly in meat products. Also used in veterinary medicine. * [[Cupressaceae|Cypress]] * [[Curry Leaf]], used medicinally and to flavor food. * [[Davana oil]], from the ''[[Artemisia pallens]]'', used as a [[perfume]] ingredient and as a [[germicide]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1024001.html | title=Davana oil | publisher=The Good Scents Company | accessdate=2006-11-17 }}</ref> * [[Dill oil]], chemically almost identical to [[caraway]] [[caraway seed oil|seed oil]]. High [[carvone]] content. * [[Elecampane]], used medicinally. * [[Eucalyptus oil]], historically used as a [[germicide]]. Commonly used in cough medicine, among other medicinal uses. <ref>[http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,778,00.html Eucalyptus oil], from the [http://www.wholehealthmd.com/ Whole Health MD Web site].</ref> * [[Fennel#Medicinal uses|Fennel seed oil]], used medicinally, particularly for treating [[colic]] in infants. * [[Fenugreek]] [[Fenugreek oil|oil]], used medicinally and for cosmetics from ancient times. * [[Fir]] * [[Frankincense]] [[Frankincense oil|oil]], used for [[aromatherapy]] and in [[perfumes]]. * [[Galangal]], used medicinally and to flavor food. * [[Galbanum]] * [[Geranium]] [[Geranium oil|oil]], used medicinally, particularly in aromatherapy, used for hormonal imbalance, for this reason geranium is often considered to be "female" oil. * [[Ginger oil]], used medicinally in many cultures. * [[Goldenrod]] * [[Grapefruit]] [[Grapefruit oil|oil]], extracted from the peel of the fruit. Used in aromatherapy. Contains 90% [[limonene]]. <ref>[http://www.frontiercoop.com/learn/eo_grapefruit.html About Grapefruit Essential Oil], from the [http://www.frontiercoop.com/ FrontierCoop Web site]</ref> * [[Henna]] [[Henna oil|oil]], used medicinally. <ref>[http://www.essentialoil.in/shamama_perfume_oil.html Shamana Fragrances], from the [http://www.essentialoil.in/ EssentialOil.in] Web site. Description of [[henna]], and their [[henna]] oil product (branded Shamana Perfume Oil).</ref> * [[Helichrysum]] * [[Hyssop]] * [[Idaho Tansy]] * [[Jasmine]] oil, used for its flowery fragrance. * [[Juniper]] [[Juniper berry oil|berry oil]], used as a flavor. Also used medicinally, including traditional medicine. [[Image:Single lavendar flower02.jpg|thumb|[[Lavender oil]] is distilled from the [[lavender]] flower]] * [[Laurus nobilis]] * [[Lavender oil]], used primarily as a fragrance. Also used medicinally. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722530315/026-6365898-9998846|author=Julia Lawless|title=Lavendar oil|publisher=HarperCollins|date=1994}}</ref> * [[Ledum]] * [[Lemon|Lemon oil]], similar in fragrance to the fruit. Unlike other essential oils, lemon oil is usually [[cold pressed]]. Used medicinally, as an antiseptic, and in cosmetics.<ref>[http://www.frontiercoop.com/learn/eo_lemon.html Lemon Essential Oil], from the [http://www.frontiercoop.com/ FrontierCoop Web site]</ref> * [[Lemongrass]]. Lemongrass is a highy fragrant grass from India. In India, it is used to help treat fevers and infections. The oil is very useful for insect repellent. * [[Litsea|Litsea cubeba]] [[Litsea cubeba oil|oil]], lemon-like scent, often used in perfumes and aromatherapy. * [[Marjoram]] * [[Melaleuca]] See [[Tea tree oil]] * [[Lemon balm | Melissa oil (Lemon balm)]], sweet smelling oil used primarily medicinally, particularly in aromatherapy. * [[Mentha arvensis]] [[Mentha arvensis oil|oil]]/Mint oil, used in flavoring toothpastes, mouthwashes and pharmaceuticals, as well as in aromatherapy and other medicinal applications. <ref>[http://www.msinp.com/herbs/menthaar.htm Mentha Arvensis Oil], from the Web page of the [[Nepal]]ese company [http://www.msinp.com/ Natural Resources Industry]</ref> * [[Mountain Savory]] * [[Artemisia vulgaris|Mugwort]] [[Artemisia vulgaris oil|oil]], used in ancient times for medicinal and magical purposes. Currently considered to be a [[neurotoxin]]. <ref>[http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/mugwort.htm Mugwort oil (Artemisia vulgaris)], from the [http://www.essentialoils.co.za/ EssentialOils Web site] (which sells essential oils).</ref> * [[Mustard oil#Mustard oil from mixing seeds with water|Mustard oil]] (essential oil), containing a high percentage of [[allyl isothiocyanate]] or other [[isothiocyanate]]s, depending on the species of mustard * [[Myrrh]] [[Myrrh oil|oil]], warm, slightly musty smell. Used medicinally. * [[Myrtle]] * [[Neroli]] is produced from the blossom of the bitter orange tree. * [[Nutmeg]] * [[Orange oil]], like [[lemon oil]], cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-[[Limonene]]. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods.<ref>[http://www.floridachemical.com/dlimoneneorangeoilcoldpressedorangeoilfoldedorangeoilapplications.htm Orange Oil Applications] from the [http://www.floridachemical.com/ Florida Chemical] Web site. Florida Chemical sells citrus oils.</ref> * [[Oregano]] [[Oregano oil|oil]], contains [[thymol]] and [[carvacrol]], making it a useful [[fungicide]]. Also used to treat digestive problems. <ref>[http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10116,00.html Oregano oil], from the [http://www.wholehealthmd.com/ Whole Health MD Web site].</ref> * [[Orris]] oil is extracted from the roots of the Florentine iris (''[[Iris florentina]]'') and used as a flavouring agent, in perfume, and medicinally.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057461/orris-oil | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica | title=Orris oil | accessdate=2006-11-20}}</ref> * [[Palo Santo]] * [[Parsley oil]], used in soaps, detergents, colognes, cosmetics and perfumes, especially men’s fragrances. <ref>[http://www.essential7.com/essentialoils/parsleyherb.html Parsley Herb], from the [http://www.essential7.com/ Essential 7] Web site. (Essential 7 sells [[essential oil]]s).</ref> * [[Patchouli]] [[Patchouli oil|oil]], very common ingredient in [[perfumes]]. * [[Perilla]] [[Perilla essential oil|essential oil]], extracted from the leaves of the [[perilla]] plant. Contains about 50-60% [[perillaldehyde]]. * [[Pennyroyal]] [[Pennyroyal oil|oil]], highly toxic. An abortifacient and can even in small quantities cause acute liver and lung damage. <ref>[http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/pennyroyal.htm Pennyroyal oil (Mentha pulegium)], from the [http://www.essentialoils.co.za/ EssentialOils Web site]</ref> * [[Peppermint oil]], used in a wide variety of medicinal applications. * [[Petitgrain]] * [[Pine oil]], used as a disinfectant, and in [[aromatherapy]]. * [[Ravensara aromatica | Ravensara]] * [[Red Cedar]] * [[Roman Chamomile]] * [[Rose oil]], distilled from rose petals, Used primarily as a fragrance. Rose has feminine qualities and has an affinity with the reproductive system. * [[Rosehip]] [[Rosehip oil|oil]], distilled from the seeds of the [[Rosa rubiginosa]] or [[Rosa Mosqueta]]. Used medicinally. * [[Rosemary]] [[Rosemary oil|oil]], distilled from the flowers of [[Rosmarinus officinalis]]. Used in aromatherapy, topically to sooth muscles, and medicinal for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. <ref>[http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,872,00.html Rosemary], from the [http://www.wholehealthmd.com/ Whole Health MD Web site].</ref> * [[Rosewood oil]], used primarily for skin care applications. Also used medicinally. * [[Common sage|Sage]] [[Sage oil|oil]], used medicinally. [[Image:StarAnise.jpg|thumb|The spice [[star anise]] is distilled to make [[star anise oil]]]] * [[Sandalwood|Sandalwood oil]], used primarily as a fragrance, for its pleasant, woody fragrance.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/V5350e/V5350e08.htm|title=Flavours and fragances of plant origin|chapter=Sandalwood oil|accessdate=2006-07-25|author=[[FAO]]}}</ref> * [[Sassafras]] [[Sassafras oil|oil]], from sassafras root bark. Used in aromatherapy, soap-making, perfumes, and the like. Formerly used as a spice, and as the primary flavoring of [[root beer]], ''inter alia''. * [[Savory (herb)|Savory]] [[Savory oil|oil]], from [[Satureja]] species. Used in aromatherapy, cosmetic and soap-making applications. * [[Schisandra chinensis|Schisandra]] [[Schisandra oil|oil]], from the [[Schisandra chinensis]], used medicinally. * [[Spearmint]] [[Spearmint oil|oil]], often used in flavoring mouthwash and chewing gum, among other applications. * [[Spikenard]], used medicinally. * [[Spruce]] * [[Star anise]] [[Star anise oil|oil]], highly fragrant oil using in cooking. Also used in perfumery and soaps, has been used in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams.<ref>{{cite book|title=Herbs: An Indexed Bibliography|author=J.E. Simon, A.F. Chadwick and L.E. Craker|chapter=Anise|date=1984|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/med-aro/factsheets/ANISE.html}}, cited on the [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ Purdue Center for New Crops Web site]</ref> 90% of the world's [[star anise]] crop is used in the manufacture of [[Tamiflu]], a [[drug]] used to treat [[influenza]], and is hoped to be useful for [[H5N1|avian flu]] * [[Tangerine]] * [[Tarragon]] [[Tarragon oil|oil]], distilled from [[Artemisia dracunculus]], used medicinally. * [[Tea tree oil]], distilled from [[Melaleuca alternifolia]], used medicinally. * [[Thyme]] [[Thyme oil|oil]], used medicinally. Being powerful antiseptic, antibacterial and antiviral agent, tea tree's ability to fight infection is second to none. * [[Tsuga]] * [[Turmeric]], used medicinally and to flavor food * [[Valerian]], used medicinally * [[Vetiver#Other uses|Vetiver oil]] (khus oil) a thick, amber oil, primarily from [[India]]. Used as a [[fixative]] in [[perfume]]ry, and in [[aromatherapy]] * [[Western red cedar]] * [[Wintergreen]] * [[Yarrow oil]] is used medicinally, to relieve joint pain * [[Ylang-ylang]] * [[Zedoary]], used medicinally and to flavor food == See also == * [[List of vegetable oils]] * [[Essential oils]] ==Books== * '''Julia Lawless''', The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils: The Complete Guide to the Use of Oils in Aromatherapy and Herbalism (ISBN 1852307218) == References == <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"><references/></div> [[Category:Chemistry lists|Essential oils]]