List of essential oils
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[[Image:Eteri%C4%8Dno_ulje.jpg|thumb|Essential oil of [[Eucalyptus]]]]
[[Image:FennelSeeds.jpg|thumb|[[Fennel]] seeds are used as a mouth freshener in [[India]], and are the source of an [[essential oil]]]]
[[Essential oil]]s are [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] and liquid [[aroma compound]]s from natural sources, usually plants. Essential oils are not [[oil]]s in a strict sense, but often share with oils a poor [[solubility]] in water. Essential oils often have an [[odor]] are are therefore used in [[food flavor]]ing and [[perfumery]]. Essential oils are usually prepared by [[fragrance extraction]] techniques such as [[distillation]] (including [[steam distillation]]), [[cold pressing]], or extraction ([[maceration]]). Essential oils are distinguished from [[aroma oil]]s (essential oils and aroma compounds in an oily [[solvent]]), [[infusion]]s in a vegetable oil, [[absolute]]s, and [[concrete]]s. Typically, essential oils are highly complex mixtures of often hundreds of individual aroma compounds.
* [[Agar oil]], distilled from [[Agarwood]] (''[[Aquilaria]] malaccensis''). Highly prized for its fragrance.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://nagaon.nic.in/agar.htm
| title=Agar
| publisher=Nagaon
| accessdate=2006-11-17
}}</ref>
* [[Ajwain]] oil, distilled from the leaves of [[Ajwain|Bishop’s weed]] ([[Carum Copticum]]). Oil contains 35-65% [[thymol]]. <ref>[http://www.essentialoil.in/ajwoin_oil.html Ajwain Essential Oil], from the [http://www.essentialoil.in/ EssentialOil.in] Web site, which sells essential oils.</ref>
* [[Angelica]] [[Angelica root oil|root oil]], distilled from the ''[[Angelica archangelica]]''.<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.hippylife.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=81&Itemid=31
| title=Angelica Root
| publisher=Hippylife
| accessdate=2006-08-17
}}</ref>
* [[Anise oil]], from the ''[[Pimpinella anisum]]'', rich odor of licorice, used medicinally.<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.hippylife.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=81&Itemid=31
| title=Anise
| publisher=Hippylife
| accessdate=2006-08-17
}}</ref>
* [[Asafoetida]], used medicinally and to flavor food.
* [[Balsam]] [[Balsam oil|oil]], from the ''[[Myroxylon pereirae]]''.<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.hippylife.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=31
| title=Balsam, Peru
| publisher=Hippylife
| accessdate=2006-08-17
}}</ref>
* [[Basil]] [[Basil oil|oil]] is used in making perfumes, as well as in [[aromatherapy]]
* [[Bergamot orange|Bergamot]] [[Bergamot oil|oil]], used in [[aromatherapy]] and in [[perfume]]s.
* [[Black Pepper]] essential oil is distilled from the berries of [[Piper nigrum]]. The warm,soothing effect makes it ideal for treating muscle aches, pains and strains.
* [[Buchu]] [[Buchu oil|oil]], made from the [[buchu]] shrub. Considered toxic and no longer widely used. Formerly used medicinally.
* [[Cannabis flower essential oil]], used as a flavoring in foods, primarily candy and beverages. Also used as a scent in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and candles. <ref>[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-284.html Hemp: A New Crop with New Uses for North America], from the [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/default.html Purdue University NewCROP Web site].</ref>
* [[Caraway]] [[Caraway seed oil|oil]], used a flavoring in foods. Also used in mouthwashes, toothpastes, etc. as a flavoring agent. <ref>[http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/-22C871BE2A0105794A2568B30004D413-45149BF85B8EB0A2CA256BC7008242E5-5F1E116ACE52223C4A256DEA00278232-4AAE0B61F45AB732CA256BCF000BBD4A?open Caraway oil], from the [http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/index.htm Victoria, Australia Department of Primary Industries Web site].</ref>
* [[Cardamom]] [[Caramom seed oil|seed oil]], used in [[aromatherapy]] and other medicinal applications. Extracted from seeds of subspecies of [[Zingiberaceae]] (ginger). Also used as a fragrance in soaps, perfumes, etc. <ref>[http://www.essentialoil.in/cardamom_oleoresin.html Cardamom Oleoresin], from the [http://www.essentialoil.in/ EssentialOil.in] Web site, which sells essential oils.</ref>
* [[Carrot]] [[Carrot seed oil|seed oil]] (essential oil), used in [[aromatherapy]].
* [[Cedar]]wood [[Cedarwood oil|oil]], primarily used in [[perfumes]] and [[fragrances]]. <ref>[http://www.texarome.com/cedarwood_oil_uses.htm Common Uses of Cedarwood Oil] from the [http://www.texarome.com/ Texarome] Web site. Texarome manufactures essential oils from [[cedar]]wood, [[sandalwood]], [[vetiver]] and [[Tilia|lime]].</ref>
* [[Roman chamomile|Chamomile]] [[Chamomile oil|oil]], There are many varieties of chamomile but only two are used in aromatherapy- Roman and German. Both have similar healing properties but German chamomile contains a higher level of azulin ( an anti-inflammatory agent).
* [[Calamus]] Root, used medicinally
* [[Cinnamon]] [[Cinnamon oil|oil]], used for flavoring and medicinally.
* [[Cistus]]
* [[Citronella oil]], from a plant related to [[lemon grass]] is used as an insect repellent, as well as medicinally.
* [[Salvia sclarea | Clary Sage]]
* [[Clove#Active compounds|Clove leaf oil]], used as a topical [[anesthetic]] to relieve dental pain.
* [[Coffee]], used to flavor food.
* [[Coriander]]
* [[Costmary]] oil (bible leaf oil), from the [[Tanacetum balsamita]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seedsofknowledge.com/costmary.html|title=Costmary: A Historical and Useful herb|accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1068691.html|title=Costmary Oil|accessdate=2006-08-05}}</ref>
* [[Costus]] Root, used medicinally
* [[Cranberry]] [[Cranberry seed oil|seed oil]], equally high in [[omega-3]] [[omega-6]] [[fatty acids]], primarily used in the cosmetic industry.
* [[Cubeb]], used medicinally and to flavor foods.
* [[Cumin]] [[Cumin seed oil|oil]]/Black seed oil, used as a flavor, particularly in meat products. Also used in veterinary medicine.
* [[Cupressaceae|Cypress]]
* [[Curry Leaf]], used medicinally and to flavor food.
* [[Davana oil]], from the ''[[Artemisia pallens]]'', used as a [[perfume]] ingredient and as a [[germicide]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1024001.html
| title=Davana oil
| publisher=The Good Scents Company
| accessdate=2006-11-17
}}</ref>
* [[Dill oil]], chemically almost identical to [[caraway]] [[caraway seed oil|seed oil]]. High [[carvone]] content.
* [[Elecampane]], used medicinally.
* [[Eucalyptus oil]], historically used as a [[germicide]]. Commonly used in cough medicine, among other medicinal uses. <ref>[http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,778,00.html Eucalyptus oil], from the [http://www.wholehealthmd.com/ Whole Health MD Web site].</ref>
* [[Fennel#Medicinal uses|Fennel seed oil]], used medicinally, particularly for treating [[colic]] in infants.
* [[Fenugreek]] [[Fenugreek oil|oil]], used medicinally and for cosmetics from ancient times.
* [[Fir]]
* [[Frankincense]] [[Frankincense oil|oil]], used for [[aromatherapy]] and in [[perfumes]].
* [[Galangal]], used medicinally and to flavor food.
* [[Galbanum]]
* [[Geranium]] [[Geranium oil|oil]], used medicinally, particularly in aromatherapy, used for hormonal imbalance, for this reason geranium is often considered to be "female" oil.
* [[Ginger oil]], used medicinally in many cultures.
* [[Goldenrod]]
* [[Grapefruit]] [[Grapefruit oil|oil]], extracted from the peel of the fruit. Used in aromatherapy. Contains 90% [[limonene]]. <ref>[http://www.frontiercoop.com/learn/eo_grapefruit.html About Grapefruit Essential Oil], from the [http://www.frontiercoop.com/ FrontierCoop Web site]</ref>
* [[Henna]] [[Henna oil|oil]], used medicinally. <ref>[http://www.essentialoil.in/shamama_perfume_oil.html Shamana Fragrances], from the [http://www.essentialoil.in/ EssentialOil.in] Web site. Description of [[henna]], and their [[henna]] oil product (branded Shamana Perfume Oil).</ref>
* [[Helichrysum]]
* [[Hyssop]]
* [[Idaho Tansy]]
* [[Jasmine]] oil, used for its flowery fragrance.
* [[Juniper]] [[Juniper berry oil|berry oil]], used as a flavor. Also used medicinally, including traditional medicine.
[[Image:Single lavendar flower02.jpg|thumb|[[Lavender oil]] is distilled from the [[lavender]] flower]]
* [[Laurus nobilis]]
* [[Lavender oil]], used primarily as a fragrance. Also used medicinally. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722530315/026-6365898-9998846|author=Julia Lawless|title=Lavendar oil|publisher=HarperCollins|date=1994}}</ref>
* [[Ledum]]
* [[Lemon|Lemon oil]], similar in fragrance to the fruit. Unlike other essential oils, lemon oil is usually [[cold pressed]]. Used medicinally, as an antiseptic, and in cosmetics.<ref>[http://www.frontiercoop.com/learn/eo_lemon.html Lemon Essential Oil], from the [http://www.frontiercoop.com/ FrontierCoop Web site]</ref>
* [[Lemongrass]]. Lemongrass is a highy fragrant grass from India. In India, it is used to help treat fevers and infections. The oil is very useful for insect repellent.
* [[Litsea|Litsea cubeba]] [[Litsea cubeba oil|oil]], lemon-like scent, often used in perfumes and aromatherapy.
* [[Marjoram]]
* [[Melaleuca]] See [[Tea tree oil]]
* [[Lemon balm | Melissa oil (Lemon balm)]], sweet smelling oil used primarily medicinally, particularly in aromatherapy.
* [[Mentha arvensis]] [[Mentha arvensis oil|oil]]/Mint oil, used in flavoring toothpastes, mouthwashes and pharmaceuticals, as well as in aromatherapy and other medicinal applications. <ref>[http://www.msinp.com/herbs/menthaar.htm Mentha Arvensis Oil], from the Web page of the [[Nepal]]ese company [http://www.msinp.com/ Natural Resources Industry]</ref>
* [[Mountain Savory]]
* [[Artemisia vulgaris|Mugwort]] [[Artemisia vulgaris oil|oil]], used in ancient times for medicinal and magical purposes. Currently considered to be a [[neurotoxin]]. <ref>[http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/mugwort.htm Mugwort oil (Artemisia vulgaris)], from the [http://www.essentialoils.co.za/ EssentialOils Web site] (which sells essential oils).</ref>
* [[Mustard oil#Mustard oil from mixing seeds with water|Mustard oil]] (essential oil), containing a high percentage of [[allyl isothiocyanate]] or other [[isothiocyanate]]s, depending on the species of mustard
* [[Myrrh]] [[Myrrh oil|oil]], warm, slightly musty smell. Used medicinally.
* [[Myrtle]]
* [[Neroli]] is produced from the blossom of the bitter orange tree.
* [[Nutmeg]]
* [[Orange oil]], like [[lemon oil]], cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-[[Limonene]]. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods.<ref>[http://www.floridachemical.com/dlimoneneorangeoilcoldpressedorangeoilfoldedorangeoilapplications.htm Orange Oil Applications] from the [http://www.floridachemical.com/ Florida Chemical] Web site. Florida Chemical sells citrus oils.</ref>
* [[Oregano]] [[Oregano oil|oil]], contains [[thymol]] and [[carvacrol]], making it a useful [[fungicide]]. Also used to treat digestive problems. <ref>[http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10116,00.html Oregano oil], from the [http://www.wholehealthmd.com/ Whole Health MD Web site].</ref>
* [[Orris]] oil is extracted from the roots of the Florentine iris (''[[Iris florentina]]'') and used as a flavouring agent, in perfume, and medicinally.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057461/orris-oil
| publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica
| title=Orris oil
| accessdate=2006-11-20}}</ref>
* [[Palo Santo]]
* [[Parsley oil]], used in soaps, detergents, colognes, cosmetics and perfumes, especially men’s fragrances. <ref>[http://www.essential7.com/essentialoils/parsleyherb.html Parsley Herb], from the [http://www.essential7.com/ Essential 7] Web site. (Essential 7 sells [[essential oil]]s).</ref>
* [[Patchouli]] [[Patchouli oil|oil]], very common ingredient in [[perfumes]].
* [[Perilla]] [[Perilla essential oil|essential oil]], extracted from the leaves of the [[perilla]] plant. Contains about 50-60% [[perillaldehyde]].
* [[Pennyroyal]] [[Pennyroyal oil|oil]], highly toxic. An abortifacient and can even in small quantities cause acute liver and lung damage. <ref>[http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/pennyroyal.htm Pennyroyal oil (Mentha pulegium)], from the [http://www.essentialoils.co.za/ EssentialOils Web site]</ref>
* [[Peppermint oil]], used in a wide variety of medicinal applications.
* [[Petitgrain]]
* [[Pine oil]], used as a disinfectant, and in [[aromatherapy]].
* [[Ravensara aromatica | Ravensara]]
* [[Red Cedar]]
* [[Roman Chamomile]]
* [[Rose oil]], distilled from rose petals, Used primarily as a fragrance. Rose has feminine qualities and has an affinity with the reproductive system.
* [[Rosehip]] [[Rosehip oil|oil]], distilled from the seeds of the [[Rosa rubiginosa]] or [[Rosa Mosqueta]]. Used medicinally.
* [[Rosemary]] [[Rosemary oil|oil]], distilled from the flowers of [[Rosmarinus officinalis]]. Used in aromatherapy, topically to sooth muscles, and medicinal for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. <ref>[http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,872,00.html Rosemary], from the [http://www.wholehealthmd.com/ Whole Health MD Web site].</ref>
* [[Rosewood oil]], used primarily for skin care applications. Also used medicinally.
* [[Common sage|Sage]] [[Sage oil|oil]], used medicinally.
[[Image:StarAnise.jpg|thumb|The spice [[star anise]] is distilled to make [[star anise oil]]]]
* [[Sandalwood|Sandalwood oil]], used primarily as a fragrance, for its pleasant, woody fragrance.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/V5350e/V5350e08.htm|title=Flavours and fragances of plant origin|chapter=Sandalwood oil|accessdate=2006-07-25|author=[[FAO]]}}</ref>
* [[Sassafras]] [[Sassafras oil|oil]], from sassafras root bark. Used in aromatherapy, soap-making, perfumes, and the like. Formerly used as a spice, and as the primary flavoring of [[root beer]], ''inter alia''.
* [[Savory (herb)|Savory]] [[Savory oil|oil]], from [[Satureja]] species. Used in aromatherapy, cosmetic and soap-making applications.
* [[Schisandra chinensis|Schisandra]] [[Schisandra oil|oil]], from the [[Schisandra chinensis]], used medicinally.
* [[Spearmint]] [[Spearmint oil|oil]], often used in flavoring mouthwash and chewing gum, among other applications.
* [[Spikenard]], used medicinally.
* [[Spruce]]
* [[Star anise]] [[Star anise oil|oil]], highly fragrant oil using in cooking. Also used in perfumery and soaps, has been used in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams.<ref>{{cite book|title=Herbs: An Indexed Bibliography|author=J.E. Simon, A.F. Chadwick and L.E. Craker|chapter=Anise|date=1984|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/med-aro/factsheets/ANISE.html}}, cited on the [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ Purdue Center for New Crops Web site]</ref> 90% of the world's [[star anise]] crop is used in the manufacture of [[Tamiflu]], a [[drug]] used to treat [[influenza]], and is hoped to be useful for [[H5N1|avian flu]]
* [[Tangerine]]
* [[Tarragon]] [[Tarragon oil|oil]], distilled from [[Artemisia dracunculus]], used medicinally.
* [[Tea tree oil]], distilled from [[Melaleuca alternifolia]], used medicinally.
* [[Thyme]] [[Thyme oil|oil]], used medicinally. Being powerful antiseptic, antibacterial and antiviral agent, tea tree's ability to fight infection is second to none.
* [[Tsuga]]
* [[Turmeric]], used medicinally and to flavor food
* [[Valerian]], used medicinally
* [[Vetiver#Other uses|Vetiver oil]] (khus oil) a thick, amber oil, primarily from [[India]]. Used as a [[fixative]] in [[perfume]]ry, and in [[aromatherapy]]
* [[Western red cedar]]
* [[Wintergreen]]
* [[Yarrow oil]] is used medicinally, to relieve joint pain
* [[Ylang-ylang]]
* [[Zedoary]], used medicinally and to flavor food
== See also ==
* [[List of vegetable oils]]
* [[Essential oils]]
==Books==
* '''Julia Lawless''', The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils: The Complete Guide to the Use of Oils in Aromatherapy and Herbalism (ISBN 1852307218)
== References ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"><references/></div>
[[Category:Chemistry lists|Essential oils]]