List of grammatical cases 526255 224534973 2008-07-09T08:24:40Z 88.9.3.64 /* Relation */ This is a '''list of [[Grammatical case|grammatical cases]]''' as they are used by various [[Inflection|inflectional language]]s that have [[declension]]. ==Place and Time== Note: Most cases used for location and motion can be used for time as well. ===Location=== {| class="wikitable" ! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in |- | [[Adessive case]] || adjacent location || near/at/by the house | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] &#124; [[Livonian language|Livonian]] &#124; [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] &#124; [[Quechua language|Quechua]] |- | [[Apudessive case]]<ref>Mentioned in: Catherine Fuchs, Stéphane Robert, ''Language Diversity and Cognitive Representations'', 1999, 229 pages, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nkkXN4NuZ9QC&pg=PP1&ots=zV4fZIr9wc&dq=apudessive&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=7iKnuVhW2_kN7D63eoFhexHi4TY#PPP1,M1 Google book search page]</ref> || location next to something || next to the house | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] |- | [[Inessive case]] || inside something || inside the house | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] |- | [[Intrative case]] || between something || between the houses | [[Limbu language|Limbu]] |- | [[Locative case]] || location || at/on/in the house | [[Azeri language|Azeri]] &#124; [[Bengali language|Bangla (Bengali)]] &#124; [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] &#124; [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] &#124; [[Croatian language|Croatian]] &#124; [[Czech language|Czech]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] (only for some traditional town names) &#124; [[Inari Sami]] &#124; [[Latin]] (restricted) &#124; [[Latvian language|Latvian]] &#124; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] &#124; [[Manchu language|Manchu]] &#124; [[Northern Sami]] &#124; [[Polish language|Polish]] &#124; [[Quechua language|Quechua]], &#124; [[Russian language|Russian]] &#124; [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] &#124; [[Serbian language|Serbian]] &#124; [[Skolt Sami]] &#124; [[Slovak language|Slovak]] &#124; [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] &#124; [[Telugu language|Telugu]] &#124; [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] &#124; [[Turkish language|Turkish]] &#124; [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] &#124; [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] <br>(Note: the case in Slavic languages termed the "locative case" in English is actually a prepositional case.) |- | [[Pertingent case]] || in contact with something || touching the house | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] |- | [[Subessive case]] || under something || under/below the house | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] |- | [[Superessive case]] || on the surface || on (top of) the house | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] |} ===Motion from=== {| class="wikitable" ! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in |- | [[Ablative case]] || movement away from something || away from the house | [[Azeri language|Azeri]] &#124; [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] &#124; [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] &#124; [[Latin]] &#124; [[Manchu language|Manchu]] &#124; [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] &#124; [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] &#124; [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] &#124; [[Turkish language|Turkish]] &#124; [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] |- | [[Delative case]] || movement from the surface || from (the top of) the house | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |- | [[Egressive case]] || marking the beginning of a movement or time || beginning from the house | [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |- | [[Elative case]] || out of something || out of the house | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |- | [[Initiative case]] || starting point of an action || beginning from the house | [[Manchu language|Manchu]] |} ===Motion to=== {| class="wikitable" ! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in |- | [[Allative case]] || in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]:<br>movement to (the adjacency of) something<br>in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]:<br>movement onto something || to the house<br><br>onto the house | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] &#124; [[Manchu language|Manchu]] &#124; [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] &#124; [[Turkish language|Turkish]] &#124; [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] |- | [[Illative case]] || movement into something || into the house | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Inari Sami]] &#124; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] &#124; [[Northern Sami]] &#124; [[Skolt Sami]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] |- | [[Lative case]] || motion to location || to/into the house | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] &#124; [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- | [[Sublative case]] || movement onto the surface or below something || on(to) the house / under the house | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] |- | [[Terminative case]] || marking the end of a movement or time || as far as the house | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Manchu language|Manchu]] |} ===Motion via=== {| class="wikitable" ! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in |- | [[Perlative case]] || movement through or along || through/along the house | [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian A & B]] &#124; [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] &#124; [[Yankunytjatjara language|Yankunytjatjara]] |- | [[Prolative case]] || movement using a surface or way || by way of/through the house | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] |- | [[Prosecutive case]] || ''across'' or ''along'' || along the road | [[Kalaallisut language|Kalaallisut]] |- | [[Vialis case]] || ''through'' or ''by'' || by way of the house, using the house | [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] |- |} ===Time=== {| class="wikitable" ! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in |- | [[Antessive case]]<ref>S. Agesthialingom, Prakya Sreesaila Subrahmanyam, ''Dravidian Linguistics- V: (proceedings of the Seminar on Dravidian Linguistics- V)'', Page 275, 1976 - 582 pages, [http://books.google.com/books?id=7fEOAAAAMAAJ&q=antessive&dq=antessive&ie=ISO-8859-1&pgis=1 Google book search link] quote: "''(6) 'before' (antessive), (7) 'behind, ...''"</ref> || before something || before the concert | [[Dravidian languages]] |- | [[Temporal case]] || ''(used only with time expressions)''<br>specifying a time || at seven | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |} ===Chart for review for the basic cases=== {|class="wikitable" |- | &nbsp; |''interior'' |''surface'' |''adjacency'' |- |''from'' |[[Elative case]] |[[Delative case]] |[[Ablative case]] |- |''at/in'' |[[Inessive case]] |[[Superessive case]] |[[Adessive case]] |- |''(in)to'' |[[Illative case]] |[[Sublative case]] |[[Allative case]] |- |''via'' |[[Perlative case]] |[[Prolative case]] |[[Perlative case]] |} ==Morphosyntactic alignment== For meanings of the terms ''agent'', ''patient'', ''experiencer'', and ''instrument'', see ''[[thematic relation]]''. {| class="wikitable" ! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in |- | [[Absolutive case]] (1) || patient, experiencer || he pushed the '''door''' and '''it''' opened | [[Basque language|Basque]] |- | [[Absolutive case]] (2) || patient, involuntary experiencer || she crossed the '''ice'''; '''he''' slipped | [[active language]]s |- | [[Absolutive case]] (3) || patient; experiencer; instrument || he pushed the '''door''' with his '''hand''' and '''it''' opened | [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] |- | [[Accusative case]] (1) || patient || she opened the '''door''' | [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] &#124; [[Arabic language|Arabic]] &#124; [[Azeri language|Azeri]] &#124; [[Croatian language|Croatian]] &#124; [[Czech language|Czech]] &#124; [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Esperanto]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[German language|German]] &#124; [[Greek language|Greek]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] &#124; [[Inari Sami]] &#124; [[Latin]] &#124; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] &#124; [[Northern Sami]] &#124; [[Polish language|Polish]] &#124; [[Romanian language|Romanian]] &#124; [[Russian language|Russian]] &#124; [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] &#124; [[Serbian language|Serbian]] &#124; [[Skolt Sami]] &#124; [[Slovak language|Slovak]] &#124; [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] &#124; [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |- | [[Accusative case]] (2) || [[direct object]] of a [[transitive verb]]; ''made from''; ''about''; ''for a time'' || I see '''her''' | [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] &#124; [[Persian language|Persian]] &#124; [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- | [[Ergative case]] || agent || '''he''' pushed the door and it opened | [[Basque language|Basque]] &#124; [[Chechen language|Chechen]] &#124; [[Dyirbal language|Dyirbal]] &#124; [[Georgian language|Georgian]] &#124; [[Samoan language|Samoan]] &#124; [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] |- | style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Ergative-genitive case]] || agent, possession || '''he''' pushed the door and it opened; '''her''' dog | [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] |- | [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]] || instrument, answers question ''with which thing?'' || with the house | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] &#124; [[Croatian language|Croatian]] &#124; [[Czech language|Czech]] &#124; [[Georgian language|Georgian]] &#124; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] &#124; [[Manchu language|Manchu]] &#124; [[Polish language|Polish]] &#124; [[Russian language|Russian]] &#124; [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] &#124; [[Serbian language|Serbian]] &#124; [[Slovak language|Slovak]] &#124; [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] &#124; [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |- | style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Instrumental-comitative case]] || instrument, in company of something || with the house | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] |- | [[Instructive case|Instructive]] || means, answers question ''how?'' || by means of the house | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (rare) &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (rare) |- | [[Nominative case]] (1) || agent || '''he''' pushed the door and '''it''' opened | [[nominative-accusative language]]s |- | [[Nominative case]] (2) || agent; voluntary experiencer || '''he''' pushed the door and it opened; '''she''' paused | [[nominative-absolutive language]]s |- | [[Objective case]] (1) || direct or indirect object of verb || I saw '''her'''; I gave '''her''' the book. | [[Bengali language|Bangla (Bengali)]] &#124; [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] |- | [[Objective case]] (2) || direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive || I saw '''her'''; I gave '''her''' the book; with '''her'''. | [[English language|English]] &#124; [[Swedish language|Swedish]] &#124; [[Danish language|Danish]] &#124; [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |- | [[Oblique case]] || all-round case; any situation except nominative || concerning the house | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] &#124; [[Telugu language|Telugu]] &#124; [[Old French]] |- | [[Passive case]] or [[patient case]] || the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb || The door opened | [[languages of the Caucasus]] |- | [[Pegative case]] ||agent in a clause with a dative argument|| '''he''' gave the book to him | [[Tlapanec language|Azoyú Tlapanec]] |- |} ==Relation== {| class="wikitable" ! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in |- | [[Ablative case]] || all-round indirect case || concerning the house | [[Sanskrit]] &#124; [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] &#124; [[Latin]] &#124; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] |- | [[Aversive case]] || avoiding or fear || avoiding the house | [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] &#124; [[Yidiny language|Yidiny]] |- | [[Benefactive case]] || for, for the benefit of, intended for || for the house | [[Basque language|Basque]] &#124; [[Quechua language|Quechua]] &#124; [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |- | [[Causal case]] || because, because of || because of the house | [[Quechua language|Quechua]] &#124; [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |- | style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Causal-final case]] || efficient or final cause || for a house | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |- | [[Comitative case]] || in company of something || with the house | [[Dumi language|Dumi]] &#124; [[Ingush language|Ingush]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (rare) &#124; [[Inari Sami]] &#124; [[Northern Sami]] &#124; [[Skolt Sami]] &#124; [[Ossetic]] (only in Iron) |- | [[Dative case]] || shows direction or recipient || for/to the house | [[Azeri language|Azeri]] &#124; [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] &#124; [[Croatian language|Croatian]] &#124; [[Czech language|Czech]] &#124; [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Georgian language|Georgian]] &#124; [[German language|German]] &#124; [[Greek language|Greek]] &#124; [[Hindi language|Hindi]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] &#124; [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] &#124; [[Latin]] &#124; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] &#124; [[Manchu language|Manchu]] &#124; [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] &#124; [[Polish language|Polish]] &#124; [[Romanian language|Romanian]] &#124; [[Russian language|Russian]] &#124; [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] &#124; [[Serbian language|Serbian]] &#124; [[Slovak language|Slovak]] &#124; [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] &#124; [[Turkish language|Turkish]] &#124; [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |- | [[Dedative case]] (Respective) || related to || related to the house | [[Quenya]] |- | [[Distributive case]] || distribution by piece || per house | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Manchu language|Manchu]] |- | style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Distributive-temporal case]] || how often something happens || daily; on Sundays | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |- | [[Genitive case]] || shows relationship, possession || of the house | [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] &#124; [[Arabic language|Arabic]] &#124; [[Azeri language|Azeri]] &#124; [[Bengali language|Bangla (Bengali)]] &#124; [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] &#124; [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] &#124; [[Croatian language|Croatian]] &#124; [[Czech language|Czech]] &#124; [[Danish language|Danish]] &#124; [[Dutch language|Dutch]] &#124; [[English language|English]] &#124; [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Georgian language|Georgian]] &#124; [[German language|German]] &#124; [[Greek language|Greek]] &#124; [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] &#124; [[Inari Sami]] &#124; [[Irish language|Irish]] &#124; [[Latin]] &#124; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] &#124; [[Manchu language|Manchu]] &#124; [[Northern Sami]] &#124; [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] &#124; [[Polish language|Polish]] &#124; [[Romanian language|Romanian]] &#124; [[Russian language|Russian]] &#124; [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] &#124; [[Serbian language|Serbian]] &#124; [[Skolt Sami]] &#124; [[Slovak language|Slovak]] &#124; [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] &#124; [[Swedish language|Swedish]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] &#124; [[Turkish language|Turkish]] &#124; [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |- | [[Ornative case]] || endowment with something || equipped with a house | [[Dumi language|Dumi]] |- | [[Possessed case]] || possession by something || the house is owned by someone | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] |- | [[Possessive case]] || direct possession of something || owned by the house | [[English language|English]] &#124; [[Quenya]] |- | [[Privative case]] || lacking something || homeless, without a house | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] &#124; [[Wagiman language|Wagiman]] |- | [[Semblative case]] || Similarity to something || that tree is like a house | [[Wagiman language|Wagiman]] |- | [[Sociative case]] || along with something, together with something || with the house | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] |- |} ==Semantics== {| class="wikitable" ! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in |- | [[Partitive case]] || used for amounts || three (of the) houses | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Inari Sami]] &#124; [[Russian language|Russian]] &#124; [[Skolt Sami]] |- | [[Prepositional case]] || when certain prepositions precede the noun || in/on/about the house | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] &#124; [[Czech language|Czech]] &#124; [[Polish language|Polish]] &#124; [[Russian language|Russian]] &#124; [[Slovak language|Slovak]] &#124; [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (note: this case is called ''lokál'' in Czech and in Slovak, ''miejscownik'' in Polish, and ''месны (miesny)'' in Belarusian; these names imply that this case also covers [[Locative case]]) |- | [[Vocative case]] || used for addressing someone, with or without a preposition || Hey, father!<br />O father!<br />Father! | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] (rare) &#124; [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] &#124; [[Croatian language|Croatian]] &#124; [[Czech language|Czech]] &#124; [[Georgian language|Georgian]] &#124; [[Greek language|Greek]] &#124; [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] (rare) &#124; [[Hindi language|Hindi]] &#124; [[Irish language|Irish]] &#124; [[Latin]] &#124; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] &#124; [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] &#124; [[Polish language|Polish]] (rare) &#124; [[Romanian language|Romanian]] &#124; [[Russian language|Russian]] (rare) &#124; [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] &#124; [[Serbian language|Serbian]] &#124; [[Telugu language|Telugu]] &#124; [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |- |} ==State== {| class="wikitable" ! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in |- | [[Abessive case]] || the lack of something || without the house | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Inari Sami]] &#124; [[Skolt Sami]] |- | [[Comparative case]] || similarity with something || similar to the house | [[Dumi language|Dumi]] &#124; [[Mari language|Mari]] |- | [[Equative case]] || comparison with something || like the house | [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] &#124; [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] |- | [[Essive case]] || temporary state of being || as the house | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Inari Sami]] &#124; [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] &#124; [[Middle Egyptian]] &#124; [[Northern Sami]] &#124; [[Skolt Sami]] &#124; [[Tsez language|Tsez]] |- | style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Essive-formal case]] || marking a condition as a quality || as a house | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Manchu language|Manchu]] |- | style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Essive-modal case]] || marking a condition as a quality || as a house | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |- | [[Exessive case]] || marking a transition from a condition || from as being a house | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (dialectal) |- | [[Formal case]] || marking a condition as a quality || as a house | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |- | [[Identical case]] || showing that something is identical || being the house | [[Manchu language|Manchu]] |- | [[Orientative case]] || oriented towards something || turned towards the house | [[Manchu language|Manchu]] |- | [[Revertive case]] || backwards to something || against the house | [[Manchu language|Manchu]] |- | [[Translative case]] || change of a condition into another || (turning) into a house | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] &#124; [[Estonian language|Estonian]] &#124; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] &#124; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] &#124; [[Manchu language|Manchu]] |- |} ==References== <references /> [[Category:Grammatical cases| *]] [[Category:Linguistics lists|Grammatical cases]] [[bg:Падеж (граматика)]] [[cs:Mluvnický pád]] [[da:Kasus]] [[de:Kasus]] [[eo:Gramatika kazo]] [[es:Caso (gramática)]] [[fo:Føll]] [[fr:Cas]] [[gl:Caso gramatical]] [[hr:Padež]] [[hu:Eset]] [[is:Fall (málfræði)]] [[ja:格]] [[ka:ბრუნვა]] [[mk:Листа на падежи]] [[nl:Naamval]] [[pl:Lista przypadków]] [[ro:Caz]] [[fi:Sija]]