List of grammatical cases
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2008-07-09T08:24:40Z
88.9.3.64
/* Relation */
This is a '''list of [[Grammatical case|grammatical cases]]''' as they are used by various [[Inflection|inflectional language]]s that have [[declension]].
==Place and Time==
Note: Most cases used for location and motion can be used for time as well.
===Location===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Adessive case]] || adjacent location || near/at/by the house
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | [[Livonian language|Livonian]] | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] | [[Quechua language|Quechua]]
|-
| [[Apudessive case]]<ref>Mentioned in: Catherine Fuchs, Stéphane Robert, ''Language Diversity and Cognitive Representations'', 1999, 229 pages, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nkkXN4NuZ9QC&pg=PP1&ots=zV4fZIr9wc&dq=apudessive&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=7iKnuVhW2_kN7D63eoFhexHi4TY#PPP1,M1 Google book search page]</ref> || location next to something || next to the house
| [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| [[Inessive case]] || inside something || inside the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| [[Intrative case]] || between something || between the houses
| [[Limbu language|Limbu]]
|-
| [[Locative case]] || location || at/on/in the house
| [[Azeri language|Azeri]] | [[Bengali language|Bangla (Bengali)]] | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] | [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] (only for some traditional town names) | [[Inari Sami]] | [[Latin]] (restricted) | [[Latvian language|Latvian]] | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | [[Manchu language|Manchu]] | [[Northern Sami]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | [[Quechua language|Quechua]], | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | [[Skolt Sami]] | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] | [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] | [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] <br>(Note: the case in Slavic languages termed the "locative case" in English is actually a prepositional case.)
|-
| [[Pertingent case]] || in contact with something || touching the house
| [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
|-
| [[Subessive case]] || under something || under/below the house
| [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| [[Superessive case]] || on the surface || on (top of) the house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|}
===Motion from===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Ablative case]] || movement away from something || away from the house
| [[Azeri language|Azeri]] | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] | [[Latin]] | [[Manchu language|Manchu]] | [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] | [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]
|-
| [[Delative case]] || movement from the surface || from (the top of) the house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| [[Egressive case]] || marking the beginning of a movement or time || beginning from the house
| [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
|-
| [[Elative case]] || out of something || out of the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| [[Initiative case]] || starting point of an action || beginning from the house
| [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|}
===Motion to===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Allative case]] || in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]:<br>movement to (the adjacency of) something<br>in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]:<br>movement onto something || to the house<br><br>onto the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | [[Manchu language|Manchu]] | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]
|-
| [[Illative case]] || movement into something || into the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Inari Sami]] | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | [[Northern Sami]] | [[Skolt Sami]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| [[Lative case]] || motion to location || to/into the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|-
| [[Sublative case]] || movement onto the surface or below something || on(to) the house / under the house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| [[Terminative case]] || marking the end of a movement or time || as far as the house
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|}
===Motion via===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Perlative case]] || movement through or along || through/along the house
| [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian A & B]] | [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] | [[Yankunytjatjara language|Yankunytjatjara]]
|-
| [[Prolative case]] || movement using a surface or way || by way of/through the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
|-
| [[Prosecutive case]] || ''across'' or ''along'' || along the road
| [[Kalaallisut language|Kalaallisut]]
|-
| [[Vialis case]] || ''through'' or ''by'' || by way of the house, using the house
| [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]
|-
|}
===Time===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Antessive case]]<ref>S. Agesthialingom, Prakya Sreesaila Subrahmanyam, ''Dravidian Linguistics- V: (proceedings of the Seminar on Dravidian Linguistics- V)'', Page 275, 1976 - 582 pages, [http://books.google.com/books?id=7fEOAAAAMAAJ&q=antessive&dq=antessive&ie=ISO-8859-1&pgis=1 Google book search link] quote: "''(6) 'before' (antessive), (7) 'behind, ...''"</ref> || before something || before the concert
| [[Dravidian languages]]
|-
| [[Temporal case]] || ''(used only with time expressions)''<br>specifying a time || at seven
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|}
===Chart for review for the basic cases===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|
|''interior''
|''surface''
|''adjacency''
|-
|''from''
|[[Elative case]]
|[[Delative case]]
|[[Ablative case]]
|-
|''at/in''
|[[Inessive case]]
|[[Superessive case]]
|[[Adessive case]]
|-
|''(in)to''
|[[Illative case]]
|[[Sublative case]]
|[[Allative case]]
|-
|''via''
|[[Perlative case]]
|[[Prolative case]]
|[[Perlative case]]
|}
==Morphosyntactic alignment==
For meanings of the terms ''agent'', ''patient'', ''experiencer'', and ''instrument'', see ''[[thematic relation]]''.
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Absolutive case]] (1) || patient, experiencer || he pushed the '''door''' and '''it''' opened
| [[Basque language|Basque]]
|-
| [[Absolutive case]] (2) || patient, involuntary experiencer || she crossed the '''ice'''; '''he''' slipped
| [[active language]]s
|-
| [[Absolutive case]] (3) || patient; experiencer; instrument || he pushed the '''door''' with his '''hand''' and '''it''' opened
| [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]
|-
| [[Accusative case]] (1) || patient || she opened the '''door'''
| [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] | [[Azeri language|Azeri]] | [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Esperanto]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[German language|German]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] | [[Inari Sami]] | [[Latin]] | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | [[Northern Sami]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | [[Romanian language|Romanian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | [[Skolt Sami]] | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] | [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|-
| [[Accusative case]] (2) || [[direct object]] of a [[transitive verb]]; ''made from''; ''about''; ''for a time'' || I see '''her'''
| [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|-
| [[Ergative case]] || agent || '''he''' pushed the door and it opened
| [[Basque language|Basque]] | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] | [[Dyirbal language|Dyirbal]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Samoan language|Samoan]] | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Ergative-genitive case]] || agent, possession || '''he''' pushed the door and it opened; '''her''' dog
| [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]
|-
| [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]] || instrument, answers question ''with which thing?'' || with the house
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] | [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | [[Manchu language|Manchu]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] | [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Instrumental-comitative case]] || instrument, in company of something || with the house
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
|-
| [[Instructive case|Instructive]] || means, answers question ''how?'' || by means of the house
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (rare) | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (rare)
|-
| [[Nominative case]] (1) || agent || '''he''' pushed the door and '''it''' opened
| [[nominative-accusative language]]s
|-
| [[Nominative case]] (2) || agent; voluntary experiencer || '''he''' pushed the door and it opened; '''she''' paused
| [[nominative-absolutive language]]s
|-
| [[Objective case]] (1) || direct or indirect object of verb || I saw '''her'''; I gave '''her''' the book.
| [[Bengali language|Bangla (Bengali)]] | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
|-
| [[Objective case]] (2) || direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive || I saw '''her'''; I gave '''her''' the book; with '''her'''.
| [[English language|English]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
|-
| [[Oblique case]] || all-round case; any situation except nominative || concerning the house
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] | [[Old French]]
|-
| [[Passive case]] or [[patient case]] || the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb || The door opened
| [[languages of the Caucasus]]
|-
| [[Pegative case]] ||agent in a clause with a dative argument|| '''he''' gave the book to him
| [[Tlapanec language|Azoyú Tlapanec]]
|-
|}
==Relation==
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Ablative case]] || all-round indirect case || concerning the house
| [[Sanskrit]] | [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] | [[Latin]] | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
|-
| [[Aversive case]] || avoiding or fear || avoiding the house
| [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] | [[Yidiny language|Yidiny]]
|-
| [[Benefactive case]] || for, for the benefit of, intended for || for the house
| [[Basque language|Basque]] | [[Quechua language|Quechua]] | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| [[Causal case]] || because, because of || because of the house
| [[Quechua language|Quechua]] | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Causal-final case]] || efficient or final cause || for a house
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| [[Comitative case]] || in company of something || with the house
| [[Dumi language|Dumi]] | [[Ingush language|Ingush]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (rare) | [[Inari Sami]] | [[Northern Sami]] | [[Skolt Sami]] | [[Ossetic]] (only in Iron)
|-
| [[Dative case]] || shows direction or recipient || for/to the house
| [[Azeri language|Azeri]] | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] | [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[German language|German]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] | [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] | [[Latin]] | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | [[Manchu language|Manchu]] | [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | [[Romanian language|Romanian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] | [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|-
| [[Dedative case]] (Respective) || related to || related to the house
| [[Quenya]]
|-
| [[Distributive case]] || distribution by piece || per house
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Distributive-temporal case]] || how often something happens || daily; on Sundays
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| [[Genitive case]] || shows relationship, possession || of the house
| [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] | [[Azeri language|Azeri]] | [[Bengali language|Bangla (Bengali)]] | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] | [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] | [[English language|English]] | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[German language|German]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] | [[Inari Sami]] | [[Irish language|Irish]] | [[Latin]] | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | [[Manchu language|Manchu]] | [[Northern Sami]] | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | [[Romanian language|Romanian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | [[Skolt Sami]] | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] | [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|-
| [[Ornative case]] || endowment with something || equipped with a house
| [[Dumi language|Dumi]]
|-
| [[Possessed case]] || possession by something || the house is owned by someone
| [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
|-
| [[Possessive case]] || direct possession of something || owned by the house
| [[English language|English]] | [[Quenya]]
|-
| [[Privative case]] || lacking something || homeless, without a house
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] | [[Wagiman language|Wagiman]]
|-
| [[Semblative case]] || Similarity to something || that tree is like a house
| [[Wagiman language|Wagiman]]
|-
| [[Sociative case]] || along with something, together with something || with the house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]]
|-
|}
==Semantics==
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Partitive case]] || used for amounts || three (of the) houses
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Inari Sami]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Skolt Sami]]
|-
| [[Prepositional case]] || when certain prepositions precede the noun || in/on/about the house
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (note: this case is called ''lokál'' in Czech and in Slovak, ''miejscownik'' in Polish, and ''месны (miesny)'' in Belarusian; these names imply that this case also covers [[Locative case]])
|-
| [[Vocative case]] || used for addressing someone, with or without a preposition || Hey, father!<br />O father!<br />Father!
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] (rare) | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] | [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] (rare) | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | [[Irish language|Irish]] | [[Latin]] | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] (rare) | [[Romanian language|Romanian]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] (rare) | [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|-
|}
==State==
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Abessive case]] || the lack of something || without the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Inari Sami]] | [[Skolt Sami]]
|-
| [[Comparative case]] || similarity with something || similar to the house
| [[Dumi language|Dumi]] | [[Mari language|Mari]]
|-
| [[Equative case]] || comparison with something || like the house
| [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| [[Essive case]] || temporary state of being || as the house
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Inari Sami]] | [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] | [[Middle Egyptian]] | [[Northern Sami]] | [[Skolt Sami]] | [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Essive-formal case]] || marking a condition as a quality || as a house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Essive-modal case]] || marking a condition as a quality || as a house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| [[Exessive case]] || marking a transition from a condition || from as being a house
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (dialectal)
|-
| [[Formal case]] || marking a condition as a quality || as a house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| [[Identical case]] || showing that something is identical || being the house
| [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
| [[Orientative case]] || oriented towards something || turned towards the house
| [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
| [[Revertive case]] || backwards to something || against the house
| [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
| [[Translative case]] || change of a condition into another || (turning) into a house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
|}
==References==
<references />
[[Category:Grammatical cases| *]]
[[Category:Linguistics lists|Grammatical cases]]
[[bg:Падеж (граматика)]]
[[cs:Mluvnický pád]]
[[da:Kasus]]
[[de:Kasus]]
[[eo:Gramatika kazo]]
[[es:Caso (gramática)]]
[[fo:Føll]]
[[fr:Cas]]
[[gl:Caso gramatical]]
[[hr:Padež]]
[[hu:Eset]]
[[is:Fall (málfræði)]]
[[ja:格]]
[[ka:ბრუნვა]]
[[mk:Листа на падежи]]
[[nl:Naamval]]
[[pl:Lista przypadków]]
[[ro:Caz]]
[[fi:Sija]]