List of kings of Persia
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{{History of Greater Iran}}
The following is a comprehensive '''list of kings of Persia''', which includes all of the empires ruling over geographical [[Iran]] and their rulers.
==Early realms in Iran==
===Elamite Kingdom, 3000–660 BC===
The Elamites were a people located in [[Susa]], in what is now [[Khuzestan]] province. Their language was neither [[Semitic]] nor [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], and they were the geographic precursors of the Persian/Median empire that later appeared. Some have offered evidence for a linguistic kinship between Elamite and the modern [[Dravidian languages]] of Southern [[India]] (see "[[Elamo-Dravidian languages]]") but this is not universally accepted. The ''proto-Elamites'' lived far back as 7,500 years ago in [[Iran]]. See remains [[Sialk|here]].
====Avan Dynasty (precise dates unknown)====
*[[Peli]] (fl. c. 2500 BC)
*[[Tata (Persian King)|Tata]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Ukku-Takhesh]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Khishur]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Shushun-Tarana]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Napil-Khush]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Kikku-Sive-Temti]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Lukh-Ishshan]] (fl. c. 24th century)
*[[Khelu]] (fl. c. 24th century)
*[[Khita]] (fl. c. 23rd century)
*[[Kutik-Inshushinnak]] (fl. c. 2240)
====Simash Dynasty (precise dates unknown)====
*[[Gir-Namme]] (fl. c. 2030)
*[[Enpi-Luhhan]] (fl. c. 2010)
*[[Khutran-Temtt]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Kindattu]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Indattu-Inshushinnak I]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Tan-Rukhurater]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Indattu-Inshushinnak II]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Indattu-Napir]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Indattu-Tempt]] (precise dates unknown)
====Eparti Dynasty (precise dates unknown)====
*[[Eparti I]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Eparti II]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Eparti III]] (fl. c. 1850)
*[[Shilkhakha]] (precise dates unknown)
*[[Attakhushu]] (fl. c. 1830)
*[[Sirukdukh]] (fl. c. 1792)
*[[Shimut-Wartash]] (c. 1772 – c. 1770)
====Igehalkid Dynasty (c. 1350 – c. 1200 BC)====
*[[Ige-Halki]] (c. 1350 – c. 1330)
*[[Pakhir-Ishshan]] (c. 1330 – c. 1310)
*[[Attar-Kittakh]] (c. 1310 – c. 1300)
*[[Khuman-Numena]] (c. 1300 – c. 1275)
*[[Untash-Naprisha]] (c. 1275 – c. 1240)
*[[Unpatar-Naprisha]] (c. 1240 – c. 1235)
*[[Kiddin-Khutran]] (c. 1235 – c. 1210)
====Shutrukid Dynasty (c. 1205 – c. 1100 BC)====
*[[Khallutush-In-Shushinak]] (c. 1205 – c. 1185)
*[[Shutruk-Nahhunte]] (c. 1185 – c. 1155)
*[[Kutir-Nahhunte III]] (c. 1155 – c. 1150)
*[[Shilkhak-In-Shushinak]] (c. 1150 – c. 1120)
*[[Khutelutush-In-Shushinak]] (c. 1120 – c. 1110)
*[[Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar]] (c. 1110 – ????)
====Late Elam Dynasty (743–644)====
*[[Khumbanigash I]] (743–717)
*[[Shuttir-Nakhkhunte]] (717–699)
*[[Khallushu]] (699–693)
*[[Kutir-Nakhkhunte]] (693–692)
*[[Khumma-Menanu]] (692–689)
*[[Khumma-Khaldash I]] (689–681)
*[[Khumma-Khaldash II]] (681–680)
*Khumma-Khaldash II & [[Shilhak-In-Shushinak]] (680–676)
*[[Shilhak-In-Shushinak]] & [[Urtaku]] (676–664)
*Shilhak-In-Shushinak & [[Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak]] (664–653)
*[[Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak]] & [[Khumbanigash II]] (653–651)
*Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak & [[Tammaritu]] (651–649)
*Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak & [[Indabigash]] (649–648)
*Indabigash (648–647)
*[[Khumma-Khaldash III]] (647–644)
==Empire of Medians and Persians==
===Median Dynasty, 728–550 BC===
*[[Deioces]], 728–675
*[[Phraortes]], 675–653
*[[Madius|Madius the Scythian]], 653–625
*[[Cyaxares]], 625–585
*[[Astyages]], 585–550
The Medes were an Iranian people. The '''Persians''', a closely related and subject people, revolted against the [[Medes|Median empire]] during the 6th century BC.
===Achaemenid dynasty, 550–330 BC===
*[[Achaemenes]], founder of the dynasty, king of Persia.
*[[Teispes of Anshan]], his son, king of Persia, king of Anshan, died 640.
<table border=1 cellpadding=5 class="prettytable">
<tr>
<th>Line of Cyrus</th>
<th>Line of Ariaramnes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <!-- Cyrus-->
*[[Cyrus I of Anshan]], son of Teispes, king of Anshan 640–580.
*[[Cambyses I of Anshan]], his son, king of Anshan 580–559.
*[[Cyrus II of Persia|Cyrus II the Great]], his son, king of Anshan 559–529. He conquered the Median Empire in 550 and established the [[Persian Empire]].
</td>
<td> <!-- Ariaramnes -->
*[[Ariaramnes of Persia]], son of Teispes, king of Persia. His reign is doubtful.
*[[Arsames of Persia]], son of Ariaramnes, king of Persia until 550, died after 520. His reign is doubtful.
*His son [[Hystaspes]] was Satrap of [[Parthia]] under [[Cambyses II]], [[Smerdis]] and his son [[Darius I of Persia|Darius]].
</td>
</tr>
</table>
*[[Cyrus II of Persia|Cyrus II the Great]], established the [[Persian Empire]] and ruled it from 550–529.
*[[Cambyses II]], his son, ruled 530–522.
*[[Smerdis]], his alleged brother, ruled 522.
*[[Darius I of Persia|Darius I the Great]], son of [[Hystaspes]], ruled 521–486.
*[[Xerxes I]], his son, ruled 486–465.
*[[Artaxerxes I|Artaxerxes I Longimanus]], his son, ruled 464–424.
*[[Xerxes II]], his son, ruled 424.
*[[Sogdianus]], his half-brother, ruled 424–423.
*[[Darius II of Persia|Darius II Nothus]], his half-brother and rival, ruled 423–404.
*[[Artaxerxes II|Artaxerxes II Memnon]], his son, ruled 404–358 (see also [[Xenophon]]).
*[[Artaxerxes III|Artaxerxes III Ochus]], his son, ruled 358–338.
*[[Arses of Persia|Artaxerxes IV Arses]], his son, ruled 338–336.
*[[Darius III of Persia|Darius III Codomannus]], great-grandson of Darius II, ruled 336–330.
*Artaxerxes V [[Bessus]], a usurper who murdered Darius and continued the resistance against [[Alexander the Great]] from 330–329.
The epigraphic evidence for ancestors of [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I the Great]] is highly suspect and might have been invented by that king.
==Macedonian rulers==
===[[Argead Dynasty]], 330–310 BC===<!-- This section is linked from [[Alexander the Great]] -->
*[[Alexander the Great|Alexander III the Great]] (330 BC–323)
*[[Philip III of Macedon|Philip III Arrhideus]] (323 BC–317)
*[[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]] (323 BC–310)
===[[Seleucid dynasty]], 305–164 BC===
*[[Seleucus I Nicator]] (312/305–281)
*[[Antiochus I Soter]] (co-ruler from 291, ruled 281–261)
*[[Antiochus II Theos]] (261–246)
*[[Seleucus II Callinicus]] (246–225)
*[[Seleucus III Ceraunus]] (225–223)
*[[Antiochus III the Great]] (223–187)
*[[Seleucus IV Philopator]] (187–175)
*[[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] (175–164)
*[[Antiochus V Eupator]] (164–162)
*[[Demetrius I Soter]] (162–150)
*[[Alexander Balas]] (150–145)
*[[Demetrius II Nicator]] (145–139)
The Seleucid Dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the [[Arsacid Dynasty]] established itself in [[Parthia]]. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid 2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. There were more Seleucid rulers of Syria and, for a time, Babylonia, after Antiochus IV, but none had any effective power in Persia).
==Parthian dynasty (Arsacid dynasty), 247 BC – AD 224==
{{Arsacid dynasty}}
There were various regional client dynasties, often with significant autonomy. Like the [[Elymais]] client Kingdom that occupied the area of ancient [[Elam]], and kingdoms of [[Mesene]] in Lower Mesopotamia and [[Persis]] (Fars) in Central Iran, as well as [[Adiabene]] in Northern Mesopotamia..
==Sassanid Empire, AD 224–651==
*[[Ardashir I of Persia|Ardashir I]], 224 to 241
*[[Shapur I of Persia|Shapur I]], 241–272, the first to claim universal rule: Iran and Aniran, ie the rest of the world
*[[Hormizd I of Persia|Hormizd I]], 272–273
*[[Bahram I of Persia|Bahram I]], 273–276
*[[Bahram II of Persia|Bahram II]], 276–293
*[[Bahram III of Persia|Bahram III]] year 293
*[[Narseh of Persia|Narseh]], 293–302
*[[Hormizd II of Persia|Hormizd II]], 302–310
*[[Shapur II of Persia|Shapur II]], 310–379
*[[Ardashir II of Persia|Ardashir II]], 379–383
*[[Shapur III of Persia|Shapur III]], 383–388
*[[Bahram IV of Persia|Bahram IV]], 388–399
*[[Yazdegerd I of Persia|Yazdegerd I]], 399–420
*[[Bahram V of Persia|Bahram V]], 420–438
*[[Yazdegerd II of Persia|Yazdegerd II]], 438–457
*[[Hormizd III of Persia|Hormizd III]], 457–459
*[[Peroz I of Persia|Peroz I]], 457–484
*[[Balash of Persia|Balash]], 484–488
*[[Kavadh I of Persia|Kavadh I]], 488–531
**[[Djamasp of Persia|Djamasp]], 496–498
*[[Khosrau I of Persia|Khosrau I]], 531–579
*[[Hormizd IV of Persia|Hormizd IV]], 579–590
*[[Khosrau II of Persia|Khosrau II]], 590–628
**[[Bahram Chobin|Bahram VI]], 590–591
**[[Bistam of Persia|Bistam]], 591–592
**[[Hormizd V of Persia|Hormizd V]] year 593
*[[Kavadh II of Persia|Kavadh II]], 628
*[[Ardashir III of Persia|Ardashir III]], 628–630
**[[Peroz II of Persia|Peroz II]], 629
*[[Shahrbaraz of Persia|Shahrbaraz]], 630
*[[Purandokht|Boran (Purandokht)]] and others, 630–631
*[[Hormizd VI of Persia|Hormizd VI (or V)]], 631–632
*[[Yazdegerd III of Persia|Yazdegerd III]], 632–651
==Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran==
===Arab caliphs rule===
All Persian provinces served under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867.
*[[Umayyad]] dynasty, 661–750
*[[Abbasid]] dynasty, 750–867
''divided, 867–1029''
==Dynasties after the advent of Islam in Iran==
===Tahirids in Khorasan, 821–872===
* [[Taher ebne Hosein ebne Mos'ab]], Emir 821–822
* [[Talhat ebne Taher]], 822–828
* [[Abdollah ebne Taher]], 828–844
* [[Taher ebne Abdollah]], 844–862
* [[Muhammad of Khorasan]], 862–872
===Alavids, 864–928===
* Hasan ebne Zeid Hasani, Emir 864–884
* Mohammad ebne Zeid, 884–900
* Hasan ebne Ali Hoseini, 913–916
* Hasan ebne Ghasem Hasani, 916–928
===Ziyarids, 928–1043===
* [[Abolhojaj Mardavij ebne Ziyar]], Emir 928–934
* [[Abu Taher Voshmgeer ebne Ziyar]], 934–967
* [[Zahir-ol-doleh Behsotoon]], 967–976
* [[Shams ol Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos]], 976–1012
* [[Falak ol Mo'ali Manuchehr ebne Ghabus]], 1012–1031
* [[Anushiravan ebne Manuchehr]], 1031–1043
===Buyyids, 932–1056===
====Diylamids of Fars ====
* [[Emad o-dowleh Abol Hasan]], Emir 932–939
* [[Azad o-dowleh]], 939–982
* [[Sharaf o-dowleh]], 982–989
* [[Samsam o-dowleh]], 989–998
* [[Baha o-dowleh]], 998–1012
* [[Soltan o-dowleh]], 1012–1024
* [[Emad o-dowleh Abu Kalijar]], 1024–1048
* [[Malek Rahim Abu Nasr Khosrow Firuz]], 1048–1055
====Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman====
* [[Mo'ez o-dowleh]], 932–966
* [[Azad o-dowleh]], Bakhtiar 966–977
* [[Azado o-dowleh]] Abu Shoja', 977–982
* [[Baha o-dowleh]], 989–1012
* [[Soltan o-dowleh]], 1012–1021
* [[Abu Kalijar Marzban]], 1043–1048
* [[Ghavam o-dowleh]], 1012–1028
* [[Abu Mansur Fulad sotoon]], 1048–1056
====Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan====
* [[Rokn o-dowleh]], Sultan 932–976
* [[Mo'ayyed o-dowleh]], 976–983
* [[Fakhr o-dowleh]], 976–997
* [[Majd o-dowleh]], 997–1029
* [[Shams o-dowleh]], 997–1021
* [[Sama o-dowleh]], 1021–1023
===Saffarids in Seistan and beyond, 861–1002, ===
* [[Yagub Leith Saffar]]
* [[Abu Yusef Yaqub ebne Lais]], surnamed "the coppersmith", Emir 861–878
* [[Amr o ebne Lais]], 878–900
* [[Abol Hasan Taher ebne Mohammad ebne Amro ebne Lais]], 900–908
* [[Lais ebne Ali ebne Lais]], 908–910
* [[Abu Ali Mohammad ebne Ali ebne Lais]], 910–910
* [[Abu Jafar Ahmad ebne Mohammad ebne Khalf]], 923–963
* [[Abu Ahmad Khalf ebne Ahmad]], 963–1002
===Samanids (Proto-Tajiks), 892–998===
* Adel; [[Amir Mazi Abyu Ebrahim Esmail ebne Ahmad]], Emir 892–907
* Shaheed; [[Abu Nasr Ahmad ebne Esmail]], 907–913
* Saeed; [[Abol Hasan Nasr ebne Ahmad]], 913–942
* Hamid; [[Abu Mohammad Nuh ebne Nasr]], 942–954
* Rashid; [[Abul Foares Abdolmaleh ebne Nuh]], 954–961
* Mo'ayyed; [[Amir Sadeed Abu Saleh Mansur ebne Nuh]], 961–976
* Radhi; [[Shahanshah Abolqasem Nuh ebne Mansu]]r, 976–996
* Abol Hareth; [[Mansur ebne Nuh]], 996–998
* Abol Foares; [[AbdolMalek ebne Nuh]], 998–998
===Ghaznavids, 997–1186===
* [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Yameen o-dowleh AbolQasem Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen]], Sultan 997–1030
* Jalal o-dowleh Abu Ahmad Mohammad ebne Mahmud, 1030–1030
* Shahab o-dowleh Abu Sa'd Masud ebne Mahmud, 1030–1040
* Shahab o-dowleh Abolfath Modud ebne Masud, 1040–1049
* Baha o-dowleh Abol Hasan Ali ebne Masud, 1049–1049
* Azad o-dowleh Abu Mansur Abdol Rashid ebne Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, 1049–1052
* Jamal o-dowleh Abolfazl Farrokhzaad ebne Masud ebne Mahmud, 1052–1059
* Zaheer o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Ebrahim, 1059–1098
* Ala o-dowleh Abu Saeed Masud ebne Ebrahim, 1098–1115
* Soltan o-dowleh Abol-fath Arsalan Shah, 1115–1117
* Yameen o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Baharm Shah ebne Masud, 1117–1153
* Taj o-dowleh Abol Shoja Khosro Shah ebne Bahram Shah, 1153–1160
* Saraj o-dowleh Abolmolook Khosrow Malek ebne Khosro Shah, 1160–1186
===Seljuks, 1029–1194===
* [[Toghrül|Toğrül]] bin Mikail (Tughril Beg), Sultan 1037–1063
* [[Alp Arslan]] bin Chaghri 1063–1072
* Jalal ad-Dawlah [[Malik Shah I]] 1072–1092
* Nasir ad-Din [[Mahmud I of Great Seljuk|Mahmud I]] 1092–1094
* Rukn ad-Din [[Barkiyaruq]] 1094–1105
* Mu'izz ad-Din [[Malik Shah II]] 1105
* Ghiyath ad-Din [[Mehmed I of Great Seljuk|Mehmed I]] Tapar (Muhammad) 1105–1118
* Mu'izz ad-Din [[Ahmed Sanjar]] 1097–1157
* [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuk|Mahmud II]] 1118–1131
* [[Dawud of Great Seljuk|Dawud]] (David) 1131–1132
* [[Toghrül II|Toğrül II]] (Tughril Beg) 1132–1134
* [[Mesud I]] 1134–1152
* [[Malik Shah III]] 1152–1153
* [[Mehmed II of Great Seljuk|Mehmed II]] (Muhammad II) 1153–1160
* [[Süleyman of Great Seljuk|Süleyman Shah]] (Sulaiman Shah) 1160–1161
* [[Arslan Shah]] 1161–1176
* [[Tohrül III|Toğrül III]] (Tughril Beg III) 1176–1194
''divided, 1194–1256''
===[[Khwarezmian Empire|Khwarazmid]]s, 1096–1230===
An empire built from Azerbaidjan, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.
* Ghotb-al-Din [[Muhammad I of Khwarazm]] ebne Anushtekeen Gharajeh, Shah (1096–1128)
* Ala-al-Din Abol Mozaffar [[Aziz]] ebne Ghotb-al-Din ebne Mohammad (1128–1156)
* Taj-al-Din Abolfath Il[[Il-Arslan]] (1156–1171)
* Jalal-al-Din Mahmud Soltanshah ebne Il Arsalan (1171–1172)
* [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm]] (Ala-al-Din Takesh ebne Il Arsalan) (1172–1199)
* Soltan Jalal-al-Din Mohammad ebne Aladdin Takesh (1199–1220)
* Jalal-al-Din [[Mingburnu]] ebne Ala-al-Din Mohammad (1220–1230)
Permanently destroyed by [[Mongol empire]].
===Ilkhans, 1256–1380===
''The preceding era of disunity, also called '''First era of fragmentation''', was ended through conquest by the Ilkhans, a Mongol khanate, nominally subject to the [[Great Khan]]. (''Ilkhan'' means governor of an ''il'', i.e. province).''
*[[Hülëgü]] Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265
*[[Abaqa]] Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282
*Sultan Ahmad [[Tekuder]] ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284
*[[Arghun]] Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284-1291
*[[Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa]], 1291–1295
*[[Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu]], 1295
*[[Ghazan]] Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304
*[[Öljeitü]] Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316
*[[Abu Sa'id]] Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans)
*[[Arpa Ke'un]], 1335–1336
*[[Musa Khan ebne Ali]], 1336–1353
*[[Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu]], 1337–1338
*[[Sati beg]], daughter of Oljeitu, 1338–1340
*[[Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang]], 1338–1339
*[[Soleiman Khan]], 1340–1344
*[[Togha Teimoor Khan]], 1335–1352
*[[Anushiravan e Adel]], 1343–1355
''The '''Second era of fragmentation''' begins in 1343, as remnants of the Hordes competed with local dynasts for authority. This era ends with the conquests by [[Timur]], around 1380''
===Muzaffarid Dynasty, 1314–1393===
* Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358
* Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), 1335–1364 with...
* Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366
* Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), 1366–1384
* Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387
In [[1387]] [[Timur]] captured [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]].
*Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with...
*Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and...
*Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391
*Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393
===Timurid dynasty, 1380–1507===
*[[Timur]] ("Tamerlane"), 1369–1405, nominally under the authority of the [[Chagatai Khanate]]
The '''third era of fragmentation''' follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other.
*[[Pir Muhammad]], grandson of Timur, 1392-1407, effectively ruled from [[Qandahar]]
*[[Miran Shah|Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah]], son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled [[Azerbaijan]]
*Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled [[Arabistan]]
*[[Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty)]], son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in [[Samarkand]], surrendered to [[Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)|Shah Rukh]], became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
*[[Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)|Shah Rukh]], son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in [[Transoxiana]]
**[[Ayyal]], 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
**[[Ailankar]], 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
*[[Bayqara]], 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
*[[Iskandar (Timurid dynasty)|Iskandar]], 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
In 1410 the Turcoman horde [[Kara Koyunlu]] (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their [[Rulers of Kara Koyunlu|leaders]] ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, [[Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)|Shah Rukh]] was able to secure his rule in [[Transoxiana]] and Fars.
*[[Ulugh Beg]], son of Shah Rukh, 1447–1449
'''Rulers in [[Transoxiana]]''':
*[['Abd al-Latif]], son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450
*[[‘Abdullah (Timurid)|‘Abdullah Mirza]], grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451
*[[Abu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad]], grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered [[Khurasan]] in 1459
'''Rulers in [[Khurasan]]''':
*[[Babur Ibn-Baysunkur]], grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457
*[[Mahmud (Timurid Dynasty)|Shah Mahmud]], son of Babur, 1457
*[[Ibrahim (Timurid Dynasty)|Ibrahim]], 1457
*[[Jahan Shah]], leader of the [[Kara Koyunlu|Black Sheep Turcomans]], 1457–1458
''[[Abu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id]], agreed to divide Iran with the [[Kara Koyunlu|Black Sheep Turcomans]] under [[Jahan Shah]], but the [[Ak Koyunlu|White Sheep Turcomans]] under [[Uzun Hassan]] defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.''
''After Abu Sa'id's death a '''fourth era of fragmentation''' follows. While the [[Rulers of Ak Koyunlu|White Sheep Turcomans]] dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the [[Safavid]] dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in [[Samarkand]] and [[Herat]].''
'''Rulers in Samarkand''':
*[[Sultan Ahmad]], son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494
*[[Sultan Mahmud (Timurid)|Sultan Mahmud]], son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495
*Masud, 1495
*[[Sultan Baysunghur]], 1495–1497
*[[Sultan Ali Mirza]] 1495–1500
''conquered by the [[Uzbeks]]''
'''Rulers in Herat''':
*[[Sultan Mahmud]], son of Abu Sa'id, 1469
*[[Husayn Bayqarah]], 1469–1506
*[[Badi' al-Zaman]], son of Husayn, 1506–1507, fled to the court of [[Ismail I]]
''conquered by the [[Uzbeks]], later recaptured by the [[Safavids]]''
==Shahs of modern Iran==
The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the [[Safavid]] Dynasty came to power under Shah [[Ismail I]], and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation.
===Safavid dynasty, 1502–1736===
Safavi Line
*[[Ismail I]] 1501–1524
*[[Tahmasp I]] 1524–1576
*[[Ismail II]] 1576–1578
*[[Mohammed Khodabanda]] 1578–1587
*[[Abbas I (Shah of Persia)|Abbas I]] 1587–1629
*[[Safi of Persia|Safi]] 1629–1642
*[[Abbas II of Persia|Abbas II]] 1642–1666
*[[Suleiman I of Persia|Suleiman I]] 1666–1694
*[[Husayn (Safavid)|Sultan Hoseyn I]] 1694–1722
*[[Tahmasp II]] 1722–1726 First Time
Marashi-Safavi Line
*[[Shah Ahmad Marashi]] 1726–1728
Safavi Line
*[[Tahmasp II]] 1728–1732
*[[Abbas III]] 1732–1736
Marashi-Safavi Line
*[[Suleiman II of Persia|Suleiman II]] 1749–1750
Sultani-Safavi Line
*[[Ismail III]] 1750 First Time
Unknown House
*[[Mohammad Hossain Shah III]] 1750 –175] in Mazandaran. Deposed 1757.
Sultani-Safavi Line
*[[Ismail III]] 1752–1761 Second Time
Unknown-Sultani-Safavi Line
*[[Mohammad Shah]] 1786 He married the daughter of Ismail III and was installed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar Quyunlu. From his descendants come the Beys of Tunisia (through his daughter).
===Afsharid dynasty, 1736–1797===
* [[Nader Shah]], 1736–1747
* [[Adil Shah]], 1747–1748
* [[Ebrahim Afshar]], 1748
* [[Shah Rukh of Persia|Shah Rukh]], 1748–1797, he lost power in 1750 but nominally remained Shah.
== Modern history of Iran ==
Here begins the modern history of the nation-state Iran. After the fall of the Afsharids, the eastern lands of Persia were lost to [[Pashtun]] tribes who created their own independent kingdom, which later became known as [[Afghanistan]]. For more information, see '''[[History of Afghanistan]]'''.
===Zand dynasty, 1750–1794===
* [[Karim Khan]], 1750–1779
* [[Abol Fath Khan]], 1779
* [[Ali Murad Khan]], 1779
* [[Mohammad Ali Khan]], 1779
* [[Sadiq Khan (Shah of Persia)|Sadiq Khan]], 1779–1782
* [[Ali Murad Khan]], 1782–1785
* [[Jafar Khan]], 1785–1789
* [[Lotf Ali|Lotf Ali Khan]], 1789–1794
===Qajar dynasty, 1794–1925===
*[[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar]], 1794–1797
*[[Fath Ali Shah]], 1797–1834
*[[Ali Mirza Qajar]], usurper, 1834 (40 days)
*[[Mohammad Shah Qajar]], 1834–1848
*[[Nasser-al-Din Shah]], 1848–1896
*[[Mozzafar-al-Din Shah]], 1896–1907
*[[Mohammad Ali Shah]], 1907–1909
*[[Ahmad Shah Qajar]] 1909–1925
===Pahlavi dynasty, 1925–1979===
*[[Reza Pahlavi of Iran|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], [[15 December]] [[1925]] – [[16 September]] [[1941]] (crowned [[25 April]] [[1926]])
*[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]], [[16 September]] [[1941]] – [[11 February]] [[1979]] (crowned [[26 October]] [[1967]]) and his wife [[Farah Pahlavi|Empress Farah Pahlavi]] (born [[14 October]] [[1938]]).
In 1979 a revolution led by [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an [[Islamic Republic]] on [[1 April]] [[1979]].
==See also==
*[[History of Iran]]
[[Category:Elamite people]]
[[Category:Median people]]
[[Category:Achaemenid kings]]
[[Category:History of Iran]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs|Persia]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Persia|*]]
[[de:Liste der Herrscher von Iran]]
[[es:Monarquía en Irán]]
[[fa:فهرست شاهان ایران]]
[[fr:Liste des dirigeants de l'Iran (la Perse)]]
[[fy:Keningen fan Perzje]]
[[it:Lista dei re della Persia]]
[[hu:Perzsia királyainak listája]]
[[nl:Lijst van koningen van Perzië]]
[[no:Liste over konger i Persia]]
[[pl:Władcy Persji]]
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[[fi:Luettelo Persian kuninkaista]]
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