List of kings of Persia 13877 move=:edit= 224320525 2008-07-08T09:38:31Z 91.163.19.103 {{History of Greater Iran}} The following is a comprehensive '''list of kings of Persia''', which includes all of the empires ruling over geographical [[Iran]] and their rulers. ==Early realms in Iran== ===Elamite Kingdom, 3000–660 BC=== The Elamites were a people located in [[Susa]], in what is now [[Khuzestan]] province. Their language was neither [[Semitic]] nor [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], and they were the geographic precursors of the Persian/Median empire that later appeared. Some have offered evidence for a linguistic kinship between Elamite and the modern [[Dravidian languages]] of Southern [[India]] (see "[[Elamo-Dravidian languages]]") but this is not universally accepted. The ''proto-Elamites'' lived far back as 7,500 years ago in [[Iran]]. See remains [[Sialk|here]]. ====Avan Dynasty (precise dates unknown)==== *[[Peli]] (fl. c. 2500 BC) *[[Tata (Persian King)|Tata]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Ukku-Takhesh]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Khishur]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Shushun-Tarana]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Napil-Khush]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Kikku-Sive-Temti]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Lukh-Ishshan]] (fl. c. 24th century) *[[Khelu]] (fl. c. 24th century) *[[Khita]] (fl. c. 23rd century) *[[Kutik-Inshushinnak]] (fl. c. 2240) ====Simash Dynasty (precise dates unknown)==== *[[Gir-Namme]] (fl. c. 2030) *[[Enpi-Luhhan]] (fl. c. 2010) *[[Khutran-Temtt]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Kindattu]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Indattu-Inshushinnak I]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Tan-Rukhurater]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Indattu-Inshushinnak II]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Indattu-Napir]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Indattu-Tempt]] (precise dates unknown) ====Eparti Dynasty (precise dates unknown)==== *[[Eparti I]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Eparti II]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Eparti III]] (fl. c. 1850) *[[Shilkhakha]] (precise dates unknown) *[[Attakhushu]] (fl. c. 1830) *[[Sirukdukh]] (fl. c. 1792) *[[Shimut-Wartash]] (c. 1772 – c. 1770) ====Igehalkid Dynasty (c. 1350 – c. 1200 BC)==== *[[Ige-Halki]] (c. 1350 – c. 1330) *[[Pakhir-Ishshan]] (c. 1330 – c. 1310) *[[Attar-Kittakh]] (c. 1310 – c. 1300) *[[Khuman-Numena]] (c. 1300 – c. 1275) *[[Untash-Naprisha]] (c. 1275 – c. 1240) *[[Unpatar-Naprisha]] (c. 1240 – c. 1235) *[[Kiddin-Khutran]] (c. 1235 – c. 1210) ====Shutrukid Dynasty (c. 1205 – c. 1100 BC)==== *[[Khallutush-In-Shushinak]] (c. 1205 – c. 1185) *[[Shutruk-Nahhunte]] (c. 1185 – c. 1155) *[[Kutir-Nahhunte III]] (c. 1155 – c. 1150) *[[Shilkhak-In-Shushinak]] (c. 1150 – c. 1120) *[[Khutelutush-In-Shushinak]] (c. 1120 – c. 1110) *[[Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar]] (c. 1110 – ????) ====Late Elam Dynasty (743–644)==== *[[Khumbanigash I]] (743–717) *[[Shuttir-Nakhkhunte]] (717–699) *[[Khallushu]] (699–693) *[[Kutir-Nakhkhunte]] (693–692) *[[Khumma-Menanu]] (692–689) *[[Khumma-Khaldash I]] (689–681) *[[Khumma-Khaldash II]] (681–680) *Khumma-Khaldash II & [[Shilhak-In-Shushinak]] (680–676) *[[Shilhak-In-Shushinak]] & [[Urtaku]] (676–664) *Shilhak-In-Shushinak & [[Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak]] (664–653) *[[Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak]] & [[Khumbanigash II]] (653–651) *Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak & [[Tammaritu]] (651–649) *Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak & [[Indabigash]] (649–648) *Indabigash (648–647) *[[Khumma-Khaldash III]] (647–644) ==Empire of Medians and Persians== ===Median Dynasty, 728–550 BC=== *[[Deioces]], 728–675 *[[Phraortes]], 675–653 *[[Madius|Madius the Scythian]], 653–625 *[[Cyaxares]], 625–585 *[[Astyages]], 585–550 The Medes were an Iranian people. The '''Persians''', a closely related and subject people, revolted against the [[Medes|Median empire]] during the 6th century BC. ===Achaemenid dynasty, 550–330 BC=== *[[Achaemenes]], founder of the dynasty, king of Persia. *[[Teispes of Anshan]], his son, king of Persia, king of Anshan, died 640. <table border=1 cellpadding=5 class="prettytable"> <tr> <th>Line of Cyrus</th> <th>Line of Ariaramnes</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <!-- Cyrus--> *[[Cyrus I of Anshan]], son of Teispes, king of Anshan 640–580. *[[Cambyses I of Anshan]], his son, king of Anshan 580–559. *[[Cyrus II of Persia|Cyrus II the Great]], his son, king of Anshan 559–529. He conquered the Median Empire in 550 and established the [[Persian Empire]]. </td> <td> <!-- Ariaramnes --> *[[Ariaramnes of Persia]], son of Teispes, king of Persia. His reign is doubtful. *[[Arsames of Persia]], son of Ariaramnes, king of Persia until 550, died after 520. His reign is doubtful. *His son [[Hystaspes]] was Satrap of [[Parthia]] under [[Cambyses II]], [[Smerdis]] and his son [[Darius I of Persia|Darius]]. </td> </tr> </table> *[[Cyrus II of Persia|Cyrus II the Great]], established the [[Persian Empire]] and ruled it from 550–529. *[[Cambyses II]], his son, ruled 530–522. *[[Smerdis]], his alleged brother, ruled 522. *[[Darius I of Persia|Darius I the Great]], son of [[Hystaspes]], ruled 521–486. *[[Xerxes I]], his son, ruled 486–465. *[[Artaxerxes I|Artaxerxes I Longimanus]], his son, ruled 464–424. *[[Xerxes II]], his son, ruled 424. *[[Sogdianus]], his half-brother, ruled 424–423. *[[Darius II of Persia|Darius II Nothus]], his half-brother and rival, ruled 423–404. *[[Artaxerxes II|Artaxerxes II Memnon]], his son, ruled 404–358 (see also [[Xenophon]]). *[[Artaxerxes III|Artaxerxes III Ochus]], his son, ruled 358–338. *[[Arses of Persia|Artaxerxes IV Arses]], his son, ruled 338–336. *[[Darius III of Persia|Darius III Codomannus]], great-grandson of Darius II, ruled 336–330. *Artaxerxes V [[Bessus]], a usurper who murdered Darius and continued the resistance against [[Alexander the Great]] from 330–329. The epigraphic evidence for ancestors of [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I the Great]] is highly suspect and might have been invented by that king. ==Macedonian rulers== ===[[Argead Dynasty]], 330–310 BC===<!-- This section is linked from [[Alexander the Great]] --> *[[Alexander the Great|Alexander III the Great]] (330 BC–323) *[[Philip III of Macedon|Philip III Arrhideus]] (323 BC–317) *[[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]] (323 BC–310) ===[[Seleucid dynasty]], 305–164 BC=== *[[Seleucus I Nicator]] (312/305–281) *[[Antiochus I Soter]] (co-ruler from 291, ruled 281–261) *[[Antiochus II Theos]] (261–246) *[[Seleucus II Callinicus]] (246–225) *[[Seleucus III Ceraunus]] (225–223) *[[Antiochus III the Great]] (223–187) *[[Seleucus IV Philopator]] (187–175) *[[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] (175–164) *[[Antiochus V Eupator]] (164–162) *[[Demetrius I Soter]] (162–150) *[[Alexander Balas]] (150–145) *[[Demetrius II Nicator]] (145–139) The Seleucid Dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the [[Arsacid Dynasty]] established itself in [[Parthia]]. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid 2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. There were more Seleucid rulers of Syria and, for a time, Babylonia, after Antiochus IV, but none had any effective power in Persia). ==Parthian dynasty (Arsacid dynasty), 247 BC – AD 224== {{Arsacid dynasty}} There were various regional client dynasties, often with significant autonomy. Like the [[Elymais]] client Kingdom that occupied the area of ancient [[Elam]], and kingdoms of [[Mesene]] in Lower Mesopotamia and [[Persis]] (Fars) in Central Iran, as well as [[Adiabene]] in Northern Mesopotamia.. ==Sassanid Empire, AD 224–651== *[[Ardashir I of Persia|Ardashir I]], 224 to 241 *[[Shapur I of Persia|Shapur I]], 241–272, the first to claim universal rule: Iran and Aniran, ie the rest of the world *[[Hormizd I of Persia|Hormizd I]], 272–273 *[[Bahram I of Persia|Bahram I]], 273–276 *[[Bahram II of Persia|Bahram II]], 276–293 *[[Bahram III of Persia|Bahram III]] year 293 *[[Narseh of Persia|Narseh]], 293–302 *[[Hormizd II of Persia|Hormizd II]], 302–310 *[[Shapur II of Persia|Shapur II]], 310–379 *[[Ardashir II of Persia|Ardashir II]], 379–383 *[[Shapur III of Persia|Shapur III]], 383–388 *[[Bahram IV of Persia|Bahram IV]], 388–399 *[[Yazdegerd I of Persia|Yazdegerd I]], 399–420 *[[Bahram V of Persia|Bahram V]], 420–438 *[[Yazdegerd II of Persia|Yazdegerd II]], 438–457 *[[Hormizd III of Persia|Hormizd III]], 457–459 *[[Peroz I of Persia|Peroz I]], 457–484 *[[Balash of Persia|Balash]], 484–488 *[[Kavadh I of Persia|Kavadh I]], 488–531 **[[Djamasp of Persia|Djamasp]], 496–498 *[[Khosrau I of Persia|Khosrau I]], 531–579 *[[Hormizd IV of Persia|Hormizd IV]], 579–590 *[[Khosrau II of Persia|Khosrau II]], 590–628 **[[Bahram Chobin|Bahram VI]], 590–591 **[[Bistam of Persia|Bistam]], 591–592 **[[Hormizd V of Persia|Hormizd V]] year 593 *[[Kavadh II of Persia|Kavadh II]], 628 *[[Ardashir III of Persia|Ardashir III]], 628–630 **[[Peroz II of Persia|Peroz II]], 629 *[[Shahrbaraz of Persia|Shahrbaraz]], 630 *[[Purandokht|Boran (Purandokht)]] and others, 630–631 *[[Hormizd VI of Persia|Hormizd VI (or V)]], 631–632 *[[Yazdegerd III of Persia|Yazdegerd III]], 632–651 ==Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran== ===Arab caliphs rule=== All Persian provinces served under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. *[[Umayyad]] dynasty, 661–750 *[[Abbasid]] dynasty, 750–867 ''divided, 867–1029'' ==Dynasties after the advent of Islam in Iran== ===Tahirids in Khorasan, 821–872=== * [[Taher ebne Hosein ebne Mos'ab]], Emir 821–822 * [[Talhat ebne Taher]], 822–828 * [[Abdollah ebne Taher]], 828–844 * [[Taher ebne Abdollah]], 844–862 * [[Muhammad of Khorasan]], 862–872 ===Alavids, 864–928=== * Hasan ebne Zeid Hasani, Emir 864–884 * Mohammad ebne Zeid, 884–900 * Hasan ebne Ali Hoseini, 913–916 * Hasan ebne Ghasem Hasani, 916–928 ===Ziyarids, 928–1043=== * [[Abolhojaj Mardavij ebne Ziyar]], Emir 928–934 * [[Abu Taher Voshmgeer ebne Ziyar]], 934–967 * [[Zahir-ol-doleh Behsotoon]], 967–976 * [[Shams ol Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos]], 976–1012 * [[Falak ol Mo'ali Manuchehr ebne Ghabus]], 1012–1031 * [[Anushiravan ebne Manuchehr]], 1031–1043 ===Buyyids, 932–1056=== ====Diylamids of Fars ==== * [[Emad o-dowleh Abol Hasan]], Emir 932–939 * [[Azad o-dowleh]], 939–982 * [[Sharaf o-dowleh]], 982–989 * [[Samsam o-dowleh]], 989–998 * [[Baha o-dowleh]], 998–1012 * [[Soltan o-dowleh]], 1012–1024 * [[Emad o-dowleh Abu Kalijar]], 1024–1048 * [[Malek Rahim Abu Nasr Khosrow Firuz]], 1048–1055 ====Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman==== * [[Mo'ez o-dowleh]], 932–966 * [[Azad o-dowleh]], Bakhtiar 966–977 * [[Azado o-dowleh]] Abu Shoja', 977–982 * [[Baha o-dowleh]], 989–1012 * [[Soltan o-dowleh]], 1012–1021 * [[Abu Kalijar Marzban]], 1043–1048 * [[Ghavam o-dowleh]], 1012–1028 * [[Abu Mansur Fulad sotoon]], 1048–1056 ====Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan==== * [[Rokn o-dowleh]], Sultan 932–976 * [[Mo'ayyed o-dowleh]], 976–983 * [[Fakhr o-dowleh]], 976–997 * [[Majd o-dowleh]], 997–1029 * [[Shams o-dowleh]], 997–1021 * [[Sama o-dowleh]], 1021–1023 ===Saffarids in Seistan and beyond, 861–1002, === * [[Yagub Leith Saffar]] * [[Abu Yusef Yaqub ebne Lais]], surnamed "the coppersmith", Emir 861–878 * [[Amr o ebne Lais]], 878–900 * [[Abol Hasan Taher ebne Mohammad ebne Amro ebne Lais]], 900–908 * [[Lais ebne Ali ebne Lais]], 908–910 * [[Abu Ali Mohammad ebne Ali ebne Lais]], 910–910 * [[Abu Jafar Ahmad ebne Mohammad ebne Khalf]], 923–963 * [[Abu Ahmad Khalf ebne Ahmad]], 963–1002 ===Samanids (Proto-Tajiks), 892–998=== * Adel; [[Amir Mazi Abyu Ebrahim Esmail ebne Ahmad]], Emir 892–907 * Shaheed; [[Abu Nasr Ahmad ebne Esmail]], 907–913 * Saeed; [[Abol Hasan Nasr ebne Ahmad]], 913–942 * Hamid; [[Abu Mohammad Nuh ebne Nasr]], 942–954 * Rashid; [[Abul Foares Abdolmaleh ebne Nuh]], 954–961 * Mo'ayyed; [[Amir Sadeed Abu Saleh Mansur ebne Nuh]], 961–976 * Radhi; [[Shahanshah Abolqasem Nuh ebne Mansu]]r, 976–996 * Abol Hareth; [[Mansur ebne Nuh]], 996–998 * Abol Foares; [[AbdolMalek ebne Nuh]], 998–998 ===Ghaznavids, 997–1186=== * [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Yameen o-dowleh AbolQasem Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen]], Sultan 997–1030 * Jalal o-dowleh Abu Ahmad Mohammad ebne Mahmud, 1030–1030 * Shahab o-dowleh Abu Sa'd Masud ebne Mahmud, 1030–1040 * Shahab o-dowleh Abolfath Modud ebne Masud, 1040–1049 * Baha o-dowleh Abol Hasan Ali ebne Masud, 1049–1049 * Azad o-dowleh Abu Mansur Abdol Rashid ebne Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, 1049–1052 * Jamal o-dowleh Abolfazl Farrokhzaad ebne Masud ebne Mahmud, 1052–1059 * Zaheer o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Ebrahim, 1059–1098 * Ala o-dowleh Abu Saeed Masud ebne Ebrahim, 1098–1115 * Soltan o-dowleh Abol-fath Arsalan Shah, 1115–1117 * Yameen o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Baharm Shah ebne Masud, 1117–1153 * Taj o-dowleh Abol Shoja Khosro Shah ebne Bahram Shah, 1153–1160 * Saraj o-dowleh Abolmolook Khosrow Malek ebne Khosro Shah, 1160–1186 ===Seljuks, 1029–1194=== * [[Toghrül|Toğrül]] bin Mikail (Tughril Beg), Sultan 1037–1063 * [[Alp Arslan]] bin Chaghri 1063–1072 * Jalal ad-Dawlah [[Malik Shah I]] 1072–1092 * Nasir ad-Din [[Mahmud I of Great Seljuk|Mahmud I]] 1092–1094 * Rukn ad-Din [[Barkiyaruq]] 1094–1105 * Mu'izz ad-Din [[Malik Shah II]] 1105 * Ghiyath ad-Din [[Mehmed I of Great Seljuk|Mehmed I]] Tapar (Muhammad) 1105–1118 * Mu'izz ad-Din [[Ahmed Sanjar]] 1097–1157 * [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuk|Mahmud II]] 1118–1131 * [[Dawud of Great Seljuk|Dawud]] (David) 1131–1132 * [[Toghrül II|Toğrül II]] (Tughril Beg) 1132–1134 * [[Mesud I]] 1134–1152 * [[Malik Shah III]] 1152–1153 * [[Mehmed II of Great Seljuk|Mehmed II]] (Muhammad II) 1153–1160 * [[Süleyman of Great Seljuk|Süleyman Shah]] (Sulaiman Shah) 1160–1161 * [[Arslan Shah]] 1161–1176 * [[Tohrül III|Toğrül III]] (Tughril Beg III) 1176–1194 ''divided, 1194–1256'' ===[[Khwarezmian Empire|Khwarazmid]]s, 1096–1230=== An empire built from Azerbaidjan, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia. * Ghotb-al-Din [[Muhammad I of Khwarazm]] ebne Anushtekeen Gharajeh, Shah (1096–1128) * Ala-al-Din Abol Mozaffar [[Aziz]] ebne Ghotb-al-Din ebne Mohammad (1128–1156) * Taj-al-Din Abolfath Il[[Il-Arslan]] (1156–1171) * Jalal-al-Din Mahmud Soltanshah ebne Il Arsalan (1171–1172) * [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm]] (Ala-al-Din Takesh ebne Il Arsalan) (1172–1199) * Soltan Jalal-al-Din Mohammad ebne Aladdin Takesh (1199–1220) * Jalal-al-Din [[Mingburnu]] ebne Ala-al-Din Mohammad (1220–1230) Permanently destroyed by [[Mongol empire]]. ===Ilkhans, 1256–1380=== ''The preceding era of disunity, also called '''First era of fragmentation''', was ended through conquest by the Ilkhans, a Mongol khanate, nominally subject to the [[Great Khan]]. (''Ilkhan'' means governor of an ''il'', i.e. province).'' *[[Hülëgü]] Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265 *[[Abaqa]] Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282 *Sultan Ahmad [[Tekuder]] ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284 *[[Arghun]] Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284-1291 *[[Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa]], 1291–1295 *[[Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu]], 1295 *[[Ghazan]] Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304 *[[Öljeitü]] Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316 *[[Abu Sa'id]] Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans) *[[Arpa Ke'un]], 1335–1336 *[[Musa Khan ebne Ali]], 1336–1353 *[[Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu]], 1337–1338 *[[Sati beg]], daughter of Oljeitu, 1338–1340 *[[Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang]], 1338–1339 *[[Soleiman Khan]], 1340–1344 *[[Togha Teimoor Khan]], 1335–1352 *[[Anushiravan e Adel]], 1343–1355 ''The '''Second era of fragmentation''' begins in 1343, as remnants of the Hordes competed with local dynasts for authority. This era ends with the conquests by [[Timur]], around 1380'' ===Muzaffarid Dynasty, 1314–1393=== * Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358 * Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), 1335–1364 with... * Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366 * Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), 1366–1384 * Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387 In [[1387]] [[Timur]] captured [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]]. *Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with... *Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and... *Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391 *Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393 ===Timurid dynasty, 1380–1507=== *[[Timur]] ("Tamerlane"), 1369–1405, nominally under the authority of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] The '''third era of fragmentation''' follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other. *[[Pir Muhammad]], grandson of Timur, 1392-1407, effectively ruled from [[Qandahar]] *[[Miran Shah|Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah]], son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled [[Azerbaijan]] *Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled [[Arabistan]] *[[Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty)]], son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in [[Samarkand]], surrendered to [[Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)|Shah Rukh]], became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411 *[[Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)|Shah Rukh]], son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in [[Transoxiana]] **[[Ayyal]], 1414, opposed Shah Rukh **[[Ailankar]], 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh *[[Bayqara]], 1409–1412, ruled in Fars *[[Iskandar (Timurid dynasty)|Iskandar]], 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan In 1410 the Turcoman horde [[Kara Koyunlu]] (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their [[Rulers of Kara Koyunlu|leaders]] ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, [[Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)|Shah Rukh]] was able to secure his rule in [[Transoxiana]] and Fars. *[[Ulugh Beg]], son of Shah Rukh, 1447–1449 '''Rulers in [[Transoxiana]]''': *[['Abd al-Latif]], son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450 *[[‘Abdullah (Timurid)|‘Abdullah Mirza]], grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451 *[[Abu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad]], grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered [[Khurasan]] in 1459 '''Rulers in [[Khurasan]]''': *[[Babur Ibn-Baysunkur]], grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457 *[[Mahmud (Timurid Dynasty)|Shah Mahmud]], son of Babur, 1457 *[[Ibrahim (Timurid Dynasty)|Ibrahim]], 1457 *[[Jahan Shah]], leader of the [[Kara Koyunlu|Black Sheep Turcomans]], 1457–1458 ''[[Abu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id]], agreed to divide Iran with the [[Kara Koyunlu|Black Sheep Turcomans]] under [[Jahan Shah]], but the [[Ak Koyunlu|White Sheep Turcomans]] under [[Uzun Hassan]] defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.'' ''After Abu Sa'id's death a '''fourth era of fragmentation''' follows. While the [[Rulers of Ak Koyunlu|White Sheep Turcomans]] dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the [[Safavid]] dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in [[Samarkand]] and [[Herat]].'' '''Rulers in Samarkand''': *[[Sultan Ahmad]], son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494 *[[Sultan Mahmud (Timurid)|Sultan Mahmud]], son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495 *Masud, 1495 *[[Sultan Baysunghur]], 1495–1497 *[[Sultan Ali Mirza]] 1495–1500 ''conquered by the [[Uzbeks]]'' '''Rulers in Herat''': *[[Sultan Mahmud]], son of Abu Sa'id, 1469 *[[Husayn Bayqarah]], 1469–1506 *[[Badi' al-Zaman]], son of Husayn, 1506–1507, fled to the court of [[Ismail I]] ''conquered by the [[Uzbeks]], later recaptured by the [[Safavids]]'' ==Shahs of modern Iran== The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the [[Safavid]] Dynasty came to power under Shah [[Ismail I]], and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation. ===Safavid dynasty, 1502–1736=== Safavi Line *[[Ismail I]] 1501&ndash;1524 *[[Tahmasp I]] 1524&ndash;1576 *[[Ismail II]] 1576&ndash;1578 *[[Mohammed Khodabanda]] 1578&ndash;1587 *[[Abbas I (Shah of Persia)|Abbas I]] 1587&ndash;1629 *[[Safi of Persia|Safi]] 1629&ndash;1642 *[[Abbas II of Persia|Abbas II]] 1642&ndash;1666 *[[Suleiman I of Persia|Suleiman I]] 1666&ndash;1694 *[[Husayn (Safavid)|Sultan Hoseyn I]] 1694&ndash;1722 *[[Tahmasp II]] 1722&ndash;1726 First Time Marashi-Safavi Line *[[Shah Ahmad Marashi]] 1726&ndash;1728 Safavi Line *[[Tahmasp II]] 1728&ndash;1732 *[[Abbas III]] 1732&ndash;1736 Marashi-Safavi Line *[[Suleiman II of Persia|Suleiman II]] 1749&ndash;1750 Sultani-Safavi Line *[[Ismail III]] 1750 First Time Unknown House *[[Mohammad Hossain Shah III]] 1750 &ndash;175] in Mazandaran. Deposed 1757. Sultani-Safavi Line *[[Ismail III]] 1752&ndash;1761 Second Time Unknown-Sultani-Safavi Line *[[Mohammad Shah]] 1786 He married the daughter of Ismail III and was installed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar Quyunlu. From his descendants come the Beys of Tunisia (through his daughter). ===Afsharid dynasty, 1736–1797=== * [[Nader Shah]], 1736–1747 * [[Adil Shah]], 1747–1748 * [[Ebrahim Afshar]], 1748 * [[Shah Rukh of Persia|Shah Rukh]], 1748–1797, he lost power in 1750 but nominally remained Shah. == Modern history of Iran == Here begins the modern history of the nation-state Iran. After the fall of the Afsharids, the eastern lands of Persia were lost to [[Pashtun]] tribes who created their own independent kingdom, which later became known as [[Afghanistan]]. For more information, see '''[[History of Afghanistan]]'''. ===Zand dynasty, 1750–1794=== * [[Karim Khan]], 1750–1779 * [[Abol Fath Khan]], 1779 * [[Ali Murad Khan]], 1779 * [[Mohammad Ali Khan]], 1779 * [[Sadiq Khan (Shah of Persia)|Sadiq Khan]], 1779–1782 * [[Ali Murad Khan]], 1782–1785 * [[Jafar Khan]], 1785–1789 * [[Lotf Ali|Lotf Ali Khan]], 1789–1794 ===Qajar dynasty, 1794–1925=== *[[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar]], 1794–1797 *[[Fath Ali Shah]], 1797–1834 *[[Ali Mirza Qajar]], usurper, 1834 (40 days) *[[Mohammad Shah Qajar]], 1834–1848 *[[Nasser-al-Din Shah]], 1848–1896 *[[Mozzafar-al-Din Shah]], 1896–1907 *[[Mohammad Ali Shah]], 1907–1909 *[[Ahmad Shah Qajar]] 1909–1925 ===Pahlavi dynasty, 1925–1979=== *[[Reza Pahlavi of Iran|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], [[15 December]] [[1925]] – [[16 September]] [[1941]] (crowned [[25 April]] [[1926]]) *[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]], [[16 September]] [[1941]] – [[11 February]] [[1979]] (crowned [[26 October]] [[1967]]) and his wife [[Farah Pahlavi|Empress Farah Pahlavi]] (born [[14 October]] [[1938]]). In 1979 a revolution led by [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an [[Islamic Republic]] on [[1 April]] [[1979]]. ==See also== *[[History of Iran]] [[Category:Elamite people]] [[Category:Median people]] [[Category:Achaemenid kings]] [[Category:History of Iran]] [[Category:Lists of monarchs|Persia]] [[Category:Monarchs of Persia|*]] [[de:Liste der Herrscher von Iran]] [[es:Monarquía en Irán]] [[fa:فهرست شاهان ایران]] [[fr:Liste des dirigeants de l'Iran (la Perse)]] [[fy:Keningen fan Perzje]] [[it:Lista dei re della Persia]] [[hu:Perzsia királyainak listája]] [[nl:Lijst van koningen van Perzië]] [[no:Liste over konger i Persia]] [[pl:Władcy Persji]] [[sl:Seznam perzijskih kraljev]] [[fi:Luettelo Persian kuninkaista]] [[sv:Lista över persiska storkungar]] [[zh:伊朗君主列表]]