List of military occupations
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In most [[war]]s, some territory is placed under the [[martial law]] of a hostile army. Most [[belligerent]] [[military occupation]]s end with the cessation of hostilities. In some cases, the occupied territory is returned and in other cases, the land remains under the control of the occupying power, but usually not as militarily-occupied territory.
For the purpose of selectivity, only [[military occupation]]s since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Convention of 1907]] [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague04.htm Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907] are included in this article.
==Occupations by non-belligerents==
===Examples of UN mandated military occupations===
For occupations mandated by the [[United Nations]], see:
* [[List of countries where United Nations peacekeepers are currently deployed]]
* [[List of United Nations peacekeeping missions]]
* [[Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions]]
===Examples of other foreign non-belligerent military occupations===
* [[Multinational Force and Observers]] on the [[Sinai Peninsula]] mandated on [[April 25]], [[1982]] continues to observe compliance with the [[Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace]]. It is an observation organisation not an occupation but it does place some restrictions on the sovereignty of the area it observes.<ref>[http://www.mfo.org/ The official web site of the Multinational Force and Observers] see [http://www.mfo.org/3/53/base.asp legal disclaimer] "the MFO enjoys immunity from the civil and criminal jurisdiction of local courts and other privileges and immunities customarily accorded international organizations" and [http://www.mfo.org/1/4/28/base.asp Mission] "Operation of checkpoints, reconnaissance patrols, and observation posts along the international boundary and Line B, and within Zone C."</ref>
* The [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) to [[Sri Lanka]], 1987–1990.
* The Australian/New Zealand-led [[Operation Helpem Fren]] in the [[Solomon Islands]] (since July 2003) and [[Operation Astute]] in [[Timor-Leste]] (since May 2006).
* '''[[Nigeria]]n-led [[ECOMOG]] interventions''':
** to end the [[First Liberian Civil War|First]] and [[Second Liberian Civil War]]s, 1990-1995 and 2003 respectively.
** to end the [[Sierra Leone Civil War]], 1997-2000. The [[Organisation of African Unity]] endorsed the Nigerian-led West African peacekeeping force in 1998.
** to [[Guinea-Bissau]] in 1999
** to [[Guinea]]/[[Liberia]] border in 2001.
* '''[[NATO]] missions''':
** [[IFOR]] was a NATO-led multinational force that took over responsibilities from [[UNPROFOR]] in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], 1995–1996.
** [[SFOR]] was a NATO-led multinational force that took over responsibilities from [[IFOR]], 1996–2004
** [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]] is a NATO-led multinational force responsible for establishing and maintaining security in [[Kosovo]]. This peace-enforcement force entered Kosovo on [[June 12]], [[1999]] under a United Nations mandate, two days after the adoption of [[UN Security Council Resolution]] 1244, but it is not a United Nations [[blue helmets|blue helmet]]ed peacekeeping mission.
** [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]] is a (currently) NATO-led multinational force that performs peacekeeping in [[Afghanistan]] since December 2001.
* '''[[African Union]] missions''':
** [[African Union Mission in Sudan|AMIS]] is the African Union force in [[Darfur]], Sudan since August 2004 in response to the [[Darfur Conflict]]. It is set to merge with [[UNAMID]], a UN-mandated peacekeeping force expected to be deployed in Darfur from October 2007 on.
** [[AMISOM]] is the African Union force in Somalia since February 2007 in response to the [[War in Somalia (2006–present)|War in Somalia]].
==Examples of belligerent military occupations==
* Occupation of [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]], and Northeastern [[France]] by [[German Empire]], 1914–1918 during [[World War I]]
* [[United States occupation of Haiti|Occupation of Haiti]] by the [[United States]], 1915-1934
* Occupation of the [[Dominican Republic]] by the [[United States]], 1916-1924
* Occupation of parts of the [[Russian Empire]] by German Empire in World War I
* Occupation of parts of [[Italy]] by [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in World War I
* Occupation of large parts of [[Turkish Empire]] by the Allies during World War I
* Occupation of various parts of [[Turkey]] by [[Greece]], [[France]], [[Italy]] and the [[United Kingdom]] (1919–1922){{fact|date=April 2007}}<!-- source that says it was a military occupation-->
* Occupation of German colonies by the Allies during World War I
** Occupation by [[South Africa]] of [[German South-West Africa]] ([[Namibia]]) from 1915 – 1920
* [[Occupation of the Ruhr]] by France and Belgium in 1923–1924
* Occupation of [[Manchuria]] by [[Japan]] during the [[second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]]
* Occupation of eastern China by Japan during the Sino-Japanese War
* Occupation of [[Ethiopia]] by Italy during the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]]
* [[German Occupation of Czechoslovakia|Occupation of Czechoslovakia]] by Germany , 1938 – 1945
* Occupation of [[Albania]] by Italy [[April 4]] – [[April 12]] [[1939]] (ended when the Albanian parliament voted to unite with Italy)
* [[Occupation of Baltic Republics]] of [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] by the [[Soviet Union]], 1939–1940<ref name="fn_1">Estonia, [[Occupation of Latvia|Latvia]] and Lithuania were annexed into [[USSR]] in 1940 and after the USSR's re-capture of the region in 1944/45 many other Allies accepted the annexation as ''de facto'' if not ''de jure''.</ref>
* [[Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union|Occupation of eastern Poland]] in 1939 by the Soviet Union
* Occupation of parts of [[Finland]] during the [[Winter War]] (1939 – 1940) by the [[Soviet Union]]
* [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia|Occupation of parts of Romania by the Soviet Union]], 1940 - 1941
* [[Nazi-occupied Europe|Occupation European countries by Germany during World War II]] (1939 – 1945).
**[[History of Poland (1939–1945)#Occupation and dismemberment of Poland|Occupation of Poland]]<ref name="fn_2">Under the terms of two decrees by [[Hitler]] ([[October 8]] and [[October 12]], [[1939]]), large areas of western [[Poland]] were annexed to [[Germany]]. Much of the rest of Poland was organized into the ''Generalgouvernement'' (General Government) of Poland, under German administration, while eastern Poland was annexed by the [[Soviet Union]]. The annexations were not recognized by any other State.</ref>
** [[Occupation of Denmark by Nazi Germany|Occupation of Denmark]]
** [[Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany|Occupation of Norway]]
** Occupation of [[Belgium]]
** [[Axis occupation of Greece during World War II|Occupation of Greece by the Axis Powers]]
** [[Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany|Occupation of Belarus]]
** [[History of the Netherlands (1939-1945)|Occupation of the Netherlands]]
** [[Occupation of Luxembourg by Nazi Germany|Occupation of Luxembourg]]
** [[Occupation of France by Nazi Germany|Occupation of Northern France]]
** [[Occupation of the Channel Islands]]
** Occupation of [[Yugoslavia]], [[Albania]] and [[Greece]]
** Occupation of Lithuania, [[Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany|Latvia]] and [[Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany|Estonia]]
** Occupation of parts of the Soviet Union
** Occupation of parts of [[Italy]] (after Italy surrendered in 1943)
** Occupation of [[Hungary]] (after change of Government)
* [[Italian-occupied France|Occupation of parts of south-eastern France by Italy]] 1940 – 1943
* [[British occupation of the Faroe Islands in World War II|Occupation of the Faroe Islands]] on [[April 12]], [[1940]] by the [[United Kingdom]] for the duration of [[World War II]].
* [[history of Iceland#World War II|Occupation of Iceland]] on [[May 10]], [[1940]] by the United Kingdom, and then subsequently by the United States from [[July 7]] [[1941]] for the duration of World War II.
* Occupation of the Italian colony of [[Eritrea]] by the Allies in 1941 until status changed to British protectorate.
* Occupation of parts of the Soviet Union and Finland during the [[Continuation War]] (1941 – 1944).
* [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] by the Allies in 1941
* Occupation of [[Libya]], [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]] and parts of [[Italy]] by the Allies
* Occupation of many parts of Asia and the Pacific by Japan during World War II.
** Occupation of south eastern [[China]]
** Occupation of [[Shanghai]]
** [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Occupation of Hong Kong]]
** Occupation of [[French Indochina]]
** Occupation of parts of [[Siam]] (Thailand), until the government allied itself with Japan
** [[Japanese occupation of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak|Occupation of Malaya, North Borneo]]
** [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Occupation of Singapore]]
** Occupation of the [[Philippines]]
** [[Japanese occupation of Indonesia|Occupation of Indonesia]]
** [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Occupation of parts of Burma]]
** Occupation of parts of [[New Guinea]]
* [[Soviet occupation of Romania]] 1944 followed by the [[Allied Commission#Rumania|Allied Commission]] and the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947]].
* Soviet occupation of Bulgaria 1944 followed by the [[Allied Commission#Bulgaria|Allied Commission]] and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947.
* [[Soviet occupation of Hungary|Occupation of Hungary by the Soviet Union]] 1945 followed by the [[Allied Commission#Hungary|Allied Commission]] and the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
* [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany]], occupation under the [[Allied Control Council]]
** Berlin remained under formal military occupation until [[September 12]], [[1990]] when the [[Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany]] was signed
* [[Occupation of Austria (aftermath of World War II)|Occupation of Austria]] at the end of World War II in Europe
* [[Occupied Japan|Occupation of Japan]], by the [[United States]] (1945–1951)
* Occupation of parts of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani Wars]] 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999.
* [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt]], 1947–October 1956; March 1957–June 1967
* [[Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan]], 1948 – 1967<ref name="fn_3"> [[Jordan]] annexed the [[West Bank]] and [[East Jerusalem]] in 1950. The annexation of the West Bank was recognized only by the [[United Kingdom]], which however did not recognize the annexation of East Jerusalem.</ref>
* Occupation of [[Tibet]] by [[China]] 1950 – 1951 (see [[Tibetan sovereignty debate]])<ref>Chinese military occupation ended with the signing of the [[Seventeen Point Agreement]]. The [http://www.tibet.com/ Government of Tibet in exile] consider it to be an [http://www.tibet.com/WhitePaper/white2.html Invasion and illegal annexation of Tibet: 1949-1951] (website of the [http://www.tibet.com/ Government of Tibet in exile])</ref>
* Occupation of parts of North and South Korea during the [[Korean War]] (1950 – 1953)
* Occupation of parts of [[Egypt]] by [[France]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], and [[Israel]] in 1956 during the [[Suez Crisis]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/23/newsid_3294000/3294305.stm On this Day: 23 December: 1956: Jubilation as allied troops leave Suez], [[BBC]]. Accessed 22 June 2008 </ref><ref>[http://mondediplo.com/maps/middleeast1956 The occupation of Sinai (1956)]</ref>
* Occupation of the [[Gaza Strip]] by Israel October 1956 – March 1957 during the [[Suez Crisis]]<ref>[http://mondediplo.com/maps/middleeast1956 The occupation of Sinai (1956)]</ref>
* [[Operation Power Pack|Occupation of the Dominican Republic]] by the [[United States]] and the [[Organization of American States]], 1965-6
* Occupation by [[South Africa]] of [[Namibia]] from 1966 – 1990 (see [[History of Namibia]])
* Occupation of [[Egypt]]'s [[Sinai]] desert by [[Israel]] (1967-1982)
* Occupation of the [[Golan Heights]] by [[Israel]] (1967 – present)<ref name="fn_4">The Golan Heights and East Jerusalem have been ''de facto'' annexed by Israel. However, these annexations have not been recognised by the United Nations.</ref>
* Occupation of [[East Jerusalem]] by [[Israel]] (1967 – present)<ref name="fn_4"/>
* Occupation of the [[West Bank]] by [[Israel]] (1967 – present)
* Occupation of the [[Gaza Strip]] by [[Israel]] (1967 – 2005)
* Occupation of part of [[Cyprus]] by [[Turkey]] in 1974
* Occupation by [[South Africa]] of parts of [[Angola]] from 1975 (see [[History of Namibia]], [[History of Angola]])
* Occupation of [[East Timor]], by [[Indonesia]] (1975–1999)
* Occupation of [[Western Sahara]] by [[Morocco]] (1976 – present)
* Occupation of various parts of [[Lebanon]] by [[Syria]] (1976–2005)
* Occupation of parts of [[Uganda]] by [[Tanzania]] during the [[Uganda-Tanzania War]] 1978–1979
* Occupation of various parts of [[Lebanon]] by [[Israel]] (1978–2000)
* Occupation of parts of [[Cambodia]] during the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia 1979
* Occupation of parts of [[Vietnam]] during the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]] of 1979
* Occupation of the [[Falkland Islands]] by [[Argentina]] during the [[Falklands War]] 1982
* Occupation of [[Panama]] (during [[United States invasion of Panama|United States invasion]]) known as "[[Operation Promote Liberty]]" 1989
* Occupation of [[Kuwait]] by [[Iraq]] during the [[Gulf War]] (1990–1991)
* Occupation of [[Haiti]] by the [[United States]], following [[Operation Uphold Democracy]] 1994-1995
* Occupation of various parts of [[Azerbaijan]] by [[Armenia]] (1994 – present)
* Occupation of parts of Eritrea and Ethiopia during the [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War]] of 1998–2002
* Occupation of [[Lesotho]] by [[South Africa]] during the [[South African intervention in Lesotho]], (September 1998 – May 1999)
* Occupation of parts of [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (formerly [[Zaire]]) by [[Uganda]], [[Ruanda]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], [[Chad]], and [[Sudan]] during and after the [[Second Congo War]] of 1998 – 2002<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html Congo, Democratic Republic of the] CIA Factbook</ref>
* [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Occupation of Iraq]] by the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Poland]] and others: (2003 – 2004) (see [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546]])
* Occupation of parts of [[Somalia]] by Ethiopia. December 2006 – present<ref>Joe De Capua [http://www.voanews.com/english/Africa/2007-12-24-voa20.cfmt Ethiopia marks yearlong occupation in Somalia], [[Voice of America]], [[24 December]] 2007</ref>
==See also==
*[[Annexation]]
*[[Military rule]]
*[[Revanchism]]
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}
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[[Category:Territories under military occupation| ]]
[[Category:Military law|Military occupations]]
[[Category:Lists of military conflicts|Occupations]]
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[[de:Okkupation]]