List of monarchs by nickname 1464862 216004689 2008-05-30T17:27:21Z 65.78.186.201 This is a list of [[monarch]]s (and other [[Royal family|royalty]] and [[nobility]]) sorted by [[nickname]]. This list is divided into two parts: * [[Cognomen]]s: Also called ''cognomina''. These are names which are '''appended''' before or after the person's name, like the ''[[epithet|epitheton necessarium]]'', or Roman [[victory titles]]. Examples are "[[William the Conqueror]]" for [[William I of England]], or "[[Frederick Barbarossa]]" for [[Frederick Barbarossa|Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]]. * [[Sobriquet]]s: Names which have become identified with a particular person, and are recognizable when used '''instead of''' the personal name. Some are used only in a particular context: for example, "Grandmother of Europe" for [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]] is generally only used when referring to her family links throughout the [[royal family|royal families]] of [[Europe]]. On the other hand, in some cases the nickname supersedes the personal name, and the individual is referred to by this nickname even in scholarly works; for example, Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus is universally known by his nickname [[Caligula]]. Notes: # Nicknames are listed in each section alphabetically, ignoring articles and prepositions. # Non-English words are rendered in ''[[italic type|italics]]'', and translated where possible. # When the name and nickname are rendered in a non-English language, the nickname will be in '''''[[boldface]] [[italic type|italics]]'''''. <!-- I have added the names from the article [[Nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility]] here in comment, most under the right letter but not all. Watch out for the ones belnging under "sobriquet"; following are unsorted *"a la Barbe-Blanche": Guy, Count of Boulogne *"a la Hache": Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders *"Abarca": Sancho II Garces of Navarre *"Achilles": Albert III of Brandenburg *"Adalsteinfostre": Haakon I of Norway *"Alcibiades": Albert II of Brandenburg [CHECK THIS] *"Argyropoulos": Romanus, Byzantine Emperor *"Arista": Iñigo Iñiguez of Pamplona *"Atterdag": [[Valdemar IV of Denmark]] *"Augustus": **Charles of Bretzenheim **Philip II of France **Sigismund II of Poland *"Barbarossa" (Fr. Barberousse): Frederick I of Germany *"Barbe Torte": Alain II of Brittany (937-952) *"Barefoot" (Nor. Berrfott, Barfot): [[Magnus III Berrfott of Norway]] (1093-1103) *"Batavus": William V of the Netherlands *"Beauclerc": [[Henry I of England]] *"Bloodaxe" (Nor. Blodoks): [[Eric I of Norway]], 931-933 *"Bloody Mary": Mary I of England (1553-1558) *"Bluetooth": Harold I of Denmark *"Bogolyubsky, Bogoliubski": Andrew I of Moscow (1169-1174) *"Bolingbroke": [[Henry IV of England]] *"Borsa": Roger of Apulia (1085-1111) *"Botaniates": Nicephorus III, Byzantine Emperor *"Boterel": **Geoffrey I, Count of Penthievre **Geoffrey II, Count of Penthievre *"Bras de Fer": Baldwin I, Count of Flanders *"Broad-shoulder": Haakon II of Norway *"Calaphates" (Gr. Kalafates): Michael V, Byzantine Emperor *"Canmore" (With the Large Head): Malcolm III of Scotland *"Cicero": John of Brandenburg *"Clipping": Eric V of Denmark *"Clito" (Fr. Cliton): William I, Count of Flanders *"Coda": Amadeus I of Savoy *"Copronymus": Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor *"Crookback" (Nor. Krokrygg): [[Inge I of Norway]] *"Crouchback": Louis VIII of Bavaria *"Corvinus": Matthias of Hungary *"Cruel-Eyes": Demetrius of Tver (1318-1326) *"Curthose" (Fr. Courteheuse): [[Robert of England]] *"Cut-nose": Justinian II, Byzantine Emperor *"de la Poix": [[Charles II of Hungary]], 1385-1386 *"dal Pollice": Ulrich I, Count of Wurttemberg *"der Andere": Henry of Reuss (1647-1670) *"der Fette": Henry I of Anhalt (d.1252) *"der Freidige": Frederick, Landgrave of Thuringia *"der Greiner": Eberhard II, Count of Wurttemberg, 1344-1392 *"der Glückliche": Augustus, Elector of Saxony *"der Heldenmütige": Albert, Duke of Saxony *"der Sanftmutige": Frederick, Landgrave of Thuringia *"der Springer": Louis, Landgrave of Thuringia *"Decanski": [[Stephen Urosh III of Serbia]] *"Diogenes": Romanus IV, Byzantine Emperor *"Donskoi": Demetrius II of Beloozero (1364-1389)=Demetrius III of Moscow (1359-1360, d.1389) *"Dracula": Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1448, 1456-1462 and 1476) *"Dragutin": [[Stephen II of Serbia]] *"Dushan": [[Stephen Urosh IV of Serbia]] *"el Amador de toda gentileza": [[John I of Aragon]] *"el Animoso": [[Philip V of Spain]] *"el de los buenos fueros": Sancho Garcia of Castile (995-1017) *"el Cazador": [[John I of Aragon]] *"el Craso": [[Sancho I of Leon]] *"el Gotoso": [[Bermudo II of Leon]] *"el Jorobado": **[[Alfonso Froilaz of Leon]] **[[Ordoño IV of Leon]] *"el Temblon": [[Garcia III of Navarre]], 880-908 *"el Tuerto" (The One-Eyed): [[Fortun Garces of Navarre]] *"Eigod": Eric I of Denmark *"Emund": Eric II of Denmark *"Eveille-Chien": Heribert, Count of Maine *"Fairhair" (Nor. Harfagre): Harald I of Norway (872-933) *"False Demetrius II, the Brigand of Tushino" (1608-1611) *"False Demetrius III (Isidor), the Brigand of Pskov (1611) *"Father Augustus": Augustus, Elector of Saxony *"Fergent": Alain IV, Duke of Brittany *"Forkbeard" (Nor. Tjugeskjegg): Sven I of Denmark (999-1015) *"Fortunatus": **Edward, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern **Herman, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern *"From Overseas" (d'Outremer): [[Louis IV of France]] *"Gille": [[Harald IV of Norway]] *"Glipping, Klipping": [[Eric V of Denmark]] *"Grathe": [[Sven III of Denmark]] *"Graycloak" (Nor. Grafell): Harald II of Norway (961-976) *"Greymantle" (Fr. Grisegonelle): Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou *"Greatbeard, Fair Beard": Baldwin IV of Flanders *"Guiscard" (It. il Guiscardo): Robert, Duke of Apulia (1059-1085) *"Hard-ruler" (Nor. Haardraade): Harald III of Norway *"Harefoot": Harold I of England *"He of Antequera": [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]] *"He of Barbastro" (Sp. El de Barbastro): Ermengol III, Count of Urgel *"He of Castile": Ermengol VI of Urgel *"He of Cordoba (Sp. El de Cordoba)": Ermengol I, Count of Urgel *"He of Gerp" (Sp. El de Gerp): Ermengol IV, Count of Urgel *"He of the gifts" (Sp. el de las Mercedes): Henry II of Castile (1366-1367 & 1369-1379) *"He of the Good Laws" (Sp. El de los Buenos Fueros): Sancho I of Castile *"He of the Little Dagger" (Sp. El del Punyalet): [[Peter IV of Aragon]] *"He of Las Navas de Tolosa" (Sp. El de las Navas de Tolosa): [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]], 1158-1214 *"He of Mayeruca" (Sp. El de Mayeruca): Ermengol V, Count of Urgel *"He of Najera": [[Garcia IV of Navarre]] *"He of Peñalen": [[Sancho IV of Navarre]] *"He of the Rio Salado": Alfonso XI of Castile *"He of San Hilario": Ermengol VIII of Urgel "He of Valencia" (Sp. El de Valencia): Ermengol VII, Count of Urgel *"He of the White Hands" (Sp. El de las Manos Blancas): Garcia I of Castile *"Hector": Joachim of Brandenburg *"Hesso": Rudolph of Baden-Baden *"Hildetand": Harald of Sweden *"Hrebljanovic": [[Stephen Lazar I of Serbia]] *"Hunger": Olav I of Denmark *"il Re de Maggio": [[Humbert II of Italy]] *"Ill-ruler": Ingjald of Sweden *"Ironside": **Bjorn I of Uppsala **Edmund II of England (1016) *"Irontooth": Frederick II of Brandenburg *"Jasomirgott": Henry II of Austria *"Jezebel": Catherine de Medici, Queen of France *"Kantner": Conrad V of Silesia *"Khorobrit": Michael of Moscow (1246-1248)=Michael I of Vladimir (1247-1248) *"Kirdyapa": Basil III of Suzdal (d.1403) *"Kraljevic": [[Marko of Serbia]] *"La Grande Mademoiselle": Anne, Duchess of Montpensier *"Lackland (Fr. Sans Terre)": [[John of England]], 1199-1216 *"Langhals": Reginar I of Hainault *"Lavand": Knut II of the Wends [CHECK THIS] *"l'Assure": John I, Elector of Saxony, 1525-1532 *"le Belliquex": Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, 1423-1428 *"le Borgne": Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Gottingen, 1394-1463 *"le Courbe" (Eng. the Curved, i.e., Hunchback): Garcia Sanchez, Duke of Gascony *"le Docte": Otto II (d.1111), Count of Habsburg *"le Doux": **Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, 1428-1464 **Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Ottingen, 1318-1344 *"le Hardi": Charles II of Lorraine *"l'Intrepide": Albert III, Duke of Saxony, 1464-1485 *"le Joyuex": Frederick I, Langgrave of Thuringia, 1307-1323 *"le Louche": Beernard I, Count of Armagnac, 960-? *"le Lutteur": Frederick IV of Lorraine *"le Mordu": Frederick I, Langgrave of Thuringia, 1307-1323 *'le Paisable": Rudolph II (d.1232), Count of Habsburg *"le Renard": [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]], 1908-1918 *"le Sanglier d'Ardenne": William I (d.1485), Lord of Lumain *"le Tort": Conan I of Brittany (990-992) *"Lodbrok": Ragnar of Uppsala *"Long-arm" (Fr. Longue Epee): **George of Rostov (d.1155) **George I of Suzdal (1134-1149, 1151-1155, d.1157) **William I, Duke of Normandy *"Long-leg": Eric II of Schleswig *"Longshanks": [[Edward I of England]], 1272-1307 *"Madame Snake": Catherine de Medici, Queen of France *"Martel": **[[Charles I of Hungary]] **Geoffrey II, Count of Anjou *"Mauclerc": Peter, Duke of Brittany *"Maultasch": Margaret of Tyrol *"Menved": Eric VI of Denmark *"Milutin": [[Stephen Urosh II of Serbia]] *"Moneybag" (Rus. Kalita): John I, Grand Prince of Moscow (1325-1341) *"Monomakh" (One Who Fights Alone) (Gr. Monomakhos): **Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor **Vladimir II of Moscow *"Mourtzouphlos": Alexius V, Byzantine Emperor *"Mrnjavcevic": [[Vukasin of Serbia]] *"Nerra": Fulk III, Count of Anjou *"Nestor": Joachim of Brandenburg *"Nevski": Alexander of Kiev (d.1263) *"of Bouillon": Geoffrey V of Lower Lorraine *"of the Bitten Cheek": Frederick I of Meissen *"of the Empty Pocket": Frederick IV of Austria [CHECK THIS] *"of the Long Hands" (Rus. Dolgoruky): Yury IV, Grand Prince of Kiev *"of God's Grace": Henry of Reuss-Plauen (1243-1254) *"of the White Hands" (Sp. de los BlancasManos): Garcia Fernandez of Castile (970-995) *"of Jerusalem": Baldwin II of Hainault *"of the Veluwe": Theodoric of Gelderland *"One with Good Memory": John I of Portugal *"One-Eye": John II of Holstein, William of Meissen *"Optimo Imperator": Sancho I Garces *"Parapinaces" (Gr. Parapinakes): Michael VII, Byzantine Emperor *"Phoebus": Francis of Navarre, Gaston III of Foix *"Plantagenet": Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou *"Platonogi": [[Mieszko IV of Poland]] *"Ploughpenny": Eric IV of Denmark *"Pobozny": Henry II, Duke of Krakow *"Porphyrogenitus" (Born in the Purple): Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor *"Posthumus": **Anselm of Schonborn (1727-1801) **Anthony II of Inhausen and Knyphausen **Emmanuel Lebrecht of Anhalt-Zerbst **George Albert II of Erbach **Henry of Reuss-Schleiz (1595-1635) **John of France **Ladislas of Austria **Theobald IV of Champagne (1235-1254) **Wenceslas Adam of Silesia **Werner V of Zimmern (1290-1384) **William George of Kirchberg *"Potbelly": Alexander II of Suzdal (1414-1417) *"Probus" (Eng. Righteous) : [[Henry IV of Poland]] *"Queen of Four Kingdoms" (Fr. La Reine des Quatre Royaumes): Yolande of Aragon *"Raised by Tore" (Nor. Toresfostre): [[Haakon of Norway]] *"Raspe": [[Henry of Thuringia]], King of Germany *"Redhair": George I of Moscow (1318-1322, d.1325) *"Rufus": William II of England (1087-1100) *"Rumpold": Henry VII of Silesia, Henry X of Silesia *"She of Sad Destinies" (Sp. la de los tristes destinos): Isabella II, Queen of Spain *"Shemyaka": Demetrius III of Dmitrov (1434, d.1453) *"Short-Tunic": Johan II of Riazan (1326-1341) *"Silly Billy": Wiliam IV of England (830-1837) *"Skottkonung": Olaf of Sweden *"Spindleshanks" (Pol. Laskonogi): [[Ladislaus III of Poland]] *"Squint-eye": Basil II of Dmitrov (1435, d.1438) *"Stratioticus": Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor *"Strongbow": John II of Suzdal (1412-1414) *"Stupor Mundi": Frederick II of Germany *"Tallaferro": Bernard I, Count of Besalu *"Tarasicodissa": Zeno, Byzantine Emperor *"Tete Hardie": **Stephen I, Count of Macon **William I, Count of Burgundy *"Tree-cutter": Olav of Sweden *"Tranacleon": Gerald I (d.1020), Count of Armagnac *"Trunus": Bernard II, Count of Besalu *"Tumapaler": Bernard I (d.1064), Count of Armagnac *"Two-Pupils": Anastasius, Byzantine Emperor *"Vzmeten": Alexander III of Suzdal (1417-1418) *"Vifadme": Ivar of Sweden *"Waked the Waves": Basil II of Pskov (1356-1358) *"Weather-hat": Eric Emundsson of Uppsala *"Wegloser": Henry of Reuss (1288-1300) *"Wend-crow": Ottar of Sweden *"Whiteleg": Halfdan I of Vestfold *"With the Arrow": Otto IV of Brandenburg *"With the Axe": Baldwin VII of Flanders *"With the Beard": John I of Wertheim (1373-1407) *"With the Braid" (Fr. a la Tresse): Albert III, Duke of Austria *"With the Chain": Magnus II of Brunswick *"With the Iron Arm": Baldwin I of Flanders *"With the Lion": Frederick V of Nurnberg *"With the Pigtail": Albert III of Austria *"With the Scar": Henry VIII of Silesia *"With the Thumb": Ulrich I of Wurttemberg (1241-1265) *"Wrybeard": Alan I of Brittany (937-952) *"Wstydliwy": Boleslaus V, Duke of Krakow --> {{compactTOC}}__NOTOC__ ==Cognomen== A '''[[tilde|swung dash]]''' ('''[[~]]''') is used to indicate where the personal name occurs in the nickname; thus "~ the Accursed" means "Sviatopolk the Accursed". ===A=== *"~ the Able": **'''[[Leopold III, Duke of Austria]]''' **'''[[Leopold V, Duke of Austria]]''' *"~ the Absolutist": '''[[Miguel of Portugal]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''le Roi Absolut'') *"~ the Accursed": '''[[Sviatopolk I of Kiev]]''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: ''Святопо́лк '''Окая́нный''''') *"~ the Adopted": '''[[Childebert the Adopted|Childebert of Austrasia]]''' *"~ the Adventurous": '''[[Manuel I of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Manuel O Venturoso'') *"~ (the) ''Ætheling''" ([[Old English language|Old English]], "Princeling"): '''[[Edgar Ætheling|Edgar Ætheling of England]]''' ([[Old English]] ''Eadgar '''Æþeling''''') *"~ the Affable": '''[[Charles VIII of France]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Charles '''l'Affable''''') *"~ the African": '''[[Afonso V of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Affonso'' or ''Alfonso '''o Africano''''') *"~ the Ambitious": '''[[William of Austria]]''' *"~ the Ancient": '''[[Mircea cel Bătrân of Wallachia]]''' ([[Romanian language|Old Romanian]]: ''Mircea '''cel Bătrân''''') *"~ the Apostate": '''[[Julian the Apostate|Julian, Roman Emperor]]''' *"~ the Apostle": '''[[Vladimir I of Kiev]]''' *"~ the Avenger": '''[[Alfonso XI of Castile]]''' <!-- the following have no link so I don't add them I'm not sure about Otto II *"The Abbot" (Fr. ''l'Abbé''): Hugh, [[Duke of France]], 867-886 *"The Acquirer": Henry II of Reuss (1449-1461) *"The Alchemist": John IV of [[Brandenburg]] *"The August": **John V of [[Brandenburg]] **[[Otto II]] of [[Bavaria]] *"The Awakener": [[Herman VII]], [[Margrave]] of [[Baden-Baden]] *"The Awesome": John IV of [[Moscow]] --> ===B=== *"~ the Bad": **'''[[Charles II of Navarre]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Charles '''le Mauvais''''') **'''[[Sigurd Slembe|Sigurd Magnusson, pretender of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse language|Old Norse]]: ''Sigurd '''Slembe''''' or ''Sigurd '''Slembedjakn''''') **'''[[William I of Sicily]]''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Guglielmo '''il Malo''''') *"~ the Bald": **'''[[Charles the Bald|Charles II of France]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Charles '''le Chauve''''') **'''[[Baldwin II, Count of Flanders]]''' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Boudewijn II '''de Kale'''''; [[Latin language|Latin]]: ''Balduinus '''Calvus''''') **'''[[Idwal Foel|Idwal ab Anarawd of Gwynedd]]''' ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: ''Idwal '''Foel''''') *"~ ''Barbe-torte''" ([[French language|French]], "Crooked-beard"): '''[[Alan II, Duke of Brittany]]''' ([[French language|French]] ''Alain Barbe-torte'') *"~ ''Barbarossa''" ([[Italian language|Italian]]: "Red-Beard"): '''[[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]]''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Friederich '''Barbarossa''''') *"~ Barefoot" or "~ Bareleg": '''[[Magnus III of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse language|Old Norse]]: ''Magnus '''Barfot''''') *"~ Barn-Lock": '''[[Magnus I of Sweden]]''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Magnus '''Ladulås''''') *"~ the Bastard": '''[[William I of England]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Guillaume '''le Bâtard'''''; [[Old English]]: ''Wyllelm'' or ''Willelm '''bastard''''') *"~ the Battler": '''[[Alfonso I of Aragon]]''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso, '''el Batallador''''') *"~ the Bearded": '''[[Geoffrey III of Anjou]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Geoffroy '''le Barbu''''') *"~ Beauclerk" or "~ ''Beauclerc''" ([[French Language|French]], "Good Clerk"): '''[[Henry I of England]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Henri '''Beauclerc''''') *"~ Beer-Jug": '''[[John George I, Elector of Saxony]]''' *"~ the Bewitched": '''[[Charles II of Spain]]''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Carlos '''el Hechizado''''') *"~ the Big Nest": '''[[Vsevolod the Big Nest|Vsevolod III Yuriyevich of Vladimir]]''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: ''Все́волод III Ю́рьевич '''Большо́е Гнездо́''''') *"~ the Black Prince": '''[[Edward, the Black Prince]]''' *"~ the Black": **'''[[Leszek II the Black]]''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Leszek '''Czarny''''') **'''[[Conan IV, Duke of Brittany]]''' **'''[[Fulk III of Anjou]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Foulque '''Nerra''''') *"~ the Blind": **'''[[Boleslav III of Bohemia]]''' ([[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Boleslav '''Slepý''''') **'''[[Béla II of Hungary]]''' ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''II. '''Vak''' Béla'') **'''[[Magnus IV of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Magnus Blinde'') **'''[[Stefan Brankovic|Stefan Brankovic of Serbia]]''' ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]: ''Стефан '''Слепи''''') **'''[[Vasili II of Russia|Vasili II Vasiliyevich of Russia]]''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: ''Василий II Васильевич '''Тёмный''''') *"~ the Blond" or "Yellow ~": '''[[Selim II|Selim II of the Ottoman Empire]]''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: '''''Sarı''' Sultân Selim'') *"~ Bloodaxe": '''[[Eric I of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Eiríkr '''Blóðöx''''') *"~ the Bloodthirsty": '''[[Ismail of Morocco]]''' *"Bloody ~": '''[[Mary I of England]]''' *"~ Bluetooth": '''[[Harold I of Denmark]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Haraldr '''blátönn''''') *"~ the Bold": **'''[[Bolesław II the Bold|Boleslaw II of Poland]]''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Bolesław '''Śmiały''''') **'''[[Charles the Bold]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Charles '''le Téméraire'''''), duke of Burgundy **'''[[Philip the Bold]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Philippe '''le Hardi''''') **'''[[Philip III of France]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Philippe '''le Hardi''''') *"~ the Bolognian": '''[[Afonso III of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Afonso '''o Bolonhês''''') *"~ the Bookish": '''[[Coloman of Hungary]]''' ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: '''''Könyves''' Kálmán'') *"~ the Brash": '''[[Olof the Brash|Olof of Denmark]]''' *"~ the Brave": **'''[[Afonso III of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Afonso '''o Bravo''''') **'''[[Afonso IV of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Afonso '''o Bravo''''') **'''[[Boleslaw I of Poland]]''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Bolesław '''Chrobry''''') **'''[[Dan II of Wallachia]]''' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Dan II '''Viteazul''''') **'''[[Michael the Brave|Michael of Wallachia and Moldavia]]''' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Mihai '''Viteazul''''') **'''[[Selim I|Selim I of the Ottoman Empire]]''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: '''''Yavuz''' Sultan Selim'') *"~ the Broad-shouldered": '''[[Haakon II of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Hákon '''Herdebrei''''') *"~ Broom-plant": '''[[Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Geoffroy '''Plantagenet''''') *"~ Builder": '''[[David IV of Georgia]]''' ([[Georgian language|Georgian]]: ''დავით '''აღმაშენებელი''''') *"~ Bulgar-Slayer": '''[[Basil II|Basil II, Byzantine Emperor]]''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Βασίλειος '''Βουλγαροκτόνος''''') *"~ the Burgundian": '''[[Afonso III of Portugal]]''' <!-- *"The Babe": [[Geoffrey III]], [[Duke of Brabant]] *"The Bad" (Ger. ''der Bosse'', Sp. ''el Malo''): **[[Arnulf]], [[Duke of Bavaria]] **[[Charles II of Navarre]] **[[Ordoño IV of Leon]] **[[William I of Sicily]] *"The Bad-tempered" (Fr. ''le Rechin''): [[Fulk IV]], [[Count of Anjou]] *"The Bald" (Fr. ''le Chauve''): **[[Baldwin II, Count of Flanders]] **[[Charles the Bald]], [[King of France|King of West Francia]] **[[Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine]] *"The Bastard" (Fr. ''le Batard''): **[[Ebalus]], [[Duke of Aquitaine]] **[[Henry II of Castile **[[William I of England]] *"The Battler": [[Alfonso I of Aragon]] *"The Bavarian": [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] *"The Bear" (Ger. ''der Bár''): [[Albert I, Margrave of Brandenburg]] *"The Bearded" (Fr. ''le Barbu'', Ger. ''der Bártige'', Gr. ''Pogonatus'', Pol. ''Brodaty''): **[[Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders]] **[[Berthold, Duke of Carinthia]] **Berthold of [[Zahringen]] (1024-1077) **[[Constans II], [[Byzantine Emperor]] **Eberhard I, Duke of Wurttemberg **Egon IV (I) of Urach (d.1230) **George of Saxe-Wittenberg (1500-1539) **[[Geoffrey I]] of Brabant **[[Geoffrey III of Anjou|Geoffrey III]], Count of [[Anjou]] **[[Geoffrey III]], Duke of Lower Lorraine **[[Henry I]], [[Duke of Krakow]] **[[Louis I]], Landgrave of [[Thuringia]] **[[Louis VII]] of Bavaria **[[Louis XII] of [[Ottingen]] *"The Beautiful" (Por. ''O Formoso''): [[Ferdinand I of Portugal]] *"The Beauty": John II of Moscow *"The Belligerent": Frederick IV, Elector of Saxony *"The Beloved": **[[Louis XVI of France]] **Otto, Duke of Austria **[[Peter V of Portugal]] *"The Benign" (Sp. ''el Benigno''): [[Alfonso IV of Aragon]] *"The Bewitched": [[Charles II of Spain]] *"The Bitten": Frederick I, Landgrave of Thuringia *"The Black" (Fr. ''le Noir'', Ger. ''der Schwarze'', Pol. ''Czarny''): **Conrad IV, Duke of Silesia **Fulk III, Count of Anjou **[[George of Serbia]] **Halfdan III of Vestfold **Henry IX of Bavaria **[[Hugh, Duke of Burgundy]] (923-952) **Leszek II, Duke of Krakow **Rainald II, Duke of Gelderland **Rudolph III of Tubingen-Herrenberg (d.1277) **[[Theodore of Smolensk]] (d.1299) *"The Black Prince": [[Edward, Prince of Wales]] *"The Blessed": Amadeus IX, Count of Savoy *"The Blind" (Fr. ''l'Aveugle'', Nor. ''den Blinde'', Rum. ''cel Orb'', Rus. ''Tiomnyj''): **Basil II, Grand Prince of Moscow (d.1462) **[[Bela II of Hungary]] **Bogdan III, Prince of Moldavia **Boleslav III of Bohemia **Gerard II, Duke of Holstein **[[Henry IV of Luxemburg]] **[[John I of Luxemburg]] | John of Bohemia **[[Magnus IV of Norway]] *"The Blinded": [[Constantine VI]], Byzantine Emperor *"The Bobbed": John IV of Pskov (1460-1461) *"The Bold" (Fr. ''le Hardi'', ''le Temeraire'', Pol. ''Smialy''): **Albert, Duke of Saxony **[[Boleslaw II of Poland]] **Charles, Duke of Burgundy **[[Philip II, Duke of Burgundy]] **[[Philip III of France]] **Rudolph II of the Palatinate *"The Bolonian": [[Alfonso III of Portugal]] *"The Bookish, Booklike, Book Lover" (Hun. ''Konyves''): **[[Coloman of Hungary]] **Constantine I of Rostov (1207-1218) | Constantine I of Moscow (1216-1218), **Peter of Beloozero (1389-1428) *"The Brave" (Cze. ''Chrabry'', Por. ''O Bravo'', Ger. ''der Beherzte'', Rum. ''cel Viteaz, Viteazul'', Sp. ''el Bravo'', Tur. ''Yavuz''): **Albert, Landgrave of Thuringia **[[Alfonso IV of Portugal]] **[[Alfonso VI of Castile]] **Baldwin V, Count of Hainault **[[Baldwin VIII, Count of Flanders]] **Basil I of Rostov **Boleslaus, Duke of Bohemia **[[Boleslaus I of Poland]] **[[Decebala of Dacia]] **Ernest of Ostmark **Igor II of Kiev (d.1202) **John, Prince of Moldavia **Michael, Prince of Moldavia **Rostislav I of Rostov (d.1067) **[[Sancho IV of Castile]] **Selim I, Ottoman Sultan **Vadim I of Novgorod (d.872) *"The Brown" (Fr. ''le Brun''): **Hugh IV of Lusignan **Hugh IX of Lusignan **Hugh X of Lusignan **Hugh XI of Lusignan **Hugh XII of Lusignan *"The Bruce": [[Robert of Scotland]] *"The Builder": [[Baldwin IV, Count of Hainault]] *"The Bulgar-Slayer" (Gr. ''Bulgaroctonus''): Basil I, Byzantine Emperor *"The Burlap-Head": Raymond Berengar II of Barcelona *"The Bushy-Eyebrowed" (Gr. ''Murzuphlus''): Alexis V, Byzantine Emperor *"The Butcher": [[Leo I]], Byzantine Emperor --> ===C=== *"~ the Cabbage": '''[[Ivailo of Bulgaria]]''' ([[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: ''Ивайло '''Лахана''''') *"~ the Careless": '''[[John I of Aragon]]''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Joan '''el Descurat''''') *"~ the Candid": '''[[Alfonso III of Aragon]]''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Alfons '''el Franc'''''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso '''el Franco''''') *"~ the Catholic": **'''[[Alfonso I of Asturias]]''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alonso '''el Católico'''''; [[Asturian language|Asturian]]: ''Alfonso '''el Católicu''''') **'''[[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Fernando '''el Católico''''', [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: '''''Ferran el Catòlic''''') **'''[[Peter II of Aragon]]''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Pedro II el Católico'', [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Pere '''el Catòlic''''') *"~ the Caulker": '''[[Michael V|Michael V, Byzantine Emperor]]''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Μιχαήλ '''Καλαφάτης''''') *"~ the Ceremonious": '''[[Peter IV of Aragon]]''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Pedro '''el Ceremonioso''''', [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Pere '''el Cerimoniós''''') *"~ the Chansonnier": '''[[Theobald I of Navarre|Theobald I of Navarre/Theobald IV of Champagne]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Thibault '''le Chansonnier'''''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Teobaldo '''el Trovador''''') *"~ the Chaste": **'''[[Alfonso II of Aragon]]''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Alfons '''el Cast'''''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso '''el Casto'''''; [[French language|French]]: ''Alphonse '''le Chaste''''') **'''[[Alfonso II of Asturias]]''' ([[Asturian language|Asturian]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso '''el Casto''''') **'''[[Bolesław V the Chaste]]''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Bolesław '''Wstydliwy''''') *"~ the Clubfoot": '''[[Sverker I of Sweden]]''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Sverker '''Klumpfot''''') *"~ Coal-Burner": '''[[Anund Jacob of Sweden]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Emund '''Kolbränna''''') *"~ the Confessor": '''[[Edward the Confessor]]''' (of [[Kingdom of England|England]]) *"~ the Conqueror": **'''[[Afonso I of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''Affonso '''o Conquistador''''') **'''[[James I of Aragon]]''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Jaume '''el Conqueridor'''''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Jaime I, '''el Conquistador''''') **'''[[Mehmed II|Mehmed II of The Ottoman Empire]]''' ([[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]: ''Mehmed '''el-Fatih''''') **'''[[William I of England]]''' ([[Old English language|Old English]]: ''Wilhelm '''se Gehīersumiend'''''; [[French language|French]]: ''Guillaume '''le Conquereur''''') **'''[[Valdemar II of Denmark]]''' ([[Old Norse]] ''Valdemar '''Sejr''''') *"~ Corvinus" (from [[Latin language|Latin]] "like a raven"): '''[[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary]]''' ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: '''''Corvinus''' Mátyás''; [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Matei '''Corvin''''') *"Crazy ~": '''[[Otto of Bavaria]]''' *"~ the Crosseyed": '''[[Vasili Kosoi|Vasili Kosoi, Muscovian usurper]]''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: ''Василий '''Косой''''') *"~ Crouchback": **'''[[Inge I of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Inge '''Krokrygg''''') **'''[[Richard III of England]]''' *"~ the Cruel": **'''[[Boleslaus I of Bohemia]]''' ([[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Boleslav I. '''Ukrutný''''') **'''[[Louis XI of France]]''' **'''[[Peter I of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Pedro '''o Cruel''''') **''''[[Peter of Castile]]''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Pedro '''el Cruel''''') *"~ the Crusader": '''[[Sigurd I of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Sigurd '''Jorsalfare''''') *"~ the Curly" '''[[Bolesław IV the Curly]]''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Bolesław '''Kędzierzawy''''') *"~ Curthose" ([[Middle English]], "short stockings"): '''[[Robert II, Duke of Normandy]]''' *"~ Curtmantle" ([[Middle English]], "short cloak"): '''[[Henry II of England]]''' <!-- *"The Captive" (Fr. ''le Captif''): Geoffrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine *"The Cardinal": [[Henry I of Portugal]] *"The Castilian": Alvar, Count of Urgel *"The Catholic" (Sp. ''el Catolico''): **[[Alfonso I of Asturias]] **[[Andrew I of Hungary]] **[[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] **Frederick I, Duke of Austria **[[Isabella I of Castile]] **[[Peter II of Aragon]] *"The Caulker" (Gr. ''Kalafates''): Michael V, Byzantine Emperor *"The Ceremonious": [[Peter IV of Aragon]] *"The Chansonnier": **Theobald IV, Count of Champagne *"The Chaste" (Sp. ''el Casto''): **[[Alfonso II of Aragon]] **[[Alfonso II of Asturias]] *"The Cheerful": [[Otto of Austria]] *"The Child" (Fr. ''l'Enfant'', Ger. ''das Kind'', Sp. ''el Niño''): **Conrad IV of Bavaria **Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse **John I, Duke of Lower Bavaria **[[Louis III of Germany]] **Nicholas, Duke of Mecklenburg **Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg **[[Ramiro III of Leon]] **[[William III, Count of Burgundy]] *"The Chip": Alexander IV of Pskov (d.aft.1434) *"The Church's-Friend": Henry of Reuss-Weida (1282-1306) *"The Citizen King": [[Louis Philippe of France]] *"The City's Friend": Henry I of Reuss-Lobenstein (d.1488) *"The Clement" (Por. ''O Clemente''): [[John VI of Portugal]] *"The Clever": Henry I of Reuss-Plauen (1303-c1340) *"The Cloister-Founder": Henry I of Reuss-Weida (c1206-1225) *"The Comb": Basil III of Pskov (1448-1455) *"The Confessor" (Ger. ''der Bekenner''): **[[Edward of England]] **Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg *"The Conqueror" (Fr. ''le Conquerant'', Sp. ''el Conquistador'', Tur. ''el-Fatih'') **[[Alfonso I of Portugal]] **[[James I of Aragon]] **John V, Duke of Brittany **[[Mehmed II]], Ottoman Sultan **[[William I of England]] *"The Cossack" (Rum. ''Cazacul''): Peter, Prince of Moldavia *"The Constable" (Fr. ''le Connetable''): Arthur III of Brittany *"The Constant": William V of Hesse-Kassel *"The Contender": Eberhard III, Count of Wurttemberg *"The Corpulent" (Pol. ''Brzuchaty''): Henry V, Duke of Silesia *"The Courageous" (Fr. ''le Courageux'', Ger. ''der Tapfere''): **Albert, Duke of Saxony **[[Baldwin VIII, Count of Flanders]] **William, Landgrave of Thuringia *"The Courteous": William of Austria *"The Cowherd" (Rum. ''Haidaul''): Radu Ilie, Prince of Wallachia *"The Crafty": Burebista of Dacia *"The Cripple": Henry III of Reuss-Lobenstein (1482-1498) *"The Crooked" (Cat. ''el Corbat''): Berenger Raymond I, Count of Barcelona *"The Crude": Helena of Bosnia *"The Crusader": **[[Robert II, Count of Flanders]] **[[Sigurd I of Norway]] *"The Cruel" (Pol. ''Okrutny'', Sp. ''el Cruel''): **Boleslaus I of Bohemia **[[Boleslaus II of Poland]] **[[Christian II of Denmark]] **[[Fruela I of Asturias]] **John I of Silesia **[[Peter I of Castile]] **[[Peter I of Portugal]] **Phalaris of Agrigento *"The Cuman": [[Ladislas IV of Hungary]] --> ===D=== *"~ the Damned" or "~ the Accursed": '''[[Sviatopolk I of Kiev]]''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: ''Святополк '''Окаянный'''''; [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: ''Святополк '''Окаянний''''') *"~ the Deacon": '''[[Bermudo I of Asturias]]''' ([[Asturian language|Asturian]]: ''Bermudo '''el Diáconu'''''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Bermudo '''el Diácono''''') *"~ the Debonaire": '''[[Louis the Pious|Louis I of France]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Louis '''le Débonnaire''') *"~ the Deed-Doer": '''[[Edmund I of England]]''' *"~ the Devil": **'''[[Robert II, Duke of Normandy]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Robert '''le Diable''') **'''[[Vlad II Dracul|Vlad II of Wallachia]]''' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Vlad '''Dracul''''') *"~ Do-Nothing", "~ the Indolent" or "~ the Sluggard": '''[[Louis V of France]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Louis '''le Fainéant''''') *"~ ''Dracul''" ([[Romanian Language|Romanian]], "The Devil" or "The Dragon"): '''[[Vlad II Dracul|Vlad II of Wallachia]]''' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Vlad '''Dracul''''') *"~ ''Dracula''" ([[Romanian language|Romanian]], "Son of the Devil" or "Son of the Dragon"): '''[[Vlad III the Impaler|Vlad III of Wallachia]]''' *"~ the Drunkard": **'''[[Michael III|Michael III, Byzantine Emperor]]''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Μιχαήλ Γ' '''ο Μέθυσος''''') **'''[[Selim II|Selim II, Ottoman Emperor]]''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Selim '''Mest'''''?) **'''[[Wenceslaus, King of the Romans]]''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Wenzel '''der Säufer'''''; [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Václav '''Opilec''''') *"~ the Dung-Named": '''[[Constantine V|Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor]]''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Κωνσταντίνος '''Ε' Κοπρόνυμος''''') <!-- *"The Damned": **[[Abdulhamid II]], Ottoman Sultan **[[Gleb II]] of Riazan (d.aft.1237) *"The Daring": Henry XI of Hohnstein *"The Deacon" (Sp. ''el Diacono''): **[[Bermudo I of Asturias]] **Sigurd of Norway *"The Deaf" (Rum. ''Surdul''): Peter, Prince of Wallachia *"The Dean": Conrad VI of Silesia *"The Debonair": Matthew I, Duke of Lorraine *"The Decadent" (Ger. ''der Entartete''): Albert, Landgrave of Thuringia *"The Degenerate": Albert, Landgrave of Thuringia *"The Desired" (Sp. ''el Deseado''): **[[Sancho III of Castile]] (1157-1158) **[[Sebastian I of Portugal]] *"The Devil" (Fr. ''le Diable''): **Hugh VI of Lusignan, Count of La Marche **Vlad II, Prince of Moldavia *"The Do-Gooder": [[Alfonso III of Aragon]] *"The Do-Nothing King" (Fr. ''le Faineant''): [[Louis V of France]] *"The Downcast": Henry of Reuss (d.1367) *"The Dragon" (Rum. ''Dracul''): Vlad II, Prince of Wallachia *"The Drowned" (Rum. ''Inecatul''): Vlad, Prince of Wallachia *"The Drunk": [[Selim II]], Ottoman Sultan *"The Drunkard": **[[Michael III]], Byzantine Emperor **[[Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor]] *"The Dung-named" (Gr. ''Copronymus''): [[Constantine V]], Byzantine Emperor --> ===E=== *"~ the Ecclesiastic" or "~ the Priest": [[Martin I of Aragon]] ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Martí '''l'Eclesiàstic'''''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ??) *"~ the Elder": **'''[[Edward the Elder|Eadweard I of England]]''' ([[Old English language|Old English]]: ''Ēadweard '''se Ieldra'''''?) **'''[[Inge I of Sweden]]''' **'''[[Martin I of Aragon]]''' **'''[[Mircea I of Wallachia]]''' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Mircea '''cel Batran''''') **'''[[Sverker I of Sweden]]''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Sverker '''den äldre''''') *"~ the Eloquent": '''[[Edward of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Duarte '''o Eloquente''''') *"Empress ~": '''[[Empress Matilda|Matilda of England]]''' *"~ Epiphanes": several Hellenistic kings, including **'''[[Ptolemy V Epiphanes]] ''' *"~ Euergetes": several Hellenistic kings, including **'''[[Ptolemy III Euergetes]] ''' **'''[[Ptolemy VIII Physcon]] ''' *"~ Eupator" : [[Ptolemy Eupator]] *"~ the Executioner": '''[[Mehmed I|Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire]]''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Mehmed I '''Kirişci'''''?) *"~ the Exile": [[Władysław II the Exile]] ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Władysław '''Wygnaniec'''''') <!-- *"The Eagle": [[William VII of Aquitaine]] *"The Earring" (Rum. ''Cercel''): Peter, Prince of Wallachia *"The Ecclesiastic": [[Martin I of Aragon]] *"The Elder" (Ger. ''der Altere'', Rum. ''cel Batrin'', Swe. ''den Aldre''): **Botho of Stolberg-Stolberg (1403-1455) **Burchard of Mansfeld **Christian I of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst **Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia **Conrad IV of Silesia **Cosimo of Florence (1434-1464, de facto) **Demetrius of Nizhny Novgorod (1365-1383) **Demetrius IV of Moscow (d.1383) **Dionysius I of Syracuse **[[Edward of England]] (899-925) **Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Kalenberg **Frederick IV, Elector of Saxony **George Frederick I of Hohenlohe **Gerard I of Hallermund **Henry of Mecklenburg-Stargard **Henry I of Reuss (d.1572) **Henry I of Reuss-Obergreiz (1647-1681) **Henry VIII of Brunswick **Henry XIV of Lower Bavaria (1309-1339) **Heinrich XIV of Reuss-Greiz (1564-1572) **[[Inge I of Sweden]] **Keno I of East Frisia **[[Martin I of Aragon]] **Mircea, Prince of Wallachia **Ocko I of East Frisia **[[Sigismund I of Poland]] **[[Sverker I of Sweden]] **William I of Hesse **William I of Solms-Greifenstein (1592-1635) **William III of Brunswick **Ziemowit IV of Mazovia *"The Elder Sage": Conrad VII of Silesia *"The Eloquent": [[Edward of Portugal]] *"The Emperor" (Sp. ''El Emperador''): [[Alfonso VII of Castile]] *"The Empowerer": Henry I of Reuss-Lobenstein (1500-1538) *"The Evergood" (Dan. ''Ejegood''): [[Eric I of Denmark]] *"The Evil" (Rum. ''cel Rau''): **Garcia Galindez of Aragon **Mihnea, Prince of Wallachia *"The Executioner" (Tur. ''Celebi Kirisci''): Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan *"The Exempted": Henry of Reuss (1378-1420) **Alexander I of Pskov (d.1339) **Demetrius I of Dmitrov (d. after 1364) **John VII of Riazan (d.aft.1521) **[[Ladislaus II of Poland]] --> ===F=== *"~ the Fair": **'''[[Charles IV of France]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Charles '''le Bel''''') **'''[[Donald III of Scotland]]''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''Domnall '''Bán''''') **'''[[Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou]]''' ([[French language|French]] ''Geoffroy '''le Bel''''') **'''[[Louis the Pious|Louis I of France]]''' **'''[[Philip IV of France]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Philippe '''le Bel''''') *"~ Fairhair": '''[[Harald I of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Haraldr '''hinn hárfagri''''') *"~ the Fair Sun": '''[[Vladimir I of Kiev]]''' ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] ''Володимир '''Красне Сонечко''''') *"~ the Farmer": '''[[Denis of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''Diniz '''o Lavrador''''') *"~ ''Fart''" ([[Old Norse language|Old Norse]], "The Swift"?): '''[[Eystein Halfdansson|Eystein Halfdansson of Romerike and Vestfold]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Eysteinn '''Fart''''') *"~ the Fat": **'''[[Afonso II of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''Affonso '''o Gordo''''') **'''[[Charles the Fat|Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Charles '''le Gros''''') **'''[[Conan III, Duke of Brittany]]''' ([[French language|French]] ''Conan III le Gros'') **'''[[Henry I of Cyprus]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Henri '''le Gros''''') **'''[[Henry I of Navarre]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Henri '''le Gros'''''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''Enrique '''el Gordo''''') **'''[[Louis VI of France]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Louis '''le Gros''''') *"~ the Fearless": '''[[John the Fearless]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Jean '''sans Peur''''') *"~ First-Crowned": '''[[Stefan Prvovenčani|Stefan of Raška]]''' ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]: ''Стефан '''Првовенчани''''') *"~ Fitzempress": '''[[Henry II of England]]''' *"~ Flatnose": '''[[Ketil Flatnose|Ketil of Man]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Ketil '''Flatnef''''') *"~ Forkbeard": '''[[Sweyn I of Denmark]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Svend '''Tjugeskæg''''' or ''Svend '''Tyvskæg'''''; [[Old English]]: ''Sweyn '''Forcbeard'''''?) *"~ the Fortunate": **'''[[Manuel I of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Manuel '''o Venturoso''''' or ''Manuel '''o Bem-Aventurado''''' or ''Manuel '''O Afortunado''') **'''[[Dietrich of Oldenburg]]''' ([[Latin language|Latin]] ''Teudericus '''Fortunatus''''') *"~ the Fowler": '''[[Henry the Fowler|Henry I of Germany]]''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Heinrich '''der Vogler''''' or ''Heinrich '''der Finkler''''') <!-- *"The Fair" (Fr. ''le Bel'', Rus. ''Krasnyj''): **Albert of Nurnberg **Basil I of Kiev (d.1237) **[[Charles IV of France]] **[[Frederick I of Austria]] **Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou **Gunther IV of Barby **John II, Grand Prince of Moscow **Oleg I of Riazan (1252-1258) **[[Philip IV of France]] **Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine **Wolfgang of Ottingen *"The Fair Maid of Kent": [[Joan of Kent]], Princess of Wales *"The Faithful": Louis V of Hesse-Darmstadt *"The Farmer" (Por. ''O Lavrador''): [[Denis I of Portugal]] *"The Fart": Eystein I of Vestfold *"The Fast-Rider": Henry I of Reuss (1302-c1331) *"The Fat" (Dut.''de Vette'', Fr. ''le Gros'', Ger. ''der Dicke'', ''der Fette'', Pol. ''Otyty'', Sp. ''el Gordo''): **Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Gottingen **[[Alfonso II of Portugal]] **[[Charles III of Germany]] **Conan III, Duke of Brittany **Florent II, Count of Holland **[[Henry I of Navarre]] **Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg **Henry V, Duke of Silesia **Leopold IV of Austria **[[Louis VI of France]] **Mieszko II, Duke of Silesia **[[Sancho of Leon]] **Simon I, Duke of Lorraine **Welf II, Duke of Bavaria **William VI, Duke of Aquitaine *"The Father of His People": [[Louis XII of France]] *"The Fearless" (Fr. ''Sans Peur''): John, Duke of Burgundy *"The Field Captain": Henry II of Reuss-Plauen (c1206-1232) *"The Fierce": [[Alexander I of Scotland]] *"The First-Crowned" (Serb. ''Prvovencani''): Stephen II, ruler of Raska *"The Fool": [[Lulach of Scotland]] *"The Forceful": [[Stephen Dushan of Serbia]] *"The Forseer": Henry V of Reuss (1583-1604) *"The Fortunate" (Ger. ''der Gluckselige''): **Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg **[[Philip VI of France]] *"The Found": Peter II of Pskov (d.aft.1510) *"The Founder" (Ger. ''der Stifter''): **Basarab I, Prince of Wallachia **Bogdan I, Prince of Moldavia **Rudolph IV of Austria *"The Fowler" (Ger. ''der Vogler''): [[Henry I of Germany]] *"The Franciscan": Henry II of Reuss-Weida (d.c1278) *"The Frank": Louis III of Hesse *"The Fratricide" (Sp. ''el Fratricida''): **Berengar Raymond II, Count of Barcelona **Francis I of Brittany **[[Henry II of Castile]] *"The Friendly": [[Henry of Austria]] *"The Frisian" (Fr. ''le Frison''): Robert I, Count of Flanders *"The Fugitive": **Alexander II of Tver (d.1339) **Alexander Mavrocordat of Moldavia --> ===G=== *"~ the Generous" or "~ the Liberal": '''[[Alfonso III of Aragon]]''' [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Alfons '''el Liberal'''''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''Alfonso '''el Liberal''''') *"~ the Gentle": **'''[[Frederick II, Elector of Saxony]]''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Friedrich '''der Sanftmütige''''') **'''[[Harald III of Denmark]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Harald '''Hen'''''); see also '''"~ ''Hen''"''' below *"~ the German": '''[[Louis the German|Louis I of the East Franks]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Louis '''le Germanique''''') *"~ the Goat'': ''''''[[Rafael Leónidas Trujillo]]''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: El Chivo''''') *"~ the God-Like One": '''[[Murad I|Murad I, Ottoman Emperor]]''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Murat '''Hüdavendigar''''') *"~ the God-Loving": '''[[Andrey I Bogolubsky]]''' (russian: Андрей '''Боголюбский''') *"~ the Good": **'''[[Alfonso IV of Aragon]]''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Alfons '''el Benigne'''''; [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] ''Alifonso '''o Beninno'''''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso '''el Benigno''''') **'''[[Alexandru cel Bun|Alexandru of Moldavia]]''' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Alexandru '''cel Bun''''') **'''[[Fulk II of Anjou]]''' ([[French language|French]] ''Foulques '''le Bon'''''?) **'''[[Hywel Dda|Hywel ap Cadell of Wales]]''' ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: ''Hywel '''Dda''''') **'''[[Haakon I of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Hákon '''góði''''') **'''[[John I of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''João '''o Bom''''') **'''[[John II of France]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Jehan '''le Bon''''') **'''[[Louis Bonaparte|Louis I of Holland]]''' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Lodewijk '''de Goede''''') **'''[[Magnus I of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Magnus '''den Gode''''') **'''[[Philip III, Duke of Burgundy|Philip III of Burgundy]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Philippe '''le Bon''''') **'''[[William II of Sicily]]''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Guglielmo '''il Buono''''') *"~ with the Good Memory": '''[[John I of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''João '''o de Boa Memória''''') *"~ the Good Mother": '''[[Maria II of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Maria '''a Boa Mãe''''') *"~ the Gouty": '''[[Piero di Cosimo de' Medici|Piero I de Medici of Florence]]''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Piero '''il Gottoso''''') *"~ the Great": ''see'' [[List of people known as The Great]] *"the Great [[Prince-elector|Elector]]": '''[[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]]''' ([[German language|German]]: '''''Großer Kurfürst''''') *"~ Greyfell" or "~ Greyhide": '''[[Harald II of Norway]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Haraldr '''gráfeldr''''') *"~ Greymantle": '''[[Geoffrey I of Anjou]]''' ([[French language|French]] ''Geoffroy '''Grisegonelle''''') *"~ the Grim" or "~ the Brave": '''[[Selim I|Selim I of the Ottoman Empire]]''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]] '''''Yavuz''' Sultan Selim'') *"~ ''Gylle''": ([[Old Norse language|Old Norse]], "Servant"): [[Harald IV of Norway]] <!-- *"The General": **Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor **Nicephorus I, Byzantine Emperor *"The Generous" (Pol. ''Szczodry''): **[[Alfonso III of Aragon]] **[[Boleslaus II of Poland]] **Leopold IV of Ostmark *"The Gentle: Frederick II, Elector of Saxony *"The German" (Fr. ''l'Allemand'', Ger. ''der Deutsche''): **[[Louis II of Germany]] **William II, Count of Burgundy *"The German Hector": Albert, Duke of Saxony *"The Glorious": **[[Alexander III of Scotland]] **Athelstan of Wessex **Ivar of Novgorod **Leopold VI of Austria *The God-Given" (Fr. ''Dieudonne''): John I, Duke of Lorraine *"The God-like One": Murad I, Ottoman Sultan *"The Good" (Fr. ''le Bon'', It. ''il Buono'', Nor. ''den Gode'', Pol. ''Dobry''): **Alexander of Moldavia, **[[Alfonso IV of Aragon]] **Anthony, Duke of Lorraine **Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders **Charles I, Count of Flanders **Charles II, Duke of Savoy **Francis I, Emperor of Austria **Fulk II, Count of Anjou **Haakon of Norway **Henry I, Duke of Lorraine **Henry VI, Duke of Silesia **Howell, Prince of Wales **[[John I of Portugal]] **[[John II of France]] **John II of Silesia **John III, Duke of Brittany **Leopold, Duke of Lorraine **Louis of Bourbon **[[Magnus I of Norway]] **Philibert II, Duke of Savoy **Philip III of Burgundy **[[Rene of Naples]] **Robert I, Count of Artois **[[William II of Sicily]] *"The Good King" (Fr. ''Le Bon Roi''): [[Rene I of Naples]] *"The Good Mother": [[Mary II of Portugal]] *"The Goodly": Ferdinand I of Austria *"The Gouty": Peter of Florence *"The Gracious": [[Duncan of Scotland]] *"The Grandson": Demetrius VI of Moscow (d.1508) *"The Great" (Cat. ''el Gran'', Dan. ''den Store'', Fr. ''le Grand'', Ger. ''der Grosse'', Hun. ''Nagy'', Nor. ''den Mektige'', Pol. ''Wielki'', Rum. ''cel Mare'', Rus. ''Velikij'', Sp. ''el Grande'', ''el Magno'', ''el Mayor'', Welsh, ''Mawr''): **Alain (1471-1522), 16th Lord of Albret **Alain I, Duke of Brittany **Albert I, Duke of Brunswick **Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg **[[Alfonso III of Asturias]] **[[Alfred of England]] **Amadeus III, Duke of Savoy **Arnulf I, Count of Flanders **Berenguela, Queen of Castile **Bogislaw III, Duke of Pomerania **Boris of Tver (1425-1461) **[[Charlemagne]] **Charles III, Duke of Lorraine **Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy **[[Casimir III of Poland]] **Catherine II, Empress of Russia **Canute I of England | Canute II of Denmark **Conrad, Margrave of Meissen **Constantine I, Byzantine Emperor **Enguerand III, Count of Coucy **Edzard I, Count of East Frisia **[[Ferdinand I of Castile]] **[[Frederick II of Prussia]] **Frederick II, Duke of Silesia **Gerard III, Count of Holstein **Gero, Margrave of Ostmark **[[Gustav II Adolph of Sweden]] **[[Henry IV of France]] **Herman III, Margrave of Baden **Hugh, Count of Paris, **Hugh I, Count of Vermandois **Hugh of Tuscany **[[John I of Portugal]] **[[John II of Aragon]] **John III, Grand Prince of Moscow **Justin I, Byzantine Emperor **Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor **Leo I, Byzantine Emperor **Llewelyn, Prince of Wales **Louis of Hungary **Louis I, Duke of Boubon **[[Louis XIV of France]] **Matthew I, Duke of Milan **Mstislav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (d.1132) **Oleg II of Riazan (d.1402) **[[Otto I of Germany]] **Otto II of Saxony (d.973) **Otto IV of Kirchberg **Otto Henry, Duke of Burgundy **Peter I of Pskov (1507-1509) **Peter I, Emperor of Russia **[[Peter III of Aragon]] **Raymond Berengar III, Count of Barcelona **Rhodri, Prince of Wales **[[Roger II of Sicily]] **[[Sancho III of Navarre]] **Simeon I of Bulgaria **Stephen, Prince of Moldavia **Svyatoslav IV of Smolensk (1358-1386) **Svantipolk | Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerelia **Theodoric of the Visigoths **Theodosius I, Byzantine Emperor **[[Valdemar I of Denmark]] **Valdemar II, Duke of Schleswig **Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev **William I, Count of Burgundy **William V, Duke of Aquitaine *"The Great Conde": Louis II, Prince of Conde *"The Great Countess": Matilda, Margravine of Tuscany *"The Great Elector": Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg *"The Great Duke": Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg *"The Green Count": Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy *"The Grim" (Tur. ''Yavuz''): Selim I, Ottoman Sultan *"The Great Conde": Louis II, Prince of Conde *"The Great Countess": Matilda, Margravine of Tuscany *"The Great Elector": Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg *"The Great Duke": Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg *"The Greek" (Fr. ''le Grec''): Henry II of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1322-1351 *"The Green Count": Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy (1343-1383) *"The Grim" (Ger. ''der Gestrenge'', Tur. ''Yavuz''): Selim I, Ottoman Sultan, 1512-1521 --> ===H=== *"~ the Hairy": '''[[Wilfred the Hairy|Wilfred I of Urgel]]''' *"~ Hairy Breeches": '''[[Ragnar Lodbrok|Ragnar Lodbrok of Sweden]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Ragnarr '''Loðbrók''''') *"~ the Hammer": **'''[[Charles Martel|Charles Martel of the Franks]]''' **'''[[Geoffrey II of Anjou]]''' **'''[[Geoffrey IV of Anjou]]''' *"~ the Handsome": **'''[[Ferdinand I of Portugal]]''' **'''[[Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg)|Frederick I of Austria]]''' **'''[[John II Komnenos|John II Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor]]''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Καλο'''ϊωάννης''''') **'''[[Philip I of Castile]]''' **'''[[Radu cel Frumos|Radu of Wallachia]]''' *"~ the Hardy": '''[[Harthacanute|Canute III of Denmark]]''' ([[Old Norse]]: ''Hardeknud''; [[Old English]]: ''Harthacnut'') *"~ ''Hardrada''" (from [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] "''Harðráði''", "Stern Counsel"): '''[[Harald III of Norway]]''' *"~ Harefoot": '''[[Harold Harefoot|Harold I of England]]''' *"~ the Holy": **'''[[Canute IV of Denmark]]''' **'''[[Eric IX of Sweden]]''' *"~ the Hopeful": '''[[Peter V of Portugal]]''' *"~ the Hunchback": '''[[Pippin the Hunchback]]''' *"~ the Humane" or "~ the Humanist": '''[[Martin I of Aragon]]''' *"~ Hunger": '''[[Olaf I of Denmark]]''' *"~ the Hunter": **'''[[Gudrød the Hunter|Gudrød]]''' **'''[[John I of Aragon]]''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''Juan '''el Cazador'''''; [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Joan '''el Caçador''''') <!-- *"The Hammer" (''Martel''): Charles of Neustria *"The Hammer of the Scots": Edward I of England (1272-1307) *"The Handsome" (Ger. ''der Schone'', Rum. ''cel Frumos'', Sp. ''el Hermoso''): **Albert VI, Duke of Mecklenburg **[[Frederick III, King of the Romans]] | Frederick I, Duke of Austria **Leopold II of Austria **Philibert II, Duke of Savoy (1497-1504) **[[Philip I of Castile]] **Radu III, Prince of Wallachia, 1462-1475 *"The Happy": Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy *"The Hardy" (Dan. ''Hardeknud''): [[Canute III of Denmark]] *"The Hairy": Wifred, Count of Barcelona *"The Hammer" (Fr. ''Martel'', Ger. ''Martell''): Charles, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia *"The Harsh": Frederick III, Margarve of Meissen *"The Heir": Henry II of Reuss (1425-1470, d.c1481) *"The Holy" (Rus. ''Svatoj''): **Leopold III, Margrave of Austria **Humbert III, Count of Savoy **Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona **Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev *"The Honest" (Ger. ''der Aufrichtige''): **Conrad of Rechberg and Rothenlowen **Frederick IV of the Palatinate **Henry I of Reuss-Plauen (1387-1429) **Henry IV, Duke of Silesia **Philip of the Palatinate *"The Horseshoe" (Rum. ''Potcoava''): John, Prince of Moldavia *"The Humane, Humanist": **Henry of Reuss (1319-1335, d.c1339) **[[Martin I of Aragon]] *"The Hunchback" (Fr. ''le Bossu''): **Alfonso Froilaz of Galicia **Berengar Raymond I, Count of Barcelona **Conrad III, Duke of Silesia **Geoffrey IV, Duke of Lower Lorraine **John VI of Pskov (1502-1503) **Pepin, Prince of the Franks (d.813) *"The Hunter" (Tur. ''Avci''): **Hugh I of Lusignan **[[John I of Aragon]] **Mehmed IV, Ottoman Sultan **Philibert I, Duke of Savoy, 1472-1482 *"The Hussite": Bolko V of Silesia --> ===I=== *"~ Ill-Ruler": '''[[Östen Beli|Östen Beli of Sweden]]''' *"~ the Ill-Tempered": '''[[Fulk IV of Anjou]]''' *"~ the Impaler": '''[[Vlad III Dracula|Vlad III of Wallachia]]''' *"~ the Inconstant": '''[[Ferdinand I of Portugal]]''' *"~ the Indolent":''' [[Louis V of France]]''' *"~ the Iron": '''[[Ernest of Austria (Habsburg)|Ernest of Austria]]''' *"~ Ironside": **'''[[Björn Ironside|Bjorn of Sweden]]''' **'''[[Edmund II of England]]''' <!-- *"The Idle" (Fr. ''le Faineant''): Gothelo II, Duke of Lower Lorraine *"The Illustrious" (Fr. ''l'Illustre'', Ger. ''der Erlauchte''): **Albert V, Duke of Austria **Charles (1298-1328), Duke of Calabria **Eberhard I, Count of Wurttemberg, 1279-1325 **Eberhard II, Count of Wurttemberg **Frederick VI of Nurnberg **Henry I, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1247-1265 **Leopold I of the Ostmark **Otto I of Saxony **Otto II of Bavaria *"The Implacable": [[Alfonso XI of Castile]] *"The Impotent" (Sp. ''el Impotente''): [[Henry IV of Castile]], 1454-1474 *"The Impaler" (Ger. ''der Pfähler'', Rum. ''Tepes''): Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia, 1448, 1456-1462, 1476 *"The Impaler Prince" (Tur. ''Kaziglu Bey''): Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia, 1448, 1456-1462, 1476 *"The Inconstant" (Por. ''O Inconstante''): **[[Ferdinand I of Portugal]] **Henry II of Reuss-Unter-Greiz (1572-1583, d.1608) *"The Indolent" (Fr. ''le Faineant''): [[Louis V of France]] *"The Infamous": Wladyslaw of Silesia *"The Infirm" (Sp. ''el Doliente''): [[Henry III of Castile]] *"The Injured": Henry I of Reuss-Plauen (1338-1356) *"The Intermediate" (Ger. ''der Mittlere''): **Henry IV of Reuss-Obergreiz (1625-1629) **Henry XV of Reuss-Greiz (1535-1564, d.1578) **Henry XVIII of Reuss-Greiz (1607-1616) **Henry VII, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg **John I of Nassau **John Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, 1554-1566 **William II of Hesse *"The Iron" (Ger. ''der Eiserne''): **Ernest I of Austria **Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse (1328-1377) **Henry II, Count of Holstein **Henry V, Duke of Silesia **Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (1140-1172) *"The Iron-Arm": **William I, Duke of Apulia **William IV, Duke of Aquitaine *"The Iron Hand": Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony *"The Ironhead": Pandulf I of Benevento *"The Iron Duke": Ernest I of Austria *"The Isaurian": **Leo III, Byzantine Emperor **Zeno the Isaurian, Byzantine Emperor --> ===J=== *"~ the Just": **'''[[James II of Aragon]]''' **'''[[Louis XIII of France]]''' **'''[[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias I of Hungary]]''' **'''[[Bayezid II|Bayezid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]]''' <!-- *"The Jerusalem-Farer, Jerusalem-Traveler" (Nor. ''Jorsalafar''): **Dirk III, Count of Holland **Henry I, Duke of Mecklenburg **[[Sigurd I of Norway]] *"The Jerusalemite" (Fr. ''le Hierosolymitain''): Robert II, Count of Flanders *"The Jolly" (Ger. ''der Frohliche''): Otto of Austria *"The Judas of Meissen": Maurice, Elector of Saxony *"The Jumper/Springer": Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (1056-1123) *"The Just" (Fr. ''le Juste'', Pol. ''Sprawiedliwy'', Por. ''O Justiciero''; Sp. ''el Justo''): **[[Alfonso XI of Castile]] **[[Casimir II of Poland]] **[[Ferdinand I of Aragon]] **[[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony]], 1806-1827 **[[James II of Aragon]], (1285-1295) **[[James II of Mallorca]] **[[Louis XIII of France]] **[[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary]] **[[Peter I of Portugal]] **William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel *"The Justiciar" (Fr. ''le Justicier''): **Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (1457-1458) **Richard, Duke of Burgundy (887-921) --> ===K=== *"~ the Kind": **'''[[Alexandru cel Bun|Alexandru of Moldavia]]''' **'''[[Alfonso IV of Aragon]]''' *"~ the Kind-Hearted":'''[[Eric I of Denmark]]''' <!-- *"The Khazar" (Gr. ''Chozar''): Leo IV, Byzantine Emperor *"The Kind" (Rum. ''cel Bun''): **Alexander I Musat, Prince of Moldavia, 1400-1432 **[[Anthony of Saxony]] **Patrascu, Prince of Wallachia, 1554-1557 *"The Knight": Henry of Reuss-Weida (1374-1400) --> ===L=== *"~ Lackland": '''[[John of England]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Jean '''sans Terre''''') *"~ the Lamb": '''[[Eric III of Denmark]]''' *"~ the Lame": '''[[Timur]]''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: ''Timur '''i-Lang''''') *"~ the Lawful": '''[[Peter I of Portugal]]''' *"~ Law-Mender": '''[[Magnus VI of Norway]]''' *"~ the Lawgiver": **'''[[Eric IX of Sweden]]''' **'''[[Magnus VI of Norway]]''' **'''[[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire]]''' *"~ the Learned": '''[[Alfonso X of Castile]]''' *"~ the Liberal": **'''[[Alfonso III of Aragon]]''' **'''[[Edward of Savoy]]''' **'''[[Henry I of Champagne]]''' **'''[[Robert the Magnificent|Robert I of Normandy]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Robert le '''Libéral''''') *"~ the Liberator": **'''[[Alexander II of Russia]]''' **'''[[Pedro I of Brazil]]''' *"~ the Lion": **'''[[Albert II of Mecklenburg]]''' **'''[[Henry II, Duke of Mecklenburg]]''' **'''[[Henry the Lion|Henry III, Duke of Saxony]]''' **'''[[Louis VIII of France]]''' *"~ the Lionheart": '''[[Richard I of England]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Richard '''Coeur de Lion''''') *"~ the Little Impaler": '''[[Basarab Ţepeluş cel Tânăr|Basarab Ţepeluş cel Tânăr of Wallachia]]''' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Basarab '''Ţepeluş''''') *"~ ''Lodbrok''" (from [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]]: "''Loðbrók''" "Hairy Breeches"): '''[[Ragnar Lodbrok|Ragnar Lodbrok of Sweden]]''' *"~ Longshanks": '''[[Edward I of England]]''' *"~ the Lover of Elegance": '''[[John I of Aragon]]''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Joan '''l'Amador de la Gentilesa'''''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Juan '''el Amador de la gentileza''''') <!-- *"The Lamb": [[Eric III of Denmark]] *"The Lame" (Fr. ''le Boiteux'', ''la Boiteuse'', Rum. ''Schiopul''): **Albert II, Duke of Austria **[[Charles II of Naples]] **Gaston III (d.1536), Captal de Buch **[[Joanna of France|Joanna of Burgundy]], Queen of France **Joanna, Duchess of Brittany **Nicholas II, Duke of Ferrara (1361-1388) **Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, 1434-1445 **Otto II of Gelderland **Peter V, Prince of Moldavia, 1574-1577, 1578-1579, 1582-1591 *"The Landless": Philip II of Savoy *"The Lapp": John II of Zimmern (1384-1441) *"The Land-Righter": Henry I of Reuss (1337, 1347) *"The Last": **Constantine XI, Byzantine Emperor **Llewelyn, Prince of Wales *"The Last Knight": Maximilian I of Austria *"The Lawgiver" (Ger. ''der Prächtige'', Tur. ''Kanuni''): Suleiman I, Ottoman Sultan *"The Law-Mender" (Nor. ''Lagabote''): **[[Magnus VI of Norway]] **[[Valdemar IV of Denmark]] *"The Layman": Henry of Reuss-Weida (1306-1348) *"The Lazy": Gothelo II, Duke of Lower Lorraine *"The Learned" (Ger. ''der Gelehrte''): **Herman II, Landgrave of Hesse (1377-1413) **Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1592-1627) *"The Leper": [[Fruela II of Asturias]] *"The Liberal": **[[Alfonso III of Aragon]] **Edward, Duke of Savoy (1323-1329) **Henry I, Count of Champagne **Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine *"The Liberator": [[Peter IV of Portugal]] *"The Limp" (Rum. ''Schiopul''): Peter, Prince of Moldavia *"The Lion" (Ger. ''der Lowe''): **Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (d.1379) **Henry II, Duke of Mecklenburg **Henry XII, Duke of Bavaria **[[Louis VIII of France]] **[[William I of Scotland]] *"The Lionheart" (Fr. ''Couer de Lion''): [[Richard I of England]] (1189-1199) *"The Little": Stephen of Montenegro *"The Little Charlemagne": Peter II, Duke of Savoy *"The Locust" (Rum. ''Lacusta''): Peter IV, Prince of Moldavia *"The Long" (Pol. ''Wysoki''): Boleslaus I of Silesia-Wroclaw, 1163-1172 *"The Long One" (Ger. ''der Lange''): Heinrich II of Reuss-Greiz (1572-1583) *"The Lucky" (Fr. ''l'Heureux''): **Botho of Stolberg-Stolberg (1511-1538) **Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg, 1423-1440 **[[Manuel I of Portugal]] **Mstislav I of Galitzia (d.1228) --> ===M=== *"~ the Mad": **'''[[Charles VI of France]]''' **'''[[George III of Great Britain]] **'''[[Joanna of Castile]]''' (Spanish: ''Juana '''la Loca''''') **'''[[Ludwig II of Bavaria]]''' *"~ the Magnanimous": **Emperor '''[[Pedro II of Brazil]]''' **King '''[[Alfonso V of Aragon]]''' **'''[[John Frederick, Elector of Saxony|John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]''' **King '''[[John V of Portugal]]''' **Landgrave '''[[Philipp I of Hesse]]''' **King '''[[Ladislas of Naples]]''' **[[Inca Roca]] **[[Charles II of Alençon]] *"~ the Magnificent": **'''[[Robert the Magnificent|Robert I of Normandy]]''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Robert '''le Magnifique''''') **'''[[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire]]''' *"~ the Maiden": **'''[[Eystein Meyla|Eystein of Norway]]''' ** '''[[Malcolm IV of Scotland]]''' *"~ ''Martel''" ([[German language|German]], "The Hammer"): **'''[[Charles Martel|Charles Martel of the Franks]]''' **'''[[Geoffrey II of Anjou]]''' **'''[[Geoffrey IV of Anjou]]''' *"~ the Martyr": **'''[[Edward the Martyr|Edward the Martyr of England]]''' **'''[[King Charles I of England]]''' *"~ the Memorable": '''[[Eric II of Denmark]]''' *"~ the Merry": **'''[[Charles II of England]]''' *"~ the Mild": '''[[Halfdan the Mild|Halfdan of Romerike and Vestfold]]''' *"~ the Middle":''' [[Pippin of Herstal]]''' *"~ Minus-a-Quarter": '''[[Michael VII|Michael VII Dukas, Byzantine Emperor]]''' *"~ Moneybags":''' [[Ivan I of Russia]]''' *"~ the Monk": **'''[[Alfonso IV of Leon]]''' **'''[[Fortun I of Pamplona]]''' **'''[[Ramiro II of Aragon]]''' **'''[[Vlad Calugarul|Vlad IV of Wallachia]]''' *"~ Monk's-Cloak"?: '''[[Jon Kuvlung|Jon Kuvlung of Norway]]''' *"~ ''Monomakh''" ([[Russian language|Russian]] ''"Мономах"'' from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''"Μονομαχος"'', "One who fights alone"): '''[[Vladimir Monomakh|Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev]]''' *"~ ''Monomakhos''" (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''"Μονομαχος"'', "One who fights alone"): '''[[Constantine IX|Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor]]''' *"~ the Moor": '''[[Ludovico Sforza|Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan]]''' <!-- *"The Macedonian": Basil I, Byzantine Emperor *"The Mad" (Fr. ''l'Insense'', Sp. ''la Loca''): **[[Charles VI of France]] **Eudes I, Count of Vermandois **Joanna, Queen of Aragon **[[Louis II of Bavaria]] **Paul, Emperor of Russia, 1796-1801 *"The Mad Count": William V, Count of Hainault *"The Mad Prince": **Alexander Mavrocordat of Moldavia **[[Charles VI of France]] *"The Magnanimous" (Fr. ''le Magnanime'', Ger. ''der Grossmutige'', Por. ''O Magnanimo'', Sp. ''el Magnanimo''): **[[Alfonso V of Aragon]] **Henry II, Duke of Brabant **John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, 1532-1547 **[[John V of Portugal]] **[[Ladislaus of Naples]], 1386-1414 **Otto II, Duke of Brunswick **Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (1509-1567) **Rudolph IV, Duke of Austria *"The Magnificent" (Fr. ''le Magnifique'', It. ''il Magnifico''): **Dan of Denmark **[[Edmund of England]] **John, Duke of Berry **Lorenzo of Florence (1469-1492) **Orlando of Fidenza **Robert I, Duke of Normandy **Suleiman I, Ottoman Sultan *"The Maid of Norway": Margaret, Queen of Scotland *"The Maiden": [[Malcolm of Scotland]] *"The Marian": Henry I of Reuss (d.1240) *"The Martyr": [[Edward of England]] (975-978) *"The Martyrized (Por. ''O Martirizado''): [[Charles I of Portugal]] *"The Marvelous" (Fr. ''le Marveilleux''): **Frederick II of Germany=Frederick I of Sicily **Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1279-1322 *"The Meek": **Eberhard IV, Count of Wurttemberg **Louis IV of the Palatinate *"The Memorable": [[Eric II of Denmark]] *"The Menacing Eyes": Demetrius II of Tver, 1322-1326 *"The Merchant": Bjorn of Vestfold *"The Merciful": John VI of Portugal *"The Merry" (Ger. ''der Frohliche''): Otto of Austria *"The Mighty": Stephen Uros IV Dushan *"The Mighty Advisor": Henry II of Reuss-Lobenstein (1482-1500) *"The Mild" (Ger. ''der Milde''): **Eberhard III, Count of Wurttemberg, 1392-1417 **Frederick II of Saxe-Wittenberg **John III of Holstein **Louis V of Thuringia (1172-1190) **Olaf of Denmark **Otto III, Duke of Brunswick-Gottingen *"The Milk Maiden": Malcolm IV of Scotland *"The Milksop": John II of Pskov (1436) *"The Monk" (Rum. ''Calugarul'', Sp. ''el Monje''): **[[Alfonso IV of Leon]] and Asturias **[[Fortun Garces of Navarre]], 880-908 **[[Ramiro II of Aragon]] **Vlad IV, Prince of Wallachia, 1481-1495 **Vlad VI, Prince of Wallachia, 1521 *"The Moor" (It. ''il Moro''): Louis of Milan *"The Mouth": Sigurd II of Norway --> ===N=== *"~ New-Day": '''[[Valdemar IV of Denmark]]''' *"~ of the Nine Hostages" ([[Irish language|Irish]] ''Noigíallach''): '''[[Niall of the Nine Hostages|Niall Noigíallach of Ireland]]''' *"~ the Noble": **'''[[Charles III of Navarre]]''' **'''[[Magnus I of Norway]]''' *"~ No-Counsel" or "~ the Unready": '''[[Ethelred II of England]]''' ([[Old English]]: ''Æþelræd '''Unræd'''''; [[Middle English]]: ''Ethelred '''the Redeless''''') <!-- *"The Nail": Andrew III of Pskov (1480) *"The Natterberger": Henry XV of Lower Bavaria (1312-1333) *"The Navigator": [[Henry of Portugal]] *"The Noble" (Sp. ''el Nobl''e): **[[Alfonso V of Leon]] **Alfonso VIII of Castile (1158-1214) **Charles III of Navarre **Magnus I of Norway **[[Sancho IV of Navarre]] **Philip I of Namur **[[Philip III of Navarre]] --> ===O=== *"~ the Old": **'''[[Emund of Sweden]]''' **'''[[Gorm the Old|Gorm of Denmark]]''' **'''[[Pippin of Landen]]''' **'''[[Mieszko III the Old]]''' *"~ the One-Eyed": '''[[Fortun I of Pamplona]]''' *"~ the Outlaw": '''[[Edgar Ætheling|Edgar Ætheling of England]]''' *"~ ''d'Outremer''" ([[French language|French]], "from Overseas"): '''[[Louis IV of France]]''' <!-- *"The Oath-Taker": Henry III of Reuss (1337-1378) *"The Oberhofrichter": Henry of Reuss-Plauen (1271-1303) *"The Old" (Cat. ''el Vell'', Fr. ''l'Ancien'', ''le Vieux'', Nor. ''den Gamle'', Pol. ''Stary'', Rum. ''cel Batran'', Sp. ''el Velloso'', Swe. ''den Gamle''): **Albert I of Carpi, **Albert II of Wedenberg-Heiligenberg (1327-1370) **Arnulf I, Count of Flanders **Aunn of Sweden **Basarab Laiota, Prince of Wallachia **Boso I, Count of La Marche **Boso III of Turin **Conrad III of Silesia **[[Emund II of Sweden]] **Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Kalenberg, 1495-1540 **George V, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, 1620-1623 **Gorm of Denmark **[[Haakon IV of Norway]] **Michael II of Beloozero (1432-1486) **[[Mieszko III of Poland]] **Mircea of Wallachia (1386-1418) **Raymond VI of Toulouse **Raymond Berengar I, Count of Barcelona **Rudolph II (d.1232), Count of Habsburg **[[Sigismund I of Poland]] **Theodore II of Beloozero (13??-1380) **William, Count of Nassau, 1538-1559 *"The Old Dessauer": Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau *"The One-Eyed" (Ger. ''der Einaugige''): **John II, Count of Holstein **William, Landgrave of Thuringia *"The Oppressed" (Ger. ''der Bedrangte''): Dietrich, Margrave of Meissen *"The Orphan": Henry I of Reuss (1250-1295) --> ===P=== *"~ the Pacific": '''[[Peter II of Portugal]]''' *"~ the Pagan": '''[[Eric VIII of Sweden]]''' *"~ the Pale": '''[[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius I, Roman Emperor]]''' *"~ the Peaceful": **'''[[Edgar of England]]''' **'''[[Olaf III of Norway]]''' *"~ the Perfect Prince": '''[[John II of Portugal]]''' *"~ the Philosopher" or "~ the Philosopher King": '''[[Edward of Portugal]]''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Duarte '''O Rei-Filósofo''''') *"~ the Pious": **'''[[Boleslav II of Bohemia]]''' **'''[[John III of Portugal]]''' **'''[[Louis the Pious|Louis I of France]]''' **'''[[Robert II of France]]''' **'''[[Sancho II of Portugal]]''' **'''[[William V, Duke of Bavaria]]''' *"~ Ploughpenny": '''[[Eric IV of Denmark]]''' *"~ the Popular": '''[[Louis I of Portugal]]''' *"~ the Populator": '''[[Sancho I of Portugal]]''' *"~ the Posthumous": **'''[[John I of France]]''' **'''[[Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary|Ladislaus I of Bohemia]]''' **'''[[Theobald IV of Champagne]]''' *"~ the Priesthater": '''[[Eric II of Norway]]''' *"~ the Prudent": '''[[Louis XI of France]]''' *"~ the Purple-Born": **'''[[Baldwin II of Constantinople]]''' **'''[[Constantine VII|Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor]]''' <!-- *"The Pacific" (Por. ''O Pacifico'', Sp. ''el Pacificador''): **[[Alfonso XII of Spain]] **Christopher, Duke of Wurttemberg **[[Frederick I of Denmark]], 1523-1533 **Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1406-1440 **[[Peter II of Portugal]] **[[Sancho I of Mallorca]] *"The Paphlagonian": Michael IV, Byzantine Emperor *"The Parricide": John of Austria (Duke of Swabia, 1290-1313) *"The Peaceable": **[[Edgar of England]], (959-975) **[[Edgar of Scotland]] *"The Peaceful" (Ger. ''der Friedfertige''): **Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy **Edmund, Duke of Savoy **Frederick, Landgrave of Thuringia **Frederick V of Austria **Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick **Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg **John I, Duke of Mecklenburg **John II, Duke of Brabant **John III of Marck **Louis II, Landgrave of Hesse (1413-1458) **Louis V of the Palatinate **[[Olav III of Norway]] *"The Peasant's God" (Dut. ''Keerlen God''): Floris V, Count of Holland *"The Peculiar" (Ger. ''der Wunderliche''): Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen *"The Perfect Prince": [[John II of Portugal]] *"The Persistent": Henry II of Reuss-Lobenstein (1500-1547, d.1550) *"The Philosopher": *"The Pilgrim" (Sp. ''el Pelegrino''): **Ermengol II, Count of Urgel **Henry I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d.1302) **Henry I of Reuss (1449-1475) *"The Pious" (Fr. ''le Pieux'', Ger. ''der Fromme'', Pol. ''Pobozny'', Sp. ''Pio''): **Albert I, Count of Vermandois **Albert III of Bavaria **Andrew of Suzdal **Baldwin V, Count of Flanders **Boleslaus II of Bohemia **Burchard I of Querfurt **Canute of Schleswig **Conrad, Margrave of Meissen, 1130-1156 **Ernest I (1601-1675), Duke of Saxe-Gotha **Frederick III, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg **Frederick III of the Palatinate **George, Margrave of Ansbach **George of Nurnberg **George I Hesse-Darmstadt **Henry of Saxe-Wittenberg (1539-1541) **Henry I of Brabant **Henry II of Reuss **Henry II of Silesia-Wroclaw **Henry V (1473-1541), Duke of Saxony **[[John III of Portugal]] **[[Louis I, Holy Roman Emperor]], 814-840 **Louis III of Wurttemberg (1568-1593 **Louis III, Landgrave of Thuringia **Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Gottingen **[[Mary I of Portugal]] **Otto III of Brandenburg **[[Robert II of France]] **Werner II, Count of Habsburg **William I, Duke of Aquitaine *"The Pomeranian:" **Adolph V, Count of Holstein **[[Eric XIII of Sweden]] *"The Popular": [[Louis I of Portugal]] *"The Populator" (Sp. ''El Repoblador''): [[Sancho I of Portugal]] *"The Poor": Radu II, Prince of Wallachia *"The Posthumous" (Fr. ''le Posthume''): **Arthur I, Duke of Brittany **Frederick William II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg **[[John I of France]] **Ladislas of Austria **William Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach *"The Priest": Sverre of Norway *"The Priest-Hater" (Nor. ''Præsthatare''); [[Eric Præsthatare of Norway]] *"The Proud" (Ger. ''der Stolze''): **Albert I, Margrave of Meissen **Godfred of Vestfold **Henry X of Bavaria **Simeon, Grand Prince of Moscow (1341-1353) *"The Prudent" (Fr. ''le Prudent'', Sp. ''el Prudente''): **[[Ferdinand VI of Spain]] **[[Louis XI of France]] **[[Philip II of Spain]] *"The Purple-born" (Gr. ''Porphyrogenitus''): Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor --> ===Q=== *"~ the Quarreller": **'''[[Frederick of Saxony]]''' **'''[[Louis X of France]]''' *"~Queen": '''[[James I of England]]''' *"~ the Quiet": '''[[Olaf III of Norway]]''' <!-- *"The Quarrelsome" (Fr. ''le Hutin'', Ger. ''der Zanker''): **Christian I of Oldenburg **Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, 1423-1428 **Frederick II of Austria **Frederick IV of Meissen **Gerard of Oldenburg **Henry II of Bavaria **Henry II, Duke of Carinthia **[[Louis X of France]] *"~Queen": '''[[James I of England]]''' --> ===R=== *"~ the Red": **'''[[Haakon the Red|Haakon of Sweden]]''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Håkan '''Röde''''') **'''[[Fulk I of Anjou]]''' **'''[[John I, Duke of Brittany]]''' **'''[[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor]]''' *"~ the Redeemer": '''[[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|Isabel of Brazil]]''' *"~ the Redless" or "~ the Redeless": '''[[Ethelred II of England]]''' ([[Old English]]: ''Æthelred '''Unræd''''') *"~ the Reformer": '''[[Joseph I of Portugal]]''' *"~ the Restorer": **'''[[Casimir I of Poland]]''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Kazimierz '''Odnowiciel''''') **'''[[Garcia VI of Navarre]]''' **'''[[Mehmed I|Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire]]''' **'''[[John IV of Portugal]]''' *"~ the Righteous": '''[[Henry IV of Silesia]]''' *"~ Rufus" ([[Latin language|Latin]], "the Red"): '''[[William II of England]]''' <!-- *"The Rash": Charles I of Burgundy *"The Reasonable": Gostomysl of Novgorod (8??-859) *"The Rebel": Henry I of the Ostmark *"The Red" (Ger. ''der Rote'', Fr. ''le Rouge'', ''le Roux'', Swe. ''Rode''): **Conrad of Lorraine | Conrad, Duke of Franconia **Conrad III of Mazovia **Eudes I, Duke of Burgundy **Fulk I, Count of Anjou **Gerard I of Gelderland **Gerard II of Gelderland **Gerard III of Gelderland **Gozmar III of Ziegenhain (1168-1184) **[[Haakon of Sweden]] (usurper) **Henry II of Reuss (fl.c.1373) **John I, Duke of Brittany (1237-1286) **Walram of Valkenburg *"The Red Count": Amadeus VII of Savoy (1383-1391) *"The Redbeard" (''Barbarossa''): Frederick I of Germany *"The Redhead": Henry II of Reuss-Ober-Greiz (1578-1616) *"The Reformer" (Por. ''O Reformador''): [[Joseph I of Portugal]] *"The Resolute" (Ger. ''der Beherzte''): Albert, Duke of Saxony *"The Resourceful": Robert Guiscard *"The Restless": Frederick IV of Brunswick *"The Restorer" (Pol. ''Odnowiciel'', Por. ''O Restaurador''): **[[Casimir I of Poland]] **Frederick I, Duke of Silesia **[[Garcia V of Navarre]] **[[John IV of Portugal]] *"The Restoring King" (Por. ''O Restaurador''): John IV of Portugal *"The Rich" (Fr. ''le Riche'', Ger. ''der Reiche''): **Adalbert II of Tuscany **Albert III (d.1199), Count of Habsburg **Conrad, Margrave of Meissen **Frederick II of Lorraine **Frederick IV of Austria **George of Bavaria-Landshut (1479-1503) **Henry II, Count of Nassau, 1198-1249 **Henry III of Hesse **Henry IV of Bavaria **Henry IV of Reuss **Henry XVI of Bavaria-Landshut (1393-1450) **Louis IX of Bavaria-Landshut (1450-1479) **Otto, Margrave of Meissen, 1156-1190 **Otto III of Weimar and Orlamunde (1100-1123) **William, Duke of Berg. Julich and Cleves, 1539-1592 **William of Marck **William I of Namur **William, Count of Nassau, 1538-1559 *"The Righteous": Henry IV Prawy of Poland *"Rowney": Charles II or Great Britain. *"The Roman" (Ger. ''der Romer''): Louis VI der Romer, Margrave of Brandenburg *"The Roman-Killer": Kaloyan, --> ===S=== *"~ the Seer": '''[[Oleg of Novgorod]]''' *"~ the Shit": '''[[James II of England]]''' ([[Irish language|Irish]] ''Séamus '''á Chaca''''') *"~ the Short": '''[[Pippin the Younger|Pippin III, King of the Franks]]''' *"~ the Silent": **'''[[Olav III of Norway]]''' **'''[[William I of Orange]]''' *"~ the Simple": '''[[Charles the Simple|Charles III of France]]''' *"~ ''Skötkonung''" ([[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] "Tax-King"?): '''[[Olof of Sweden]]''' *"~ ''Slemme''": '''[[Emund of Sweden]]''' *"~ the Sluggard": '''[[Louis V of France]]''' *"~ the Soldier": '''[[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]]''' *"~ the Soldier-King": **'''[[Frederick William I of Prussia]]''' **'''[[Pedro I of Brazil]]''' *"~ Split-Nose": '''[[Justinian II|Justinian II, Byzantine Emperor]]''' *"~ the Stammerer": '''[[Louis the Stammerer|Louis II of France]]''' *"~ the Stout": '''[[Olaf II of Norway]]''' *"~ the Strong": **'''[[Magnus the Strong|Magnus Nilsson, Swedish pretender]]''' **'''[[Sancho VII of Navarre]]''' *"~ the Stuttering and Lame": '''[[Eric XI of Sweden]]''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]] ''Erik '''läspe och halte''''') <!-- *"The Sage": Vermund of Denmark *"The Sailor King": William IV of England (1830-1837) *"The Saint" (Cat. ''el Sant'', Ger. ''der Heilige'', Nor. ''den Hellige'', Sp. ''el Santo''): **Alexander of Tver (d.1339) **Canute IV of Denmark **[[David of Scotland]] **Eric IX of Sweden **Ferdinand III of Castile **George II of Moscow (1212-1216, d.1238) **Gleb I of Kiev (1010-1015) **Hedwig, Queen of Poland, 1384-1386 **Henry II of Germany **Igor I of Kiev (d.1147) **Ladislas I of Hungary **Leopold III of Austria **Leopold III of Ostmark **Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia **[[Louis IX of France]] **Michael of Kiev (d.1245) **Michael II of Moscow (1247-1248) **Michael III of Moscow (1304-1318, d.1319) **Olav II of Norway (1015-1028) **Raymond Berenger IV, Count of Barcelona **Roman II of Riazan (1258-1270) **Stephen I of Hungary **Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev **Wenceslaus I of Bohemia **William X of Aquitaine *"The Sallow": Selim II, Ottoman Sultan *"The Saxon Hercules" (Ger. ''Sachsischer Herkules''): Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony *"The Saxon Justinian" (Ger. ''Sächsischer Justinian''): Augustus, Elector of Saxony *"The Saxon Mars": John George III, Elector of Saxony *"The Saxon Roland (Ger. ''Sächsischer Roland''): Albert, Duke of Saxony *"The Scholar": John I of Silesia *"The Seer": Oleg of Novgorod (880-912) *"The Serene": Henry I, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1247-1265 *"The Serious" (Ger. ''der Ernsthafte''): Frederick, Landgrave of Thuringia *"The Servant of Christ" (Nor. ''Gylle'', ''Gille'', ''Gylle Krist''): Harald IV of Norway *"The Severe" (Fr. ''le Severe'', Ger. ''der Freudholdige''): **Frederick II, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1323-1349 **Henry of Reuss (1349-1459) **Louis II of Bavaria **Louis II of the Palatinate **[[Peter of Portugal]] *"The Shepherd" (Rum. ''Ciobanul''): Mircea, Prince of Wallachia, 1545-1554, 1558-1559 *"The Short" (Fr. ''le Bref'', Ger. ''der Kleine'', Pol. ''Lokietek''): **Bolko II of Silesia **Henry II of Reuss (1303-1349) **[[Pepin III of the Franks]], 751-768 **[[Ladislaus IV of Poland]] *"The Silent": William VIII (d.1584), Prince of Orange *"The Simple" (Rum. ''Prasnaglava''): **Adolph of the Palatinate **[[Charles III of France]] **[[Frederick III of Sicily]] (1355-1377) **[[Lulach of Scotland]] **Peter II of Brittany **Radu II, Prince of Wallachia, 1421-1431 *"The Slimy" (Nor. Slembe): [[Sigurd Slembe of Norway]] *"The Slit-Nosed" (Gr. ''Rhinotmetus''): Justinian II Rhinotmetus, Byzantine Emperor *"The Slobberer": [[Alfonso IX of Leon]] *"The Small" (Fr. ''le Petit''): **[[Charles II of Hungary]], 1385-1386 **Conan IV, Duke of Brittany **Nicholas of Silesia **Otto VI of Brandenburg *"The Soldier King" (Por. ''O Rei-Soldado''): Peter IV of Portugal *"The Solemn": Frederick II of Meissen *"The Sot": **Michael III, Byzantine Emperor **Selim II, Ottoman Sultan *"The Sparrow": Henry VIII of Silesia *"The Spendthrift": Albert VI of Austria *"The Spittler": Henry III of Reuss (1225, 1264, d.c1266) *"The Stammerer" (Fr. ''le Begue'', Ger. ''der Stammerer'', Gr. ''Psellus''): **Frederick, Margrave of Meissen **[[Louis II of France]] **Michael II, Byzantine Emperor **Rudolph I, Duke of Bavaria *"The Steady" (Ger. ''der Bestandige''): John of Saxony (1525-1532) *"The Stern" (Ger. ''der Strenge''): **Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia **Louis II of Bavaria *"The Steward": [[Robert II of Scotland]] *"The Stingy": Halfdan II of Vestfold *"The Stout": [[Olav II of Norway]] *"The Strict": Bolko I, Duke of Silesia *"The Strong" (Fr. ''le Fort'', Ger. ''der Starke'', Pol. ''Mocny'', Sp. ''el Fuerte''): **Asen I of Bulgaria **Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1349-1381 **Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony, 1694-1733 **George II of Anhalt-Dessau **Henry I, Margrave of Austria **Humbert II, Duke of Savoy **John II of Schwarzenberg **Leopold of Ostmark **Leopold, Margrave of Styria **Magnus Nielssen of Sweden **[[Magnus II of Denmark]] **Robert, Count of Tours, 853-866 **Sancho II of Castile **[[Sancho VII of Navarre]] **Uros IV Dusan of Serbia *"The Stubborn" (Sp. ''el Obstinado''): [[Louis X of France]] | Louis I of Navarre *"The Sufferer" (Sp. ''el Doliente''): Henry III of Castile (1390-1406) *"The Summoned" (Sp. ''el Emplazado''): [[Ferdinand IV of Castile]], 1295-1312 *"The Sun King": [[Louis XIV of France]] --> ===T=== *"~ the Tall": **'''[[Canute II of Sweden]]''' **'''[[Philip V of France]]''' *"~ the Tennis King": '''[[Gustav V of Sweden]]''' *"~ the Terrible": **'''[[Charles, Duke of Burgundy]]''' **'''[[Ivan IV of Russia]]''' **'''[[Shingas]]''' **'''[[Krum of Bulgaria]]''' *"~ the Theologian": '''[[John I of Mecklenburg]]''' *"~ the Thunderbolt": '''[[Bayezid I|Bayezid I, Ottoman Sultan]]''' *"~ Transmarinus": '''[[Louis IV of France]]''' *"~ the Trembling": '''[[Garcia IV of Pamplona]]''' *"~ the Tremulous": '''[[Garcia II of Navarre]]''' *"~ the Troubadour": **'''[[Alfonso II of Aragon]]''' **'''[[Theobald IV of Champagne]]''' *"~ the Tyrant": '''[[Christian II of Denmark]]''' <!-- *"The Taciturn" (Fr. ''le Taciturne''): William VIII (d.1584), Prince of Orange *"The Tall" (Fr. ''le Long'', Ger. ''der Faule''): **Boleslaw I of Silesia **Henry I of Reuss (1316-1373) **Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg **[[Philip V of France]] **Rudolph VI of Baden-Pforzheim **Walram I of Monschau (Limburg?) *"The Terrible" (Rum. ''cel Cumplit'', Rus. ''Grozny''): **John, Prince of Moldavia **John IV, Emperor of Russia *"The Terror" (''Mitarra''): Sancho Garcia, Duke of Gascony *"The Theologian": John I of Mecklenburg *"The Thriftless": Boleslaw III of Silesia *"The Thunderbolt" (Tur. ''Yildirim''): Beyazid I, Ottoman Sultan *"The Thuringian": Agilulf of Turin *"The Towhead" (Cat. el Cap de Estopes): **Berenger Raymond II, Count of Barcelona **William III of Aquitaine *"The Traditionalist" (Por. ''O Tradicionalista''): [[Michael I of Portugal]] *"The Treacherous": Gabran of Dalriada *"The Trembler, Tremulous": Garcia II of Navarre *"The Triumphant": John III of Brabant *"The Troubadour" (Sp. ''el Trovador''): **Alfonso II of Aragon **Henry IV, Count of Champagne | Theobald I el Trovador, King of Navarre **William IX of Aquitaine *"The True": Henry III of Silesia *"The Turkified, the Turk" (Ger. ''der Islamisierte'', Rum. ''Turcitul''): Mihnea II, Prince of Wallachia, 1577-1583, 1585-1591 *"The Tyrant" (Rum. ''Tiranul''): **Aaron, Prince of Moldavia, 1591-1595 **Phocas, Byzantine Emperor --> ===U=== *"~ the Unlucky": **'''[[Arnulf III of Flanders]]''' **'''[[Henry III of Reuss]]''' *"~ the Unready": '''[[Ethelred II of England]]''' *"~ the Usurper": '''[[Mauregato of Asturias]]''' <!-- *"The Unforgettable": Henry I of Reuss-Plauen (1368-1383) *"The Unfortunate": **James of Urgel **[[James III of Mallorca]] *"The Universal Spider" (Fr. ''l'Universelle Aragne''): [[Louis XI of France]] *"The Unlucky" (Fr. ''le Malheureux''): *Arnulf III, Count of Flanders *Henry III of Reuss *"The Unnamed": Henry III of Reuss *"The Unready": Ethelred II of England *"The Upholder": Henry of Reuss-Weida (1348-1360) *"The Upright": Louis I of Bavaria *"The Usurper" (Rum. ''Uzurpatorul''): Vlad I, Prince of Wallachia, 1394-1397 --> ===V=== *"~ the Vain":'''[[James I of England]]''' (VI of Scots) *"~ the Valiant": '''[[Jean V of Brittany]]''' *"~ the Victorious": **'''[[Afonso VI of Portugal]]''' **'''[[Charles VII of France]]''' **'''[[Eric VI of Sweden]]''' **'''[[Frederick I of the Palatinate]]''' **'''[[Valdemar II of Denmark]]''' *"~ the Virgin Queen": '''[[Elizabeth I of England]]''' <!-- *"The Valiant" (Fr. ''le Vaillant'', Sp. ''el Valiente''): **[[Alfonso VI of Castile]], (1072-1109) **Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1349-1381 **John IV, Duke of Brittany **Rudolph of Lorraine **Rudolph I, Count of Vermandois **Thierry II, Duke of Lorraine **William III, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1445-1482 *"The Vicious": John II of Silesia *"The Victorious" (Fr. ''le Victorieux'', Dan. ''Sejr'', Ger. ''der Siegreiche'', Swe. ''Segersall''): **Adalbert, Margrave of Austria (d.1055) **[[Alfonso VI of Portugal]] **[[Charles VII of France]] **[[Eric VIII of Sweden]] **Frederick I of the Palatinate **John I, Duke of Brabant **Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg **Rene II, Duke of Lorraine **[[Valdemar II of Denmark]] *"The Virtuous": Leopold V, Duke of Austria --> ===W=== *"~ the Warlike": **'''[[Albert the Warlike|Albert, Prince of Beyreuth]]''' **'''[[Bernard VII of Lippe]]''' **'''[[Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]''' **'''[[Frederick II of Austria]]''' **'''[[Herman of Schwarzenberg]]''' **'''[[Michael VI|Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor]]''' **'''[[Svyatoslav I of Kiev]]''' *"~ the Warrior": '''[[Charles I of Savoy]]''' *"~ Wartooth": '''[[Harald Hildetand|Harald Hildetand of Sweden]]''' (Old Norse: ''Haraldr '''Hilditönn''''') *"~ Wearing-a-Cape": '''[[Hugh Capet of France]]''' *"~ the Well-Beloved": '''[[Charles VI of France]]''' *"~ the Well-Served": '''[[Charles VII of France]]''' *"~ the White": **'''[[Henry III the White|Henry III of Silesia]]''' **'''[[Leszek the White|Leszek I of Poland]]''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Leszek '''Biały''''') *"~ Who-Fights-Alone": **'''[[Constantine IX|Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor]]''' **'''[[Vladimir Monomakh|Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev]]''' *"~ the Wicked": **'''[[Ordoño IV of Leon]]''' **'''[[Yazdegerd I of Persia]]''' *"~ the Wise": **'''[[Albert II of Austria]]''' **'''[[Albert IV of Bavaria]]''' **'''[[Alfonso X of Castile]]''' **'''[[Charles V of France]]''' **'''[[Coloman of Hungary]]''' **'''[[Frederick II of the Palatinate]]''' **'''[[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony]]''' **'''[[Leo VI|Leo VI, Byzantine Emperor]]''' **'''[[Robert of Naples]]''' **'''[[Sancho VI of Navarre]]''' **'''[[William IV of Hesse-Kassel]]''' **'''[[Yaroslav I of Kiev]]'''[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9077846] *"~ the Wrymouth": [[Boleslaus III of Poland]] ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Bolesław '''Krzywousty''''') <!-- *"The Warlike" (Ger. der Streitbare): **Bernard VII of Lippe **Christian I, Count of Oldenburg **Frederick, Margrave of Meissen **Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg **Frederick II, Duke of Austria (1230-1246) **Gerard, Count of Oldenburg **Herman of Schwarzenberg (1437-1448) **Svyatoslav I of Kiev (941-969, d.972)d *"The Warrior": Charles I, Duke of Savoy (1482-1490) *"The Weak": [[Stephen Urosh V of Serbia]] *"The Well-Appointed": Henry I of Reuss (1475-1502) *"The Well-Beloved" (Fr. ''le Bien-Aime'', Sp. ''el Bien Amado''): **[[Charles VI of France]] **Francis I, Duke of Brittany **[[Louis I of Spain]] **[[Louis XV of France]] **Ulrich V, Duke of Wurttemberg (d.1480) *"The Well-Loved": Ulrich V, Count of Wurttemberg *"The Werewolf": Vseslav of Kiev (d.1101) *"The Wheelwright": Piast of Poland *"The Whiner": Eberhard II of Wurttemberg (1344-1392) *"The White" (Pol. ''Bialy''): **Henry III, Duke of Silesia **[[Leszek I of Poland]] *"The Whitehanded" (It. ''Biancamano''): Humbert I, Count of Savoy, 1003-1047/48 *"The Wicked": [[Ordoño IV of Leon]] *"The Wild Bull": Vsevolod I of Kiev (1180-1196) *"The Winter King": Frederick of Bohemia=Frederick V of the Palatinate *"The Wise" (Fr., ''le Sage'', Ger. ''der Weise'', , Rus. ''Muidry''j, Sp. ''el Sabio''): **Albert II of Austria **Albert IV (d.1229), Count of Habsburg **Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1465-1508) **[[Alfonso X of Castile]], 1252-1284 **Berenger of Toulouse **[[Charles II of Naples]], 1285-1309 **[[Charles V of France]] **Dag of Sweden **Frederick II of the Palatinate **Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, 1486-1525 **John V, Duke of Brittany **Leo VI, Byzantine Emperor **Oleg, Prince of Kiev **[[Robert I of Naples]], 1309-1343 **[[Sancho VI of Navarre]] **William IV of Hesse-Kassel **Yaroslav of Kiev (d.1054) *"Without fear": John, Duke of Burgundy *"The Wrangler": Henry II, Duke of Bavaria *"The Wrong-Doer" (Rum. cel Rau): Alexander, Prince of Moldavia --> ===Y=== *"Yellow ~" or "~ the Blond": '''[[Selim II|Selim II of the Ottoman Empire]]''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: '''''Sarı''' Sultân Selim'') *"~ the Young": **'''[[Basarab Ţepeluş cel Tânăr|Basarab Ţepeluş of Wallachia]] '''([[Romanian language|Old Romanian]]: ''Basarab Ţepeluş '''cel Tânăr''''') **'''[[Fulk V of Anjou]]''' ([[French language|French]] ''Foulque '''le Jeune''''') *"~ the Young King": '''[[Henry the Young King]]''' ([[French language|French]] ''Henri '''le Jeune''''') *"~ the Younger": **'''[[Inge II of Sweden]]'''([[Swedish language|Swedish]] ''Inge '''den yngre''''') **'''[[Louis VII of France]]''' ([[French language|French]] ''Louis '''le Jeune''''') **'''[[Pippin the Younger|Pippin III, King of the Franks]]''' ([[French language|French]], ''Pépin '''le Bref'''''; [[German language|German]], ''Pippin '''der Kleine''', Pippin '''der Kurze,''''' or ''Pippin '''der Jüngere'''''); see also "~ the Short", above **'''[[Sverker II of Sweden]]''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]] ''Sverker '''den yngre''''') <!-- *"The Young" (Fr. l''e Jeune'', Rum. ''cel Tinar'', Sp. ''el Joven''): **Arnulf II, Count of Flanders **Baldwin III, Count of Flanders **Basarab IV, Prince of Wallachia, 1477-1482 **Fulk V, Count of Anjou **Geoffrey II, Duke of Lower Lorraine **Izyaslav I (1094-1096) **Miron II, Count of Besalu and Cerdanya **Peter I, Prince of Wallachia, 1559-1568 **Vlad V, Prince of Wallachia, 1510-1512 **William VIII (d.1584), Prince of Orange **William V, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, 1559-1592 **Yaroslav II of Kiev=Yaroslav I of Riazan (d.1129) *"The Younger" (Ger. ''der Jungere''): **Azzo II of Ferrara (1215-1264) **Burchard of Mansfeld **Christian II of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst **Conan IV of Brittany (1156-1166) **[[Conrad of Sicily]] **Conrad II, Duke of Carinthia **Dionysius II of Syracuse **Eberhard V, Count of Wurttemberg **Eberhard II, Duke of Wurttemberg **Eric III, Duke of Brunswick-Kalenberg **George II of Dmitrov (1462-1472) **George Frederick II of Hohenlohe **Gerard II of Hallermund **Henry of Reuss (1595-1635) **Henry of Reuss (1450-1479) **Henry I, Duke of Carinthia **Henry III, Duke of Bavaria (983-985) **Henry III (XVI) of Reuss (1564-1572) **Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg **[[Inge II of Sweden]] **John II of Nassau **John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar **John Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Jena (1554-1565) **Keno II of East Frisia **Louis of Germany **Henry IX, Duke of Brunswick **[[Louis VII of France]] **Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (1443-1445) **[[Martin I of Sicily]] (1390-1409) **Ocko II, Count of East Frisia **Przemyslaw II, Duke of Silesia **William II, Duke of Aquitaine **William II, Landgrave of Hesse **William II of Solms-Greifenstein (1635-1676) **William IV, Duke of Brunswick **William V, Duke of Brunswick *"The Younger Sage": Conrad X, Duke of Silesia --> ==Sobriquets== *"The Accursed": '''[[Genghis Khan]]''' *"Bonnie Prince Charlie": '''[[Charles Edward Stuart]]''' *"The (Bloody) Butcher" or "Butcher Cumberland": '''[[Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland|William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland]]'''[http://www.regiments.org/biography/royals/1721wilC.htm#military][http://www.answers.com/topic/prince-william-augustus-duke-of-cumberland][http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9028181] *"''Caligula''": ([[Latin Language|Latin]], "Little Boots"): '''[[Caligula|Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, Roman Emperor]]''' *"''Caracalla''" ([[Latin language|Latin]], "Hooded Tunic"): '''[[Caracalla|Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Roman Emperor]]''' *"''Cecco Peppe''" ([[Italian language|Italian]], diminutive of ''Francesco Giuseppe''): '''[[Franz Joseph I of Austria]]''' *"Champion of the Reformation": '''[[John Frederick, Elector of Saxony|John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]''' *"Duke of Albany": '''[[Charles Edward Stuart]]''' *"Emperor-Sacristan": [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor ]] *"Fat Billy": '''[[Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland|William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland]]''' *"[[Father-in-law of Europe]]": ** '''[[Christian IX of Denmark]]''' ** '''[[Nicholas I of Montenegro]]''' *"First Gentleman of Europe": '''[[George IV of the United Kingdom]]''' *"Fox of Mecklenburg": '''[[Albert II of Mecklenburg]]''' *"Gloriana": '''[[Elizabeth I of England]]''' *"Good King Henry" ([[French language|French]]: ''"le bon roi Henri"''): '''[[Henry IV of France]]''' *"Good Queen Bess": '''[[Elizabeth I of England]]''' *"Grandmother of Europe": '''[[Victoria of the United Kingdom]]''' *"The Great Belly-Gerent": '''[[Frederick I of Württemberg]]''' *"The Great Elector" ([[German language|German]]: ''"Großer Kurfürst"''): '''[[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]]''' *"Hammer of the North": '''[[Harald III of Norway]]''' *"Hammer of the Scots": '''[[Edward I of England]]''' *"Harry": '''[[Maud of the United Kingdom]]''' *"He of the Little Dagger" (Catalan language: ''"el del Punyalet"''): '''[[Peter IV of Aragon]]''' *"Hooded Tunic" ([[Latin language|Latin]]: ''Caracalla''): '''[[Caracalla|Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Roman Emperor]]''' *"The Huckster King": '''[[Henry VII of England]]''' *"The Iron Duke": '''[[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva]]''' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''"IJzeren Hertog"'') *"King Freddie": '''[[Mutesa II of Buganda]]''' *"The King of May" ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''"Re di maggio"''): '''[[Umberto II of Italy]]''' *"Lady of the English": '''[[Empress Matilda]]''' *"The Last Knight": [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] *"Lion of Justice": '''[[Henry I of England]]'''; '''[[Henry II of England]]''' *"Lion of the North": '''[[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]]''' *"The Little Corporal": '''[[Napoleon I of France]]''' *"Little Sabre" ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''"Sciaboletta"''): '''[[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]]''' *"The Merry Monarch" or "The Merrie Monarch": **'''[[Charles II of England]]''' **'''[[Kalākaua|Kalākaua of Hawai‘i]]''' *"Mrs Brown": '''[[Victoria of the United Kingdom]]''' *"Napoleon of the Pacific": '''[[Kamehameha I|Kamehameha I of Hawai‘i]]''' *"The Nine-Day Queen": '''[[Lady Jane Grey|Lady Jane Grey of England]]''' *"Old Coppernose": '''[[Henry VIII of England]]''' *"The Old Pretender": '''[[James Francis Edward Stuart]]''' *"The People's King": '''[[Lunalilo|Lunalilo of Hawaii]]''' *"The Prince of Whales":[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/131.shtml?question=131] '''[[George IV of the United Kingdom]]''' *"Princess Di": '''[[Diana, Princess of Wales]]''' *"Randy Andy": '''[[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]]''' *"The Sailor King": '''[[William IV of the United Kingdom]]''' *"The Scourge of God": '''[[Attila the Hun]]''' *''"Skanderbeg"'' (from [[Albanian language|Albanian]] ''Skënderbeu'', "Lord Alexander"): '''[[Skanderbeg|Gjergj Kastrioti of Albania]]''' *"Soft-Sword": '''[[John of England]]''' *"Stupid Willy" ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''"Głupi Wiluś"''): '''[[Wilhelm II of Germany]]''' *"The Sun King" ([[French language|French]]: ''"Le Roi Soleil"''): '''[[Louis XIV of France]]''' *"Sweet William": '''[[Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland|William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland]]''' *"Thief of Cairo": '''[[Farouk of Egypt]]''' *"The Uncle of Europe": '''[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom]]''' *"The Universal Spider" ([[Old French language|Old French]]: ''"l'universelle aragne"''): '''[[Louis XI of France]]''' *"The Virgin Queen": '''[[Elizabeth I of England]] ''' *"The Winter King": '''[[Frederick V, Elector Palatine|Frederick I of Bohemia]]''' *"The Young Pretender": '''[[Charles Edward Stuart]]''' ==References== *Castro, Jesus de. "IBERCRONOX." [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Atlantis/2572/] *Gordon, Bruce R. "Regnal Chronologies." [http://www.hostkingdom.net/regindex.html]. April 2005. *"List of Wallachian, Moldavian and Romanian Sovereigns, 1310-1947" [http://homepage.mac.com/crowns/r/avtxt.html] *Marek, Miroslav. "GENEALOGY.EU." [http://genealogy.euweb.cz/index.html], June 2005 *Miller, Elizabeth. "Dracula's Homepage." [http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emiller/VladT.htm] *Mladjoy, Ian S. R. [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~imladjov/]. *Ross, Martha. ''Rulers and Governments of the World - Vol 1, Earliest Times to 1491'', Bowker Publishing Company Ltd, London & New York, 1978. ISBN 0-85935-051-7 *Vajda, Edward. "Eurasian Studies 201." [http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/russ110/t1_studyguide.htm] ==See also== *[[Epithet]] *[[Nickname]] *[[Sobriquet]] *[[Victory titles]] *[[List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility]] *[[List of people known as The Great]] *[[List of royal saints and martyrs]] *[[List of military figures by nickname]] ==External links== *[http://www.hostkingdom.net/regindex.html Regnal Chronologies] [[Category:Lists of monarchs| ]] [[Category:Nicknames|Monarchs by nickname, list of]]