List of national founding fathers
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{{Wiktionary|founding father}}
{{For|the US figureheads|Founding Fathers of the United States}}
'''Founding Fathers''' are persons instrumental in the establishment of an [[institution]], usually a political institution, especially those connected to the origination of its [[ideals]]. In a national context, it is the establishment of a [[state]].
==[[Africa]]==
[[Image:Joseph Jenkins Roberts.jpg|thumb|Joseph Roberts of Liberia]]
[[Image:Namibia.SamNujoma.01.jpg|thumb|Sam Nujoma of Namibia]]
===[[Ghana]]===
[[Kwame Nkrumah]] (1909-1972) led the nation to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
===[[Liberia]]===
[[Joseph Jenkins Roberts]] (1809-1876) was born a free man of [[African American|Black American]] descent. In 1829 his family moved to [[Liberia]]. In 1839, Roberts became Liberia's lieutenant governor and afterwards, its governor (1841–1848). He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared Liberia's independence in 1847.<ref>[http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/754/Joseph_Roberts_Liberias_first_President Joseph Roberts, Liberia's first President!] The African American Registry</ref>
===[[Namibia]]===
[[Sam Nujoma]] (born 1929) was named Namibia's "Founding Father of the Nation" after the indepedence in 1990<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B00EFDB1F3CF931A15750C0A9639C8B63 World Briefing | Africa: Namibia: Founding Father Steps Down]</ref>
===[[Nigeria]]===
[[Herbert Macaulay]] (1864-1946), [[Alvan Ikoku]] (1900-1971), [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] (1904-1996), [[Obafemi Awolowo]] (1909-1987), Sir [[Ahmadu Bello]] (1910-1966), Sir [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (1912-1966), [[Murtala Mohammed]] (1938-1976), [[Aminu Kano]] (1920-1983), [[Joseph Tarka]] (1932-1980) and [[Dennis Osadebay]] (1911-1994) are considered founding fathers of [[Nigeria]]. The troika of Obafemi Awolowo, Nnamdi Azikiwe, and Ahmadu Bello negotiated Nigeria's independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]
===[[Sierra Leone]]===
[[Freetown, Sierra Leone]] was founded in part by an [[African American]] slave called [[Thomas Peters]] in [[1792]] who convinced [[Great Britain|British]] abolitionists to help settle 1,192 [[Black American]]s who fought for the British in return for freedom.
Peters alongside other [[Black American]]s [[David George]] and [[Moses Wilkingson]] were influential in the establishment of Freetown, but it was Peters who is remembered today as the true influential leader and founder of Sierra Leone. A street was named for Thomas Peters in Freetown by the [[Krio]] Mayor [[Winstanley Bankole Johnson]].{{fact|date=November 2007}}
=== [[South Africa]] ===
[[Nelson Mandela]] (1918- )
== [[Americas]] ==
[[Image:Simón Bolívar (half-lenght).jpg|thumb|Simón Bolívar of Latin America]]
[[José de San Martín]]<ref>[http://gosouthamerica.about.com/b/a/257971.htm In the Steps of Generals José de San Martín and Bernardo O’Higgins]</ref>, [[Simón Bolívar]]<ref>[http://www.payvand.com/news/04/nov/1244.html Statue of Venezuela's founding father unveiled in Tehran in presence of Chavez]</ref>, [[Jose Antonio Paez]]{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, [[Rafael Urdaneta]]{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, [[Francisco de Paula Santander]]<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/Faqs/bentham_and_colombia.htm Bentham Ban Lifted]</ref>, [[Francisco de Miranda]]<ref>[http://www.venezlon.co.uk/newsletter/05/mar/mar/lectures.htm Francisco de Miranda and Andrés Bello lectures at The Bolívar Hall]</ref> have been referred to as the founding fathers of the northern countries of South America ([[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]], [[Peru]], [[Panama]], [[Ecuador]], [[Bolivia]]).
===[[Argentina]]===
[[José de San Martín]] (1778-1850) and [[Manuel Belgrano]] (1770-1820) are usually considered the founding fathers of Argentina.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
===[[Brazil]]===
[[José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva]] (1763-1838) is regarded as the "Patriarch of Independence" in Brazil. He was responsible to advise the so Prince Regent of Brazil, Pedro de Alcantara, about [[Portugal]]'s intentions to downgrade Brazil to colonial status, after years the Portuguese American territory was already joint to the European metropolis as a united kingdom. This attitude convinced the Prince Regent to declare the [[independence of Brazil]] in [[September 7]], [[1822]], becoming himself the new independent country's emperor, titled as [[Pedro I of Brazil]] (1798-1834).<ref>[http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=627 Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, José]</ref>
===[[Canada]]===
{{main|Canadian Confederation#Fathers of Confederation}}
[[Image:Fathers of Canadian Confederation.jpg|thumb|Canadian "Fathers of Confederation"]]
Canada has the "[[Canadian Confederation#Fathers of Confederation|Fathers of Confederation]]" who attended the Charlottetown, Quebec, and [[London Conference of 1866|London Conference]]s to establish the [[Canadian Confederation]].<ref>[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/confederation/023001-2989-e.html Fathers of Confederation]</ref>
===[[Chile]]===
[[Bernardo O'Higgins]] (1778-1842) and [[José Miguel Carrera]] (1785-1821) are usually considered the founding fathers of Chile. Other people referred as founding fathers of Chile include [[Camilo Enríquez]] and [[Manuel Rodríguez]] (1785-1818).{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
===[[Dominican Republic]]===
[[Juan Pablo Duarte]] (1813-1876), [[Francisco del Rosario Sánchez]] (1817-1861) and [[Matías Ramón Mella]] (1816-1864) are considered the "Padres de la Patria" or Fathers of the Country. Duarte is featured on the $1 coin; Sanchez on the $5 coin and bills; Mella on the $10 bill.<ref>[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana#Independencia_Nacional]</ref>
===[[United States]]===
{{main|Founding Fathers of the United States}}
[[Image:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States.png|thumb|Founding fathers of the United States.]]
The signatories of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] are often called "Founders," and the delegates of the [[Philadelphia Convention]] which prepared the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] are often called "Framers." According to Joseph J. Ellis, this concept emerges in the 1820s as the last survivors died out. [[George Washington]] was always the dominant figure. He was joined by [[John Adams]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and after that, [[James Madison]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[John Jay]], [[George Mason]], [[Samuel Adams]], and others. Ellis says the "the founders," or "the fathers" comprised an aggregate of semi-sacred figures whose particular accomplishments and singular achievements were decidedly less important than their sheer presence as a powerful but faceless symbol of past greatness. For the generation of national leaders coming of age in the 1820s and 1830s — men like [[Andrew Jackson]], [[Henry Clay]], [[Daniel Webster]], and [[John C. Calhoun]] — "the founders" represented a heroic but anonymous abstraction whose long shadow fell across all followers and whose legendary accomplishments defied comparison. "We can win no laurels in a war for independence," Webster acknowledged in 1825. "Earlier and worthier hands have gathered them all. Nor are there places for us ... [as] the founders of states. Our fathers have filled them. But there remains to us a great duty of defence and preservation."<ref>Joseph J. Ellis; ''Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams.'' (2001) p. 214.</ref>
==[[Asia - Pacific]]==
[[Image:P015.gif|thumb|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of Bangladesh]]
===[[Afghanistan]]===
[[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] (1723-1773) unified the [[Pashtun tribes]] and founded Afghanistan in [[1747]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html CIA Factbook on Afghanistan]</ref>His mausoleum is in [[Kandahar]], Afghanistan, where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba (''Father of Afghanistan'').<ref>[http://www.zharov.com/dupree/chapter16.html Nancy Dupree Nancy Hatch Dupree - An Historical Guide to Afghanistan (Chapter 16:Kandahar)]</ref>
===[[Australia]]===
[[Sir Henry Parkes]] (1815-1896) is regarded as the "Father of Federation" in Australia. During the late 19th century, he was the strongest proponent for a [[federation of Australia]]n territories. Unfortunately he died before Australia federated, and never got to see his plan come to fruition.<ref>[http://www.rba.gov.au/CurrencyNotes/NotesInCirculation/bio_sir_henry_parkes.html Sir Henry Parkes (1815–1896)]</ref>
===[[Azerbaijan]]===
[[Mammed Amin Rasulzade]] is the founding father of Azerbaijan.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
===[[Bangladesh]]===
[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (1920-1975) is regarded as the "Father of the Nation" in Bangladesh. A charismatic politician and popularly called as "Bangabandhu" (friend of the Bengal), [[Newsweek]] magazine referred to him as the "poet of politics" when he was incarcerated by the Pakistani forces in 1971, the year of Bangladesh's independence from Pakistan.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
Though most part of Mujib's political career featured a struggle for democracy and defiance against military rule in the State of [[Pakistan]], he banned all opposition political activities and introduced a one party system (called [[BAKSAL]]-Bangladesh Farmers Workers Awami League) in the newly created state of [[Bangladesh]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
In the mid-night of August 15, 1975, a group of disgruntled army officers brutally killed him along with most of his family members at his residence in [[Dhaka]] (see [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]). His daughter [[Sheikh Hasina]] served as Bangladesh's Prime Minister between 1996-2001, and as leader of the opposition in the national Parliament during 1991-1996 and 2001-2006. In an opinion poll conducted by the BBC Radio in 2003, he was voted as the greatest Bangalee (a native of the Bengal) of all times.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
===[[China]]===
[[Sun Yat-sen]] is revered as the "Father of the Country" (國父) in the [[Republic of China]].
[[Image:Gandhi studio 1931.jpg|thumb|Mahatma Gandhi of India]]
===[[India]]===
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] (1869-1948) is referred to as the founding father of India. He was one of the top leaders of the [[Indian National Congress]] which struggled for the liberation of [[India]] from [[British Raj|British rule]]. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (1889-1964), the first [[Prime Minister of India]], is also considered a founding father<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/asia/2006/heroes/nb_gandhi_nehru.html Gandhi & Nehru]</ref>. It also refers to Dr. [[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]] (1891-1956), the architect of the Indian constitution, also an educationist, prominent political figure and India's first law minister. Indian constitution provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and social rights for women. The Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 by the Constituent Assembly. <ref>[http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html Bhimrao Ambedkar]</ref>.
Although this usage is declining, when used in the plural, as the "Founding fathers" it usually refers to the members of the Constitutional Assembly's Draft Committee <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Constitution</ref>. Ironically the Drafting Committee also included women, among its ranks.
===[[Indonesia]]===
[[Soekarno]] and [[Mohammed Hatta]] are the founding fathers of [[Indonesia]]. They were the one who proclaimed and made the state of Indonesia on [[17 August]] [[1945]] (Indonesian Independence Day).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Indonesia |author=H. J. Van Mook |authorlink=Hubertus Johannes van Mook |journal=Royal Institute of International Affairs |date=1949 |volume=25 |issue=3 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-5850%28194907%2925%3A3%3C274%3AI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P |pages=274–285}}; {{cite journal |title=Independence the Issue |journal=Far Eastern Survey |author=Charles Bidien |volume=14 |issue=24 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0362-8949%2819451205%2914%3A24%3C345%3AITI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S|pages=345–348 |date=[[5 December]] [[1945]] |doi=10.1525/as.1945.14.24.01p17062}}; {{cite book | last =Taylor | first =Jean Gelman | title =Indonesia: Peoples and History | publisher =Yale University Press | date =2003 | location = | pages =325 | id = ISBN 0-300-10518-5 }}; Reid (1973), page 30</ref>
===[[Iran]]===
[[Cyrus the Great]] : [[Persian]] [[Shāhanshāh]] (Emperor). He was the founder of the [[Persian Empire]] under the [[Achaemenid]] dynasty.
===[[Myanmar]]===
[[Image:AungSan.jpg|thumb|Aung San of Burma]]
General [[Aung San]] is the founding father of Myanmar (also known as Burma). Although he did not lived to see the country's independence, he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government. He started his political career in 1930 as the editor of the Rangoon University's Newspaper - where he accused one of the British administrators of misconduct. He later went to Japanese controlled [[Taiwan]] and [[Amoy|Xiamen]] in late 1940 to receive military training, and he led the [[Burmese National Army]] as the spear-head of the [[Japanese capture of Burma|Japanese invasion of Burma]]. He later switched sides towards the Allies, and helped in the [[Burma Campaign]]. After the war, he was appointed into the government of the returning British Administration, and was able to negotiate Burma's independence. He helped organized the [[Panglong Agreement]] in February 1947, to achieve independence of all Burmese territories. However, on Saturday, 19th July 1947, Aung San, along with ministers of his cabinet, were assassinated at the Secretariat Building in Rangoon.
===[[Pakistan]]===
[[Image:Quaid6 edited.jpg|thumb|left|Jinnah of Pakistan]]
Pakistan's [[founding father]] is [[Mahomed Ali Jinnah]] (1876-1948), an Indian Muslim Barrister, originally from the [[Indian National Congress]] and later the [[Muslim League]], who fought for the rights of Muslim minority in India, is widely held to be the creator of Pakistan. Jinnah is referred to as [[Quaid-e-Azam]] or the "Great Leader".
Mr. Jinnah started his career as firmly a secular Indian nationalist and later on was reluctantly converted to the cause of Muslim nationalism through the efforts of [[Aga Khan III]], martyred Prime Minister [[Liaqat Ali Khan]] and Poet Philosopher [[Allama Iqbal]] both of whom are also revered to a certain extent as founding fathers. Aga Khan was also the founding president of the [[All India Muslim League]]. [[Ch. Rahmat Ali]] coined the term Pakistan and is considered the father of the word "Pakistan". Muslim modernist and reformist [[Sir Syed]] Ahmed Khan, the founder of [[Aligarh Educational Movement]], is sometimes referred to as the father of the [[two nation theory]], the basic principle on which Pakistan was founded.
==[[Europe]]==
{{see also|Founding fathers of the European Union}}
[[Image:St. Benedict delivering his rule to the monks of his order.jpg|thumb|[[Benedict of Nursia]] delivers his rule to the [[Benedictine]]s]]
[[Image:BismarckArbeitszimmer1886.jpg|thumb|Otto von Bismarck of Germany]]
One of the earliest people considered "father of [[Europe]]" is [[Benedict of Nursia]] — a 6th century Italian saint and the most important architect of [[Western monasticism]].<ref name="Woods5">[[Thomas Woods|Woods, Thomas]]. ''How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization'', p 5. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); ISBN 0-89526-038-7.</ref> The Benedictines, the followers of his rule, have also been called "Fathers of European civilization."<ref name="Woods5"/> Another 6th century monk was [[Columbanus]], the Irish missionary who [[Robert Schuman]] considered a patron saint for all involved in the construction of a unified Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.president.ie/index.php?section=5&speech=199&lang=eng|title=Remarks by President of Ireland, Mary McAleese at the Centre Culturel, Irlandais, Paris|accessdate=2007-07-15|date=2005-11-23|publisher=Áras an Uachtaráin}}</ref> In 2008, Pope [[Benedict XVI]] said that "along with the Irishmen of his time", Columbanus "was aware of the cultural unity of Europe":
{{blockquote|"With his spiritual energy, with his faith, with his love for God and for his neighbor, he truly became one of the fathers of Europe: He shows us even today the roots from which our Europe can be reborn."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/rssenglish-22867|title=Pope Calls Irish Monk a Father of Europe|accessdate=2007-07-15|date=2007-07-11|publisher=[[Zenit]]}}</ref>}}
There are a number of men in modern times who have been considered founding fathers of European unity or, what is now, the [[European Union]]. These include [[Konrad Adenauer]] (1876-1967), [[Joseph Bech]] (1887-1975),<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dumont, Patrick and Hirsh, Mario | title=Luxembourg | journal=European Journal of Political Research | year=2003 | volume=42 | issue=7-8 | pages=1021 | url= | doi=10.1111/j.0304-4130.2003.00129.x }}</ref> [[Winston Churchill]] (1874–1965), Count [[Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi]] (1894-1972), [[Alcide De Gasperi]] (1881-1954), [[Jacques Delors]] (born 1925), [[Sicco Mansholt]] (1908-1995), [[Jean Monnet]] (1888-1979), [[Lorenzo Natali]], [[Robert Schuman]] (1886-1963), [[Mário Soares]] (born 1924), [[Paul-Henri Spaak]] (1899-1972), [[Altiero Spinelli]] (1907-1986), and [[Pierre Werner]] (1913-2002).<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/photo/photo_archives_result_en.cfm?id=&mark=PRO,PERE European Audio Visual Service - Founding Fathers]</ref><ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2397555,00.html Founding Fathers: Europeans Behind the Union]</ref>
===[[Germany]]===
[[Otto von Bismarck]] (1815-1898), the "Iron Chancellor", engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany. Modern, democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the "Fathers of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]]" in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at [[Herrenchiemsee]] and by the first [[Chancellor of Germany|Federal Chancellor]], [[Konrad Adenauer]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
===[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]===
The movement towards Irish Freedom had its roots in the ascent to the leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party by Isaac Butt. His passing of the mantle to the great orator and leader Charles Stewart Parnell led milataristic and constitutional nationalists to join forces in the pursuit of land redistribution first followed by the Home Rule campaigns.
The great Irishman John Redmond finally brought Home Rule through the Houses of Parliament only for it to be suspended on account of the 1914-1918 war. This fomented unrest among those who didn't serve in the war and led to an unsuccessful but symbolically important rising on Easter Monday 1916. The Proclamation of the Irish Republic was signed by Thomas J. Clarke, Seán Mac Diarmada, Thomas MacDonagh, P. H. Pearse, Éamonn Ceannt, James Connolly and Joseph Plunkett.
In addition to the above, these figures also popularly get the status of Founding Father conferred upon them:
- Arthur Griffith, the founder of Sinn Féin,
- Michael Collins, guerilla leader and subsequent Minister for Finance,
- WT Cosgrave, the first President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State
- Eamon deVelara, founder of Fianna Fáil and subsequent Taoiseach.
There were others who played important roles but these men constitute the nation's founding fathers.
===[[Italy]]===
[[Image:Giuseppe Garibaldi (1866).jpg|thumb|150|[[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] the "Hero of the Two Worlds"
]] [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] (1807-1882), Count [[Camillo Benso]] (1810-1861), [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] (1805-1872) have been referred to as the founding fathers of the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]].<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312582/unification.html V. Creation of the Italian Kingdom]</ref>
===[[Norway]]===
Usually the [[Riksforsamlingen]] at [[Eidsvoll]] in [[1814]], consisting of 112 men from most of the country, in Norway often referred to as ''the Eidsvoll Fathers'' or ''the Fathers of the Constitution''.<ref>[http://blogit.helsinki.fi/reuna/Holmoyvik-paper-Tartu.doc Why did the Norwegian constitution of 1814 become a part of positive law in the nineteenth century?]</ref>
===[[Netherlands]]===
Prince [[William the Silent|William I of Orange]] (1533-1584) or ''William the Silent'', is known as the father of the Netherlands. He led the Dutch in their [[Dutch Revolt|Revolt]] against Spain for their independece. Today he is often called ''Vader des Vaderlands'' which in English means, ''Father of the Fatherland''. <ref>[http://www.astronomie.nl/index.php?comp=890 Small Planet Named After Willem the Silent, Astronomie.nl] (in Dutch)</ref>
===[[Portugal]]===
[[Henry, Count of Portugal|Henry of Burgundy]] (1066–1112), was appointed [[Second County of Portugal|Count]] of [[Portugal]] as a reward for military services to [[Kingdom of León]], and with the purpose of expanding the territory southwards. And, more importantly, his son, Count [[Afonso I of Portugal]] (1109–1185), a ''Templar Brother'' who took control of the county after Henry died and was recognized by the [[Holy See]], in 1179, as the first [[King of Portugal]], through the [[Manifestis Probatum]] bull.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
===[[Swiss Confederation]]===
Both the anonymous ''[[Eidgenossen]]'' who drew up the [[Federal Charter of 1291]], or the liberal statesmen who helped found the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848 can be considered the founding fathers of [[Switzerland]]. Among the latter, those who became the first members of the [[Swiss Federal Council]] were perhaps the most notable: [[Ulrich Ochsenbein]], [[Jakob Stämpfli]], [[Jonas Furrer]], [[Martin J. Munzinger]], [[Daniel-Henri Druey]], [[Friedrich Frey-Herosé]], [[Wilhelm Matthias Naeff]] and [[Stefano Franscini]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
===[[Turkey]]===
[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] (1881-1938) the founder of the [[Republic of Turkey]] and its [[List of Presidents of Turkey|first President]].<ref>[http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/columnists/story.html?id=440cd5df-a500-43c6-acee-1b1896112c8b Mustapha Kemal Ataturk: still worshipped after all these years]</ref>
===[[Spain]]===
[[Don Pelayo]],[[The Catholic Monarchs]].
==References==
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[[Category:Political terms]]
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